Southern volcanoes of the planet. Rating of the world's ten largest volcanoes. The most famous volcanoes of the world

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Volcanoes are geological formations on the surface of the Earth's crust or another planet where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs and pyroclastic flows).

The word "volcano" comes from the name of the ancient Roman fire god Vulcan.

The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology, geomorphology.

Volcanoes have been fascinating mankind for many years, leaving people in astonishment and in reverence for the miracle of nature. Especially impressive are their lava flows and almost inhuman heat, but they are also directly dangerous, because they destroy the smoke and livelihoods of people and animals nearby. To give you an idea of ​​the power of nature, we will acquaint you with the 10 largest volcanoes in the world.

Etna in Sicily is notorious especially in Europe - especially as the highest volcano in Europe. It is located on the Italian island of Sicily, which is located in the Mediterranean Sea. In the past, Niragongo cost the lives of many people in the region and is therefore carefully controlled by the state for its activities. For Fuji, you must go to Japan. The volcano is located on the Japanese island of Honshu and is one of the most famous volcanoes in the world. The last outbreak of Fuji is a good 300 years ago.

Volcanoes are classified according to their form (thyroid, stratovolcano, slag cones, domes), activity (active, sleeping, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater), etc.

Volcanoes are divided according to the degree of volcanic activity on the active, sleeping and extinct. The active volcano is considered to be a volcano erupting in the historical period of time or in the Holocene. The concept of "active" is rather inaccurate, since a volcano with active fumaroles, some scientists refer to active, and some - to extinct. Sleepers are considered to be inactive volcanoes, on which eruptions are possible, and extinct - on which they are unlikely.

Mount Eberus, located in Antarctica, forms the island of Ross with two other volcanoes. In addition, Mount Eber is the southernmost active volcano in the world. The volcano is still active today - the last outbreak was. Our number 6 is located in Hawaii - Mauna Loa. It is located on the island of Big Island, which is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The last outbreak of Mauna Loa was 33 years ago.

His last outburst occurred this year. Volcanoes fly off about every 5 years. Also in Ecuador there is a volcano, namely Cotopaxi. Nevertheless, it is one of the most densely populated active volcanoes in South America. A century is considered sacred.

At the same time, among volcanologists there is no common opinion how to determine the active volcano. The period of activity of the volcano can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes showed volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but are not currently considered to be active.

Astrophysicists, historically, believe that volcanic activity, caused in turn by the tidal effect of other celestial bodies, can contribute to the emergence of life. In particular, volcanoes contributed to the formation of the Earth's atmosphere and the hydrosphere, throwing out a significant amount of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Scientists also note that too active volcanism, as for example, on the satellite of Jupiter Io, can make the surface of the planet unfit for life. At the same time, weak tectonic activity leads to the disappearance of carbon dioxide and the sterilization of the planet. "These two cases represent the potential boundaries of the habitation of the planets and exist along with the traditional parameters of life zones for systems of low-mass main sequence stars," write the scientists.

It is found in this chain, but it can be more. Hawaii is not located on the edge of the seam of two earthen plates, as in most volcanic regions, but in the middle of the Pacific plate. Therefore, researchers for a long time were puzzled by how volcanos can arise here.

This is the place where the upper mantle is especially thin. Hot magma rises from within the Earth from the boundary between the earth's core and the earth's mantle upwards, like a column, so it becomes relatively close to the earth's crust and melts it. Hawaii is just one of those "hot spots". Already 70-80 million years ago in the Hawaiian Islands, lava began to break through in one place.

For all its danger, volcanoes are one of the most beautiful and majestic wonders of nature. Especially beautiful look active volcanoes at night. But this beauty brings destruction to everything around us. Lava, volcanic bombs, pyroclastic flows, consisting of incandescent volcanic gases, ash and stones, can wipe out even large cities. Mankind had time to be convinced of incredible power of volcanoes at the time of the sad the famous eruption  Vesuvius, which resulted in the death of the ancient Roman cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabia. And there are many such examples in history. The most large volcanoes  in the world - we will talk today about these dangerous, but beautiful giants. Our list includes volcanoes of varying degrees of activity - from conditionally sleeping to acting. The main criterion for selection was their magnitude.

But why in Hawaii there is only one a large volcano? This is due to the movement of the grounding plates. The Hawaiian Islands are located on the Pacific plate. He moved for millions of years, "hot spot", but no. Thus, new volcanoes and new islands were created.

The cold chambers remained, through which the magma rose; old volcanoes extinguished. The youngest Hawaiian volcano is Loiha. After about a thousand years, it is expected that the volcano will come out of the sea, and then, probably, will grow along with the Big Island. Magma from the interior of the Earth becomes lava on the surface.

10 Sangai Height 5 230 meters

Opens the rating of the largest volcanoes on Earth, the current stratovolcano Sangai, located in Ecuador. Its height is 5230 meters. The top of the volcano consists of three craters with a diameter of 50 to 100 meters. Sangay is one of the youngest and most troubled volcanoes in South America. The first eruption occurred in 1628. The last one took place in 2007. Now the volcanic activity of the giant from the Equator is estimated as moderate. Tourists who visited the Sangai National Park, on whose territory the volcano is located, can make an ascent to its summit.

Volcanoes in Hawaii - all shield volcanoes. They resemble a tortoise shell and have very flat flanks. The remaining ten percent are layered or cone volcanoes. They differ in that they have steep sides and taper. Famous representatives of the stratovolcano are Mount St. Hawaiian volcanoes composed of lava from thin magmas. In Hawaii, there are two fundamentally different types of lava: the lah and lava lava.

Lava lava is knitted or rope. This happens when the upper layer cools and the lava flow continues lower. So the upper skin collapses in the folds. La Lava is also called Brokenlawa and looks like a freshly-harvested farmland. When it cools, a thick crust forms, which crumbles when the lava continues to grow.

9 Popocatepetl Height 5 455 meters

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On the 9th place among the largest volcanoes in the world is Popocatepetl. It is located on the Mexican Highlands. The height of the volcano is 5455 meters. Even in a calm state, the volcano is constantly enveloped in a cloud of gases and ash. Its danger lies in the fact that there are densely populated areas around the volcano, and Mexico City is 60 kilometers away. The last eruption of the giant occurred quite recently - on March 27, 2016, he threw a kilometer post of ash. The next day Popocatepetl calmed down. In the event of a strong eruption of the Mexican giant, he will threaten the security of several million people.

8 Elbrus Height 5 642 meters

The most active volcano in the world is Kilauea

Lava flows through the land on the Big Island. About a thousand years ago, Kilauea began to break through the earth's crust, emerging from the sea only a thousand years ago. Today, several streams of lava flow from it, overflowing more than 60 square kilometers of land. In recent decades, some villages have become victims of lava. More than 100 houses were destroyed.

Since the lava of the tortoiseshell volcano in Hawaii runs so slowly, this poses little danger to humans. But who comes too close, can break through the thin bark or pass through holes breathing gray pairs. Hawaiians adore their volcanoes and pay tribute to even the most dazzling figure of their mythology. Pele is the goddess of fire and volcanoes. Her name means "molten lava".

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There are large volcanoes in Europe. In the North Caucasus is located stratovolcano Elbrus, whose height is 5642 meters. This is the highest peak in Russia. Elbrus is one of the seven highest mountain peaks of the planet. As for the activity of the giant, the opinion of scientists differs. Some consider it an extinct volcano, and others - fading. Sometimes Elbrus becomes the center of small earthquakes. Sulfur gases emerge from some of the cracks on its surface. Scientists who believe that Elbrus may wake up in the future, express the opinion that the nature of his eruption will be explosive.

7 Orizaba Height 5 675 meters

Pele believes that he lives on Mount Kilauea. Hawaiians bring their offers, such as gin, cigarettes or flower wreaths to the crater crater. They also dance hula for Pele on the edge of the volcano. Some geological finds are named after Pele. What is the name of "hair Pele" about hairy volcanic glass. This occurs when the lava fountains are ejected from within and burst out by the wind several meters away.

"The tears form Pele", as well as "hair", only here lava is not pulled out. Instead, it drips and cools to black, shiny beads, the size of which is usually only a few millimeters. It's just the Apocalypse and all that, but above all we remember school lessons, Latin, geography or history. Pompey was buried under an unimaginable layer of five meters of such a lava. Two other cities, Herculaneum and Stabia, were also destroyed.

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The seventh place in the list of the largest volcanoes on Earth is Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. The height of the volcano is 5675 meters. The last time he erupted in 1687. Now Orizaba is considered a sleeping volcano. From its top are stunning panoramic views. In order to protect the volcano, a reserve was established.

6 Misty Height 5 822 meters

Under the surface there is the only volcano in Europe

The Phlegrean fields are located about 20 kilometers from Vesuvius, on the other hand, on the western side of Naples. A hilly, rocky landscape that stretches in a cauldron of 150 square kilometers. Not without reason, several research groups observe geophysical activity in this area. One of them was sent by Christopher Kilburn of the University of London's Center for Danger.

After this, the ascending magma of the caldera approaches the critical point. If this is exceeded, the rock above the magma will heat up and expand. In a computer, this leads to an eruption. Is the simulation actually the correct and complete display of complex geophysical processes, preceding the volcanic eruption, raises doubts. And even if they to some extent approach the reality, they do not give concrete predictions.

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On the 6th place in the list of the largest volcanoes is Misty, located in the south of Peru. Its height is 5822 meters. Misty refers to active volcanoes. The last time he erupted in 1985. In January 2016, the volcano experienced an increase in fumarolic activity - steam and gas holes appeared. This is one of the signs of a forthcoming eruption. In 1998, near the inner crater of the volcano, six Inca mummies were found. Interesting fact  - Many buildings in the city of Arequipa, located 17 kilometers from the volcano, are built of white deposits of pyroclastic flows of Misty. Therefore Arequipa is called "White City".

5 Kilimanjaro Height 5,895 meters

It may take hundreds or thousands of years before the caliper Kampi Phlegrey will return the material back to the area. However, when the time comes, we would prefer not to swallow our espresso in Naples. Perhaps we can find better ways to enter the textbooks of our descendants.

The screen volcano resembles the appearance of the shield of a Hawaiian warrior, since it has a low-angle profile. Almost in all cases, a comparison of the shield is made, because the width of these volcanoes is usually about 20 times higher than their height. Despite this, they can vary greatly in size, some with small diameters of several kilometers, and others - more than 95 kilometers. Some that are found in Hawaii reach a height of 000 meters at the bottom of the sea, about a thousand meters on its base. In fact, some of the largest volcanoes  on the planet, in fact, protect volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, located on the Big Island of Hawaii, is the largest of its kind.

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The fifth place among the largest volcanoes on the planet is the highest point of the African continent - Kilimanjaro. Scientists came to the conclusion that this giant stratovolcano, with a height of 5895 meters, is potentially active. Now it periodically throws out the gases and there is a possibility of collapse of the volcano crater, which can provoke its eruption. There is no documentary evidence of Kilimanjaro's activity, but there are legends of local residents, which speak about the eruption, which occurred about 200 years ago.

4 Cotopaxi Height of 5 897 meters

Most likely, the volcanic shield is formed during the flow of basalt lava of a liquid material, which is usually dropped from a system of cracks or the very top. The most common type of shield volcano are those that are formed during a long-term eruption. However, some shield volcanoes are pyroclastic screens, which means that their low-angle surfaces were formed from the accumulation of fragmented material during several eruptions.

Due to the diversity of its education, various universities from different parts of the world will look different. For example, in Iceland, as a rule, it is much smaller in size and almost perfectly symmetrical, while in Hawaii it is much longer and longer. Shields found in the Galapagos Islands are different from both, with flat tops, steep slopes and medium-depth boilers at the top. These differences not only show changes in their education, but also the types of eruptions that usually occur in the region.

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On the fourth place in the list of the largest volcanoes on Earth is Cotopaxi - the second largest peak in Ecuador. It is an active volcano, whose height is 5897 meters. The first time his activity was recorded in 1534. Since then, volcanic eruptions have occurred more than 50 times. Last thing severe eruption  Cossacks happened in August 2015.

3 San Pedro Height 6,145 meters

Although the type of eruptions found in the shield volcano may vary, most of them experience Hawaiian eruptions. These eruptions usually have lava flows of earth, capable of traveling long distances. Since the streams travel a greater distance, individual lava sheets are usually thinner. These longer lava flows give the volcano its characteristic shape.

Shield volcanoes in Hawaii. Hawaii is home to a large number of volcanoes of the shield of the planet, since the Pacific plate and Hawaii hot spot have teamed up to form a large chain of several volcanoes of all kinds. This chain has more than 43 important volcanoes, including Mauna Loa. As mentioned above, Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano in the world. This is also the high volcano  in Hawaii, reaching 170 meters above sea level, in addition to traveling 13 kilometers below the waterline.

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The active stratovolcano of San Pedro, located in Chile, ranks 3 rd among the largest volcanoes in the world. Its height is 6145 meters. The last eruption of the volcano occurred in 1960.

2 Mauna Loa Height 4 205 meters

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Mauna Kea - another volcano-shield, which is located in Hawaii and has a height of 205 meters above sea level, and its base below sea level - 200 meters. This means that although Mauna Kea has a higher altitude than Mauna Loa, its overall height is lower. Mauna Kea is probably about a million years old, attributing it to a more pronounced and soft profile.

Another of the volcanoes in Hawaii is Kilauea, which, in fact, is the most active volcano  on the island. At first, scientists thought it was actually part of Mauna Loa, but they discovered that it acts independently. Another place where you can find several volcanoes, is in Iceland. These volcanoes are also usually smaller than other places, and are usually symmetrical, and their eruptions usually appear from their upper cauldrons.


The second largest volcano in the world is the Mauna Loa volcano, located in the Hawaiian Islands. In terms of volume - this is the largest volcano on Earth, containing more than 32 cubic kilometers of magma. Formed a giant more than 700 thousand years ago. Mauna Loa - active volcano. In 1984, its eruption lasted almost a month and caused enormous damage to local residents and the surrounding volcano.

1 Ljuljajljako Height of 6 739 meters

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In the first place among the largest volcanoes in the world is the operating starovulkan Ljullyaylako. It is located on the border of Argentina and Chile. Its height is 6739 meters. The last eruption of the giant took place in 1877. Now it is in the solfataric stage - from time to time the volcano releases sulphurous gases and water vapor. In 1952, at the first ascent to Ljullyaylako, an ancient sanctuary of the Incas was found. Later, on the slopes of the volcano, archaeologists discovered three children's mummies. Most likely, they were sacrificed. It is interesting. The Yellowstone caldera, whose size is about 55 km by 72 km, is called a super volcano. It is located in Yellowstone National Park USA. The volcano did not show activity for 640 thousand years. Under his crater is a magma bubble more than 8,000 meters deep. During its existence, the super volcano erupted thrice. Each time it caused major cataclysms, changing the face of the Earth at the site of the eruption. When the super-volcano wakes up again, it is impossible to predict. With certainty, we can say only one thing: a cataclysm of this magnitude is capable of putting the existence of our civilization to the brink.

The beauty and majesty of a large volcano always attracted a man. The power of the acting giant is not exaggerated - the enveloping ashes for many kilometers of ash and fiery lava that burns everything in its path are described in many books and shown on television. The higher and higher the volcano, the more destruction it can bring in the event of an eruption.

Shield of the volcanoes of the Galapagos Islands. Some of the islands, in fact, protect volcanoes like Fernandina. This shield of the volcano has steep upper sides, but the lower sides of the low angle. Currently, the eruption occurs in April. As for the composition, the lava flows found on the Galapagos Islands are very similar to those in Hawaii, although unlike other volcanoes formed by the access point, they do not create a line.

In the volcanic region of Auckland, in New Zealand, is located Rangitoto, which actually is a 5,5 km wide island of its own. Volcanoes erupted about 550 years ago. In the United States, there is the Belknap volcano, in the cascading ridge, in Oregon, in addition to the Newberry volcano, which occupies about 600 square kilometers of land.

In the modern world, scientists can predict the activity of an active volcano, thereby avoiding many victims, but the strength and duration of the "fiery breath of nature" can sometimes not be calculated. The greatest interest among people is caused by the highest, large volcanoes created at the junction of tectonic plates. In this list are those that have the highest altitude above sea level.

Tungurahua

The height of the giant volcano, located on the territory of Ecuador, 5023m. above sea level. The name stands for "fire throat". Since 1999, the volcano has become particularly active, in connection with which it was decided to evacuate all nearby villages. A large eruption was recorded in 2012 and in 2014, because of which the local authorities introduced an orange level of danger. Throwing ash to a height of almost 10km. several large settlements populated a distance of more than 150 km. A small activity of Tungurahua is also taking place at the present time.


Another giant from Ecuador. In the local dialect, it means "awe-inspiring". This majestic and beautiful volcano has a height of 5230m. According to scientific data, the volcano with three craters, whose diameter is more than 100 meters, was formed more than 14,000 years ago. The very first major eruption  was recorded in 1628. Since the 30s of the last century, the Sangai is constantly erupting. Last activity was in 2007. To date, climb to the top of the volcano offers only a few travel companies, since the volcano is considered active and from time to time overthrown. Still, lovers add to life the adrenaline are always there. Part of the way is overcome on the car, the rest on special mules. Rise takes 2-3 days.


The volcano with a height of 5426m., Is active. Location - Mexico. An uneasy funny name translates as "smoking hill". Around the volcano densely settled villages and cities with a total population of 20 million. human. The last mention of any activity of the volcano was in 1994. But in 1947, the eruption of the volcano threw so many ash that covered them all within a radius of 30 km. It is very popular with tourists and lovers of real, virgin nature.


Active volcano with a height of 5822m. located in the territory of Peru. The volcano has three huge craters, the largest diameter is 130 m. Especially strong activity in the 15th century brought a lot of troubles to the nearby Arequipa city, later called "white city". The local population is called the mountain of the sacred, the mountain of the gods. In 1998, at the foot of the volcano, archaeologists discovered several Inca mummies and valuable artifacts. There are many mystical stories connected with the volcano. Periodic explosive eruptions for the last hundred years are not scared away, but rather attracted a lot of tourists. The peak of the tourist season falls on May-September, when the top of the volcano is not covered with snow. For the most fearless, there is a descent into one of the craters.


The highest point in Africa (5895m above sea level) belongs to the active volcano. Kilimanjaro is mentioned in many feature films and literature, considered one of the most beautiful and popular.

Officially recorded eruptions of giant giant is not available, but local residents claim that 200 years ago the volcano behaved quite aggressively. Kilimanjaro is in great demand among tourists, as climbing the mountain is quite simple and does not require special skills. Unfortunately, the famous "snow cap" has recently melted, for the last 100 glaciers have decreased by 80%, which certainly causes alarm.


The volcano with a height of 5911 m. is on the list of the largest active volcanoes of the planet. Since 1738 the volcano erupted a little less than 50 times, and the last strong eruption was recorded last year on August 15. From the archives of descriptions of the volcano of Cotopaxi, the destructive eruption of 1768 is mentioned - "in the middle of spring a huge column of steam and ash rose from the volcano's breathing hole, and a fiery lava poured in a few days. At the same time, a terrible earthquake began. The nearby city of Latakunga was completely destroyed. " Today Cotopaxi is called "the visiting card of Ecuador". To conquer the summit of the volcano, hundreds of inveterate climbers come here. But local authorities do not welcome this, because of the constant melting of glaciers, many accidents have been recorded.

San Pedro


The giant active volcano is located on the edge of the Atacama Desert in Chile. The height of the volcano above sea level is 6145m. The last activity was celebrated in 1960. There are no tourist routes. Every moment can create a real danger for the inhabitants of a nearby settlement.


The height is 6310 m. The highest point of Ecuador. Today it is considered extinct, but about 5-7 centuries of our era erupted from itself tons of fiery lava. Absolutely the whole top of the volcano is covered with glaciers. As a result of the impact of global warming, the glacier has greatly diminished in size. In clear weather, the volcano can be seen at a distance of 150 km. Chimborazo has great popularity among tourists and mountaineers. Some of them claim that they hear in some places how the volcano is boiling. You can conquer the summit of Chimborazo at any time of year, as the air temperature on the slopes remains the same in winter and summer.


Leader among active volcanoes. Height above sea level is 6739m. The eruption recorded in 1877 was the last. The top of the volcano is covered by glaciers, and he is located among the most arid desert on earth - Atacama. The unique excavations carried out on the top of the volcano helped to determine that the found corpses of Inca children buried more than 500 years ago speak of the sacredness of this mountain. Local Indians nicknamed the volcano "deceiver", not trusting his calm. The snow line of the volcano is at the highest point in the world, having overcome the height of 6,5 tons. meters. The lucky ones, who managed to climb the top of the volcano, are given the opportunity to enjoy the enchanting and majestic views of mountain ranges and unique landscapes.


The highest volcano in the world covers both Chile and Argentina. The height of the champion of our rating is 6887m. above sea level. The volcano is also unique because in the crater itself, at an altitude of 6390m. is the highest lake in the world. During the whole history of the observation, the volcanic activity was not very active, although in the last century several emissions of sulfur and water vapor were recorded. From Chile, near the volcano is the city of Copiano. The city is fully breathing a tourist life, meeting every year a large number of  mountaineers and simple travelers. At the foot of the summit itself, which can only be reached by the most experienced tourists, traces of the Inca habit were found. This find again reminds us of the special attitude of the ancient Indians towards the greatness and sacredness of nature.

The record for the most terrible, devastating volcanic eruption belongs to Tambor, located in Indonesia. In 1815, after a most powerful explosion, the eruption lasted almost two weeks. Within a radius of 500 kilometers for four days, there was pitch darkness because of the ejected ash. According to the Government of Indonesia, more than 70,000 people died in that catastrophe.


On the territory of our country the champion in height is the volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Its height is 4835m. above sea level. The last small eruption was recorded in August 2013.


The volcano is a miracle of the world, created by nature itself. To admire the majestic mountain, with its snow-capped peaks and bottomless craters it is possible constantly. The likely danger that an active volcano carries in itself has long been a subject of curiosity and popularity among tourists. But the beauty and power of natural phenomena should be respected, for good reason the ancient Indians called the volcanoes "sacred mountain".

   2016.06.02 by

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