Yellowstone National Park

About 640,000 years ago, when the North American continent was "walking" from volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, a giant crater with a total area of ​​2000 km² appeared near the Rocky Mountains. Over time, it turned into a plateau, where a bubbling mass bubbles today, fumaroles, geysers, mud fountains and hot springs are pounding from the ground. So appeared Yellowstone Park, a photo of which is presented in this article.

A bit of history

There is a legend that 200 years ago the hunter moved in search of prey through the Rocky Mountains and came to the Yellowstone plateau. Now only he understood the stories of the Indians about the "country of smoke and water", only now he believed in them. The picture that opened to him inspired superstitious fear in him. Filled with frozen lava canyons, glistening rocks obsidian, petrified forests combined with bubbling in the craters of volcanoes with water, as well as foamy streams of steam rising from the crevices. Above this otherworldly world there was a smell of rotten eggs - a peculiar "aroma" of hydrogen sulfide. In the future, the story of St. John's wort about this amazing and strange terrain in the surrounding people caused ridicule and mistrust. How can there be such a thing in the world created by God? And if it can, then where is Yellowstone Park located?

Only after 50 years reports of scientific expeditions were able to confirm the stories of this unrecognized eyewitness. After this, in the territory with such an amazing landscape, located on the lands of three Idaho and Wyoming, the US Congress in 1872 founded the world's first National Park, which was called Yellowstone National Park, which translates as "yellow stone". Thus, in America, the development of environmental ethics began, as well as the preservation of the terrain with untouched nature. Today, everyone can not only find Yellowstone Park on the map, but also to visit there. In 1976, this place was given the status of a biosphere reserve. Two years later he was added to the UNESCO list.

Description

Yellowstone National Park, which has the shape of a square, leads five roads, and you can get here from anywhere.

In the north, there are surprisingly beautiful gorges, with the Madisson and Yellowstone rivers running along the bottom, and hundreds of waterfalls in the canyons. The largest of them is the Lower Waterfall, whose height is as much as 94 m! In the same place are also Mammoth hot keys.

Calcite

At this point the breed is rich in calcite. For millennia, calcium dissolved in the hot water of the sprinkling springs. Thus, sparkling crystals, spectacular terraces were formed, whose steep slopes were decorated with stalactite-like cascades. It seems that limestone amazing figures should have a white color, but many of them are painted in all shades of the rainbow spectrum. This is due to the impurity of microorganisms and metals that inhabit the Mammoth keys. Their color depends on the temperature at the water, therefore, some terraces are painted in a violet-blue palette, and the following shine with canary-yellow and fiery-scarlet shades.

In the north-eastern part of the park you can find the largest petrified forest on the planet. This was due to the fact that during the eruption, which occurred once a long time ago, ash completely covered the trees, after which they were mineralized, turning into idols.

West Yellowstone

Also Yellowstone Park is known for its settlement West Yellowstone, which is located at the western gate of this reserve. From here you can get to the most famous geyser fountains, which we'll talk about below.

Grand Canyon

If we needed contour map North America, then in the eastern part of Yellowstone we would mark the Grand Canyon. Its length is 20 km, and the depth is 360 m! The park from here got its name - in the rocky yellow rocks reflect the sun's rays. In the south of the park there is a mountain range completely covered with snow. He surprises with his harmonious extraordinary beauty.

Geysers

Yellowstone is one of the five places on the planet in which huge fields of geysers stretch (the contour map of North America of these places consists of volcanic layers). Here the magma approached the surface, therefore, the temperature of the water discharged to the surface is much more points   boiling, rather, it is steam than liquid. It is interesting that small fountains regularly "work", and large ones - spontaneously. There are about 3000 of them.

The steamer, the largest geyser in the world, emits 5000 tons of water at 50-100 m, while the frequency of this unpredictable - from 4 days to half a century.

Another impressive geyser is the Excelsior, which is located in the center of a beautiful mountain lake. At its fountain height reaches 90 m, while this process is accompanied by various special effects - roar, roar and earth trembling.

The stunning source, which is called the Eye, is the real king of this valley. Microorganisms and bacteria that are in hot water, it is painted in saturated bright colors. In form, it resembles a big eye. There is a feeling that someone from the ground is watching what is happening on it.

High tide

Yellowstone on the map stands out for another miracle - a huge lake with the same name.

It is located in the center of the plateau. At huge reservoirs there are waters at which either leaves from coast, or floods it. Yellowstone lake does not obey the rules. Here, the water changes the line in zigzags - on some shore, there may be a tide with low tide at the same time. Plots in this often change their places.

This mystery still can not be solved by the greatest scientists. One of the assumptions explains this behavior of the reservoir by geological activity. The quirks of the reservoir of fish inhabiting it do not interfere - there it is a huge amount for the joy of numerous fishermen.

Plants and wolves

At the beginning of the last century, poaching led to the extermination of wolves there. Breeding deer and moose have devastated the coast of the Lamar River, while eating all the local plants. Then, as if by a chain, the beavers began to die out, which lost their fodder - the trees. The reservoirs that were created by these hard-working rodents dried up, because no one else suited the dams. Started without water to disappear plants succulents, which fed on. Thus, the park of Yellowstone was on the verge of a very real ecological catastrophe.

After that, the National Park Service of America brought wolves from Canada. In a short period, they significantly reduced the populations of elks and deer. The plants again appeared in the valley, after which they began to recover.

At the present moment in this reserve you can see different animals: moose, buffalo, grizzly bear, deer, snow rams, coyotes, beavers and wolves. Here live other animals: lynx, pumas. There are a lot of birds and birds in the park - about 200 different types of: pelican, swan-trumpeter, etc.

Facilities for tourists

Entering the Yellowstone Park, every vacationer gets a guide that helps him navigate the vast territory. Almost all the terrain can be bypassed along an asphalt road, embracing the "eight" all the interesting places: the caldera and the lake, thousands of geysers, petrified forests, waterfalls and hot springs. The park is surrounded by a highway, the total length of which is 150 km.

It should be noted that the sightseeing usually takes 4 days. In this place it is possible to rent a car, take a horse, and also walk along footpaths, the total length of which is 1770 km. It should be prepared that on the way there are different wild animals   - the traveler opens virgin nature in its most dangerous greatness.

It offers excursions, boat trips, visits to caves, horseback riding, fishing - for any visitor will find a lesson that will allow time to spend with interest, and gain health and strength.

Arriving at Yellowstone Park, you need to be prepared for the fact that the fee for visiting will depend on the total time of stay there. To the services of tourists are provided hotels, hunting lodges, bars, bungalows, restaurants, cafes, petrol stations and shops. In this place, accommodation can be booked in advance. The park is open for visits from May to the end of September, when there are up to 3 million tourists.

Some volcanologists believe that the caldera may wake up in the coming years. This will be a catastrophe, on a scale that can be equated with the apocalypse. Forecasts are as follows: half of the US will be erased from the planet. Europe will also suffer because volcanic ash will end up in the stratosphere and close the sun for a long time, after which a "volcanic winter" will come to the whole earth.

Hurry up to admire this miracle of nature, while there is still this opportunity!

Approximately 640,000 years ago, when the North American continent "walked" from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, a giant crater of 2,000 square meters formed in the area of ​​the Rocky Mountains. km. Under the crater, during this time turned into a plateau, and today the molten mass bubbles, here from under the ground geysers, fumaroles, hot springs and mud fountains are beating.

"Country of water and smoke" or the lost world

It is said that about 200 years ago a hunter, in search of prey, moved over the ridge of the Rocky Mountains and wandered over to the Yellowstone plateau. Only now did he fully understand the stories of the familiar Indians about the "country of water and smoke", only now he finally believed in them. Opened to him almost unearthly picture infused superstitious fear. Canyons flooded with frozen lava, petrified forests, obsidian-glistening cliffs were arguing unreality with water bubbling in volcanic craters and foamy jets of steam rising from the crevices. Above this otherworldly world there was a "fragrance" of rotten eggs-a specific smell of hydrogen sulfide. Subsequently, the story of the St. John's wort about strange and surprising terrain caused distrust and mockery among those around. Is this possible in a world created by God?

Only 50 years later reports from several scientific expeditions confirmed the stories of an unrecognized eyewitness. And on the territory with an amazing landscape of 9 000 square meters. km, located on the lands of three states: Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, in 1872, the US Congress was the first national park founded on the planet, called Yellowstone National Park, which means "yellow stone". This marked the beginning of the development in America of environmental ethics and the preservation of territories with virgin nature. In 1976, the park was awarded the international status of a biosphere reserve. Two years later, in 1978 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

From all sides…

Yellowstone National Park, which is almost square, leads 5 roads, and it can be accessed from all directions.

In the northern part, where geological chaos reigns, there are picturesque gorges, along the bottoms of which the Yellowstone and Madison rivers flow (one - to the north, the other - to the south), breaking in the canyons by hundreds of waterfalls.

The largest of them - the Lower Waterfall, its height - 94 m!

Here is another miracle of nature - Mammoth hot keys.

The breed in this place is rich in calcite. Calcium for thousands of years dissolved in hot water sources. So the picturesque, sparkling crystal terraces were formed, and steep slopes were decorated with cascades, similar to stalactites. It would seem that amazing limestone figures should be white, but some of them are colored in all shades of the rainbow spectrum. The fact that "limestone" impurities of metals and microorganisms that live in hot water Mammoth keys. Their color depends on the temperature of the water, so some terraces are brightly colored in a blue-purple palette, while others shine with fiery-scarlet and canary-yellow shades.

In the north-east of the park you can see the world's largest petrified forest.

With a small eruption that occurred several thousand years ago, ashes covered the trees, and they were mineralized, like in a fairy tale, turning into stone idols.

The eastern part of Yellowstone opens up to the local Grand Canyon.

Its depth is 360 m, and its length is 20 km! It is from here that the park takes its name - the sun's rays are reflected in the yellow rock formations, of which the walls of the canyon consist.

On the southern border of the park there is a mountain range covered with eternal snows. He strikes with his graceful beauty.

At the western gate of the reserve is the village of West Yellowstone. From here you can quickly get to the most famous geyser fountains.

Steamboat, Faithful Servant, Excelsior, Eye and the whole "big company"

Yellowstone - one of the 5 places on the globe, where the fields of geysers are located. Magma here approached the surface (only 3-5 km), so the temperature of the water being emitted is much higher than the boiling point, it is rather vapor than liquid. It is noteworthy that small fountains "work" regularly, and large ones - spontaneously. There are about 3 thousand of them.

The largest geyser in the world The steamer emits about 5 thousand tons of water to a height of 50 to 100 m with unpredictable frequency - from 4 days to 50 years. It was this steamer that "silently slept" from 1911 to 1961.

But on the geyser, which was jokingly called the Old Service, you can compare the hours.

He "salutes" every 50 minutes to a height of 30-50 m, this accuracy fitter has only a few times in history strayed from a given rhythm. Fountains of the Old Service in the evening - a real show, highlighted by multi-colored searchlights.

Another impressive geyser - Excelsior does not hit from the ground, it is in the center of a picturesque mountain lake. The height of its fountain can reach 90 m, and the process itself is accompanied by special effects - a roar, a roar and a tremor of the ground underfoot.

Stunning unreal beauty hot spring, which is called the Eye, is the real king of the valley. Living in hot water, bacteria and microorganisms paint it in bright, saturated colors, and in shape it resembles a huge eye. It seems that one of the bowels of the earth is watching everything that is happening on its surface.

High tide and low tide. American riddles

One of the wonders of Yellowstone is a huge lake with the same name.

It is in the center of the volcanic plateau at an altitude of 2500 m. Large ponds have tides and tides, in which water either leaves the coastline or floods it. Yellowstone Lake rules do not obey. Here the water changes the line in zigzags - on one side of the river there can be both a tide and a low tide. And, sites often change places.

Until now, the greatest scientists can not explain this riddle. One of the hypotheses explains this behavior of the lake by geological activity in the caldera. This is the "cup" of the former crater of a giant volcano in which there is a lake. The fads of the reservoir do not interfere with the fish that live in it, it is full of it for the joy of tourist-fishermen.

The ecological balance of Yellowstone - wolves and plants

In the early twentieth century, poaching led to the destruction of all wolves in Yellowstone. Breeding moose and deer devastated the valley of the Lamar River, eating all the plants. Further, as the chain, the beavers began to die out, losing their main food - young trees. The reservoirs created by these hardworking rodents dried up, because no one else suited the dams. Without water, succulent plants began to disappear, which, in the main, were fed by grizzly bears. So the Yellowstone National Park was on the verge of an ecological catastrophe.

Recovering, the US National Park Service brought to Yellowstone wolves from Canada, they in a short period significantly reduced the populations of deer and moose. Plants appeared again in the valley, and the ecological balance was gradually restored.

Today in this huge reserve you can meet different animals: bison, elks, deer, grizzly bears, coyotes, snow rams, beavers and, of course, "orderlies" of the park - wolves. Other animals live here: lynx, mountain lions, pumas. Birds in the park are also many, only about 200 species, among them: swan-trumpeter, pelican, bald eagle.

Asphalted "eight" and other amenities for tourists

At the entrance to Yellowstone, each tourist receives a guide that helps them navigate the vast territory of the park. Almost the whole area can be traveled along an asphalt road, which covers all the most interesting places: the lake and the Yellowstone caldera, several thousand geysers, hot springs, waterfalls and fossilized forests. The whole park is surrounded by a 150 km long ring road.

The sightseeing takes 3-4 days. Here you can rent a car, take a riding horse or walk along marked trails, the total length of which is 1770 km. You need to be prepared for the fact that on the way meet wild beasts - virgin nature is revealed to the traveler in all his dangerous greatness.

The park offers excursions, visits to caves, boat trips, fishing, horseback riding - for each visitor there is a lesson to enjoy, allowing you to spend time wonderfully, gain strength and health.

The fee for visiting the reserve depends on the time of stay in it. To the services of tourists are provided hunting lodges, hotels, bungalows, bars, cafes, restaurants, shops and gas stations. Here you can book accommodation in advance. The visiting park is open from May to September, during these months there are about 3 million tourists.

Hell's Kitchen of the Yellowstone Caldera

At the end of the last century, a group of American scientists came to the conclusion that in a few years a new eruption of the Yellowstone caldera could begin (the latter was about 640 thousand years ago). Very very ancient and considered to be falling asleep super-volcano in recent years has shown dangerous activity. There are new geysers, and the land in the park over the past 4 years has risen by 178 cm. What is the largest volcano on earth? Yellowstone - this is not a mountain cone, inside which is a muzzle. This, as shown by satellite images, a huge depression with dimensions of 55x72 km. The estimated area of ​​the eruption of this giant is several thousand kilometers!

According to some volcanologist scientists, the caldera may wake up in the coming years. This will be a catastrophe, which in scale can be equated to the end of the world. Forecasts of scientists are as follows: half of America will be wiped off the face of the earth. Europe will suffer too, because volcanic ash will fall into the stratosphere and for a long time will close the sun, and the whole planet will fall "volcanic winter."

Other authoritative scientists studying volcanoes believe that the growth of the caldera is similar to the inflating of soap bubbles and is caused by the gases formed in the magma, and this is not a sign of an eruptive eruption. Therefore, all fears should burst like the aforementioned soap bubbles! Who of them is right, time will tell. And now the caldera is watched by scientists from the Yellowstone Volcanic Observatory, who assess all the changes in the activity of this giant.

Hasten to admire this miracle of nature - Yellowstone National Park, there is still such an opportunity!

  The monthly report of the US Geological Survey (USGS) on seismic activity says that there are fewer tremors than actually. Yellowstone continues to shake violently: a swarm of jolts knocked NASA into confusing inaccurate data.

Experts say a record swarm of earthquakes that can not be recognized. In September, 115 earthquakes were recorded in Yellowstone. Of these, 78 were part of a continuing swarm 10 kilometers north of West Yellowstone.

  "Since the beginning of the swarm on June 12, one earthquake with a magnitude of 4.4, 12 - in the range of magnitude 3 and 185 - in the range of magnitude 2," - said in a statement of the service.

Video: In the US, the super volcano Yellowstone wakes up.

Leading scientist of the Yellowstone volcanic observatory in the USGS Mike Poland said that despite the fact that the seismic activity near the geyser is on a decline, the tremors still do not stop. According to the expert, the actual number of earthquakes is not easy to establish, since the shocks either appear massively or have too small a magnitude, because of which the instruments can not recognize them.

According to him, the actual number of earthquakes that took place is difficult to establish, because earthquakes can occur simultaneously or be too weak for the devices to fix them. But there are ways to retrospectively look for these events, and, possibly, after checking, it turns out that there were many times more of them than was originally reported.

"This is the work that we will do in the coming months, when we collect all the available data and begin to analyze them," says Poland. - At the end of September, the University of Utah stations recorded 2,475 earthquakes in the swarm. By its activity, the current swarm is close to the swarm of 1985, during which over 3,000 localized seismic events occurred within three months. "

At the moment, experts want to resort to ways of retrospectively searching for these events, and, possibly, after verification, it will be found that there were many times more of them than was originally reported.

Yellowstone volcano now - news: US alarmed by the critical boiling point in the caldera of a dangerous volcano

The dangerous volcano Yellowstone is enduring the patience of Americans, frightening with its awakening. The US is alarmed by the critical boiling point in the caldera of a dangerous volcano.

Seismologists of the US Geological Service associate earthquakes in Idaho with the activity of Yellowstone. The latest data from the monitoring of the seismological service indicate that the volcano wakes up. Geyser The old campaigner threw into the atmosphere a huge amount of steam and smoke at a record high distance.

And in general, on the territory of the reserve where the death volcano is located, strange things have been happening lately: the earth is rising, the rivers are boiling, the buffaloes are fleeing to where the eyes look, then they slowly walk along the reserve, as if under some preparations.

Yellowstone's volcano now - news: A sharp turn in Yellowstone makes scientists think seriously about NASA scientists

Scientists of the US Geological Survey are sounding the alarm, warning of the danger of the Yellowstone Hydrothermal eruption. The US is in danger: a new version of the Yellowstone explosion is shocking American seismologists.

Geophysicist Michael Polland of the US Geological Survey, which is studying Yellowstone, warns of the extremely damaging volcanic eruption for America.

The geophysicist has established a new type of explosion of a dangerous geyser, more dangerous than any other eruption. According to the scientist, in the Yellowstone caldera there can be a Hydrothermal eruption - this is when an underground water reservoir is heated by a volcano and explodes violently, like a giant geyser.

If you believe the expert then in the national park Hydrothermal explosions are observed systematically, leaving "on memory" meter craters. However, the scientist does not exclude that a real catastrophe can occur.

Yellowstone's volcano now - news: NASA believes a possible eruption of the Yellowstone superwalk is more terrible than any asteroid

Recently, the super-volcano of Yellowstone National Park behaves extremely unstable. Near the caldera, numerous earthquakes became more frequent, equal to 3-4 points on the Richter scale.

Scientists are not afraid for nothing. In the case of a volcanic eruption of this class, the planet will plunge into volcanic winter for long decades, since ash and dust from the eruption will fall into the upper atmospheric layers of the planet, through which the sun's rays can not penetrate.

  NASA experts meanwhile are developing all sorts of plans to prolong the calm state of the caldera, the eruption of which will lead to destruction of the planetary scale. So, the agency offered to cool the super volcano magma with water, which, when heated, will give cheap electricity.

The Yellowstone volcano is one of the most large volcanoes   on our planet, scientists gave him the status of a super volcano. It is located in the Yellowstone National Park in the US, Wyoming. The popularity of the volcano was due to its truly enormous size. During its last eruption (640,000 years ago), the upper part of the volcano literally fell into the bowels of the earth, forming a huge hole or the so-called Yellowstone caldera, whose diameter is 55 by 72 km, and an area of ​​4 thousand square kilometers.

Besides, distinctive feature   The Yellowstone volcano is its location, it is right in the center of the North American plate, and not on the boundary of tectonic plates, like Everest for example, or many others. It is difficult to guess the date of the next Yellowstone eruption, but the information from the seismologists of the US Geological Survey causes more and more alarm. Since the 80's, scientists began to fix earth tremors   an average magnitude of 3 points.

The graphs of observations show that over time, activity in the danger zone only grows. In confirmation of this - 2007, when scientists insisted on the emergency convening of a special US Scientific Council, which included leading seismologists, geophysicists, as well as the US Secretary of Defense and the head of the CIA, the NSA, the FBI.

The ruins of the Yellowstone crater (the Yellowstone caldera), baptized in 2000 as a super volcano, were found relatively recently - were discovered only in the 1960s. And they were found ... by satellite images ...

The first European to explore Yellowstone was John Colter. Being one of the participants in the expedition of Lewis and Clark, exploring the northwest of the United States, John Colter described the western regions of Wyoming, including Yellowstone, in 1807. Colterus colorfully depicted the geysers and hot springs that he had seen, but they did not believe him, considering his stories as fables and calling the places described by him "the hell of Colter".

Later, in 1850, the hunter and explorer Jim Bridger visited Yellowstone. Just like Colter, Bridger, with his stories about the fountains of hot water and steam that beat from the ground, was considered an inventor.

After the end of the civil war in the early seventies of the XIX century, the US government funded research on the north-western regions of the country. In 1871, the Yellowstone region studied the expedition under the guidance of the American geologist and naturalist Ferdinand Hayden. Hayden's report on Yellowstone, illustrated by photographs of William Jackson and Thomas Moran's paintings, persuaded the US Congress in 1872 to pass a law establishing the Yellowstone National Park, the first US national park.

The first head of Yellowstone Park was appointed Nathaniel Langford. At first, the government did not finance the park, did not even pay the director's salary. The situation changed for the better only after a few years.

The number of visitors to the park increased dramatically in the 1880s, when tourists were able to come to the Yellowstone area on the newly constructed North Pacific Railway.

In the future, the Yellowstone National Park has developed successfully, preserving intact unique natural sites and simultaneously creating new amenities for tourists.

Five percent of the Yellowstone Park is occupied by rivers and lakes. The largest in the park Yellowstone Lake - about 350 km 2, and its depth exceeds 115 meters. This is the largest mountain lake in the United States. There are almost three hundred waterfalls in the park, the largest of them is the Lower Yellowstone Falls (94 meters, almost twice the famous Niagara Falls). The rivers of the park cut through two canyons, the depth of the Grand Canyon ("Grand Canyon") of the Yellowstone River reaches 275 meters.

The territory of the park is a continental watershed that flows along the Yellowstone River Park to the basins of both the Pacific (the Snake River) and the Atlantic (the Yellowstone River) oceans.

Volcanic activity in the area of ​​Yellowstone continues to this day. Here there are many weak earthquakes, even new volcanic cones are formed. The world famous Yellowstone National Park brought exactly the numerous geysers, hot springs and mud volcanoes.

Most of the park is located on the Yellowstone plateau, surrounded by the ridges of the Rocky Mountains. In the park there is a huge (about 55 to 72 kilometers) volcanic caldera, formed by a catastrophic eruption about 640,000 years ago. This caldera is known as the Yellowstone Super Volcano.

Reference. What is a SUPERVOLCAN?

A typical volcano is a cone-shaped hill with a crater, from which lava, ash and gases erupt. It is formed. When magma boiling in the depths breaks to the surface through cracks and faults in the earth's crust. As the magma rises, it releases gases, turning into volcanic lava, and flows through top   a fault, usually called a vent. Frozen around the vents, the products of the eruption and build up the cone of the volcano.

Supervolcans also have a feature, because of which until recently no one even suspected of their existence. They are not at all similar to the usual cone-shaped "caps" with a vent inside. These are vast territories of a thinned earth's crust, under which pulsating magma pulsates. A simple volcano is like a pimple, a super volcano is a huge inflammation, in which several ordinary volcanoes can be located. To date, 20-30 super-volcanoes are known in the world. They may erupt from time to time, but these emissions can be compared with the release of steam from an overheated boiler. The main problems begin when the "boiler" itself explodes. Because the super-volcanoes do not erupt, namely they explode.

The appearance of new geysers in the Yellowstone Reserve in 2002 attracted the attention of scientists. Two years later, the US government closed a large part of the park, and in other parts of the park imposed restrictions on visits to tourists.

Vulkanologists and seismologists interested in various manifestations of volcano activity became regular here.

Such super-volcanoes are considered the most dangerous on our planet, because during the eruption they explode. Their power is tens of times greater than that of ordinary volcanoes. For hundreds of years the volcano has been in a state of rest, but when Yellowstone explodes, it can erase a whole continent from the face of the earth. According to the most pessimistic forecasts after the eruption of the Yellowstone volcano, 99% of humanity will die from destruction and climate change.

For the last ten years, scientists have noted the increased activity of the volcano. Many US residents do not even realize that within a year there are from 1 to 3 earthquakes in Yellowstone, most of which are so weak that people do not feel them. It is still early to speak about the explosion of a volcano, but in recent years the number of fixed earthquakes has increased noticeably. The fact remains that the underground reservoir is gradually filled with magma.

The first of the three Yellowstone explosions occurred 2.1 million years ago. During that catastrophe, more than a quarter of North America was covered with volcanic ash. It is worth noting that there were no such large-scale cataclysms on the earth anymore. According to the calculations of specialists, the time interval between eruptions of super volcanoes is 600 thousand years. Judging because the last eruption was recorded 640 thousand years ago, people should expect a new eruption natural cataclysm, and when the Yellowstone rips again, we can learn very soon.

Under the assumptions of scientists, the power of the Yellowstone volcano explosion will be 2500 times stronger than the release of Etna 8 thousand years ago, when the tsunami formed for several hours distorted the coast of three continents.

When Yellowstone explodes, its consequences can only be compared with the explosion of just a dozen atomic bombs. The Earth's crust will rise several meters, and the soil will warm up to a temperature of +60 degrees. Pieces of earth rock to a high altitude, and then they will cover a huge part of the earth. Then the atmosphere itself will change - the content of helium and hydrogen sulphide will increase.

Within hours after the Yellowstone explosion, the entire area will be burned with an area of ​​about 1000 km2. It is about the northwest of the United States and a small part of Canada. More than 10 thousand square kilometers. will be buried beneath the streams of hot mud, or as it is also called the pyroclastic wave, it will burn it all in its path with a powerful avalanche. It is she who is the most deadly during the eruption.

The world will be different!

Over the years, volcanologists have thought that a long road leads to "tomorrow". But two scientific works published recently, are reviewing the level of danger for several sinister volcanoes USA One, in the Valley of Death, the Ubehebe crater, half a mile wide and more than 700 feet deep. It is believed that the last time it erupted several thousand years ago, it is now known that the explosion occurred in the 14th century.

Another volcano, the famous caldera of Lake Crater, in Oregon, can fill for several decades, and then explode with super-destructive force. Until recently, scientists believed that volcanoes also took thousands of years to become dangerously active.

They were wrong.

Margaret Mangan (Mangan), a prominent scientist of the monitoring service USGS

Margaret Mamgan, a scientist at the US Geological Survey, located in California, conducts research and monitoring of volcano activity. She recently told USA Today that "understanding the eruption time and the timing of formation before the eruption changes."

And change is an alarming speed. Changes in knowledge that have occurred very quickly in the last few years cause some scientists to bite their nails from the thought of a catastrophic explosion of the super volcano in Yellowstone Park. This volcano shows all the signs that it becomes active: part of the territory was heated to almost 1000 degrees F, when the earth buckled from the lava dome, the lake completely boiled.

Just two years ago, many geophysicists assured everyone, including the federal government, that we really did not have anything to worry about. Really.

Now the same scientists just shut up. If they say something to curious journalists, this "something" is monotonously-truncated, and after incomprehensible words they hurry to retire as soon as possible.

What worries them? Is the Judgment Day approaching?

The fact that the intervals between eruptions are constantly shrinking was known to scientists before. And, given the astronomical duration of such intervals, this information had no practical significance for humanity. The volcano erupted 2 million years ago, then 1.3 million years ago and the last time 630 thousand years ago. The geological society of America expected its awakening not earlier than in 20 thousand years. The following calculations showed that a new catastrophe should be awaited in 2074.

In 2008, Professor of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Utah Robert Smith "reassured", saying that " ... while the magma of the super volcano (although it rises 8 cm a year since 2004) is located at a depth of 10 kilometers from its mouth, it is too early to worry, but if it rises to a level of 2-3 km, we will have very serious reasons for concern».

Meanwhile, back in 2006, volcanologists Ilya N. Bindeman (Ilya N. Bindeman) and John W. Valley (John W. Valley) in the journal "Earth and planetary science" claimed that the eruption would be very soon.

New data from the measurements showed that the rate of magma rise increased, the temperature of the soil in some places rose to the boiling point, clefts opened, through which hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide-volcanic gases contained in magma began to ooze. All this made me say that the terrible date has approached. And the eruption will occur until 2016.

Why all these conversations intensified last year? Because Since the end of March 2014 there has been an increase in seismic activity. In addition, the local geysers became noticeably more active. Large ungulates began to scatter from the territory of the national park. Video with buffalo jumping along the highway from the Yellowstone National Park quickly flew around the Internet. In addition to bison, the deer ran away from the national park. Over the past year, their number has decreased by a quarter. Given the fact that no one hunts in the national park, such migration looks very strange. But animals anticipate earthquakes and eruptions much better people, ahead of even the calculations of seismographs, and beforehand leave dangerous places.

According to the available data of the US Geological Survey, only questions and even greater concern are still being raised. On March 26 seismographs in Yellowstone recorded an earthquake with a magnitude of 3 points. And on March 30 the area was shaken with a magnitude of 4.8 points. This earthquake has become the most powerful in Yellowstone since the 1980s. The last tremors in the area of ​​the national park are located in one definite place.

However, there is another possible version of the events that explains all these earthquakes. Expert Michael Janic says that on April 1, an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.7 points was recorded near the city of Vancouver in the area of ​​the same-named island (British Columbia, Canada). According to Janic, all these seismic events in the North American West are links in one chain. To this conclusion he was pushed by the analysis of events more than thirty years ago. In 1980, after a strong earthquake in Yellowstone exploded volcano St. Helens (St. Helens) in the US state of Washington. The ash clouds then rose to a height of 40 kilometers.

As a result of the eruption, 57 people died, and an area of ​​600 square kilometers turned into a lunar landscape. Is there a recurrence of similar events this time, only with a certain unknown volcano in the Rocky Mountains?

And here such information is from the field of "conspiracy theories" or completely unexpected information walking on the Internet:

The US government allegedly offers to pay foreign countries $ 10 billion a year for 10 years if they agree to provide an emergency shelter for Americans when the Yellowstone super volcano begins to operate (it is at this time of the closest eruption that Dr. Jean-Philippe Perrillat of the National Center scientific research   in Grenoble, France).

The African National Congress (ANC) of the government in South Africa has already received a request from the United States, according to which, South Africa will receive this amount of $ 10 billion (about R100 billion) for 10 years, in exchange for providing temporary housing to millions of Americans. Countries that will participate in the plan include Brazil, Argentina and Australia.

The Cabinet of South Africa has decided to reject the US request so far. South Africa's press secretary for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sifo Matwetwe, said that South Africa "will not be part of the plan, because there is a risk that millions of white Americans can be sent to our country in an emergency situation, and we believe that this is a threat to black national culture and identity ... We sympathize with the American problem with Yellowstone, but we have our problems in South Africa. 200 million white people in America, and if too many of them move to the countries of South Africa ... this will destabilize the situation in the country and, possibly, even return apartheid. South Africa is not for sale. "

It's clear that I have not found evidence of this information. Maybe you will succeed.

"The Zone of Death." All projected eruptions of the Yellowstone volcano cover two-thirds of the US territory

WHAT ARE EXPLOSIONS OF SUPERVOLCANS?

From below, the pressure of magma on the thin surface of the earth gradually increases. A hump is formed that is several hundred meters in height and 15-20 kilometers in diameter. On the perimeter of the hump there are numerous vents and cracks, and then the whole of its central part collapses down into the fiery abyss.

The crumbling rocks like a piston will drastically squeeze giant fountains of lava and ash out of the bowels.

The strength of this explosion exceeds the charge of the most powerful nuclear bomb. According to the calculations of geophysicists, if the Yellowstone mine explodes, the effect will surpass a thousand Hiroshima. The calculations, of course, are purely theoretical. During the time of its existence, modern man, we did not have to face such a phenomenon. One of the last eruptions, approaching in scale to the future, occurred in Sumatra 73 thousand years ago, when the explosion of the super-volcano Toba reduced the population of the Earth by about 15 times, when only 5-10 thousand people remained alive. The number of animals decreased by the same amount, and 3/4 of the flora of the Northern Hemisphere died. On the site of that explosion, a pit was formed with an area of ​​1775 sq. Km. km, which could accommodate two New York or London.

Yellowstone in its dimensions is twice that of Toba. « Against the background of the eruption of the super volcano, all the others seem to be dwarfs, and its power - real threat   all living on this planet"Said Bill McGuire, professor of geophysics, climate change specialist at London University College. It is according to his calculations, made in 1999, that the volcano should wake up by 2074. The last time the explosion of the super volcano in Yellowstone occurred during the time of the dinosaurs. Perhaps because of this they are extinct.

In turn, in an interview with the newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Nikolai Koronovsky, head of the dynamics of the geospheres of the Moscow State University, acknowledged - indeed, "in the area of ​​this volcano, there are some evidences that magma can rise and if it breaks out, America will not find it very much." However, the scientist adds that "we see such a picture not the first time, there periodically the activity then grows, then fades." He notes that "this is reminiscent of the behavior of a kind of underground bubble, which is inflated and then blown off - that's why it's necessary to treat calmly to the current activity".

So far, according to the professor, "there are still no obvious signs that would be, as they say," bums "and with high probability would indicate the proximity of the eruption."

In a word, the scientist believes that "the picture is still unclear." Although even the professor is sure - "you can say for sure that Yellowstone Volcano   will speak, but when "and suggested that the exact date can be called with an error of" plus - minus 10 thousand years ".

And that's what the professor, deputy director of the Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS Yevgeny Rogozhin said.

- Do you think that the events that have taken place are not signs of an impending catastrophe?

- There are no signs of a catastrophe yet. It may be, but usually before this a series of violent shocks occurs. In addition, now earthquakes are not within the caldera itself (the basin of volcanic origin), and to the north-west of it. Of course, I certainly can not say, because I was not there and do not know the details in detail, but my feeling is that we can not expect a super explosion, while some local eruptions are quite possible there.

AS IT WILL BE

A few days before the explosion earth's crust   over the super volcano will rise by several dozen, and even hundreds of meters. The soil will be heated to 60-70 ° C. The concentration of hydrogen sulphide and helium will increase sharply in the atmosphere.

The first to break out a cloud of volcanic ash, which rises in the atmosphere to a height of 40-50 km. Then, the lava will be thrown out, the pieces of which will be thrown to a great height. Falling, they will cover a giant territory. The explosion will be accompanied by a powerful earthquake and lava flows, developing a speed of several hundred kilometers per hour.

In the first hours of the new eruption in Yellowstone, the area will be destroyed within a radius of 1000 kilometers around the epicenter. Here, in an immediate danger are the residents of almost the entire American Northwest (the city of Seattle) and parts of Canada (the city of Calgary, Vancouver).

On the territory of 10 thousand square meters. kilometers will be raging torrents of hot mud, the so-called. "Pyroclastic wave" This most deadly product of the eruption will arise when the pressure of beating high in the atmosphere of the lava will weaken and part of the pillar will collapse into the vicinity of a huge avalanche that burns everything in its path. In pyroclastic flows, it will be impossible to survive. At temperatures above 400 ° C, human bodies simply weld, the flesh separates from the bones.

The hot swill will kill about 200 thousand people in the first minutes after the eruption began. In addition, huge losses will bring a series of earthquakes and tsunamis, which will provoke an explosion. They will carry away tens of millions of lives around the globe. This is provided that the North American continent does not go underwater at all, like Atlantis.
   Then a cloud of ash from the volcano begins to spread in breadth. Within a day in the disaster area will be the entire territory of the United States to Mississippi. Thus volcanic ash is no less dangerous phenomenon. The particles of ash are so small that they are not protected by gauze bandages or respirators. Getting into the lungs, the ash mixes with mucus, hardens and turns into cement ...

As a result of ash shedding, territories that are thousands of kilometers from the volcano may be exposed to deadly danger. When the layer of volcanic ash reaches a thickness of 15 cm, the load on the roofs will become too large and the buildings will begin to crumble. By calculations, from 1 to 50 people in each house will die immediately or be seriously injured. This will be the main cause of death in areas circumvented by the pyroclastic wave around Yellowstone, where the layer of ash will not be less than 60 cm.

A thick layer of ash will cover almost the entire territory of the United States - from Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, which will be erased from the face of the Earth, to Iowa and the Gulf of Mexico. The ozone hole above the continent will grow to such a level that the radiation level will approach Chernobyl. All of North America will turn into scorched earth. Severely affected and southern Canada.

The Yellowstone giant will provoke the eruption of several hundred ordinary volcanoes around the world. Other deaths will result from poisoning. The eruption will last for several days, but people and animals will continue to die already because of suffocation and poisoning with hydrogen sulfide. During this time, air in the west of the United States will be poisoned so that a person can breathe in it for no more than 5-7 minutes.

Thousands of cubic kilometers of ash thrown into the atmosphere will cross the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean in 2-3 weeks, and a month later they will close the Sun all over the Earth.

NUCLEAR WINTER

Sometime Soviet scientists predicted that the most terrible consequence of the global nuclear conflict would be the so-called. "nuclear winter". The same will happen as a result of the explosion of the super volcano.

First, incessant acid rains will destroy all crops and crops, kill cattle, dooming the survivors to starvation. Two weeks after the sun disappears in the dust clouds, the air temperature on the earth's surface will fall from -15 ° to -50 ° C and below in various regions of the globe. The average temperature on the Earth's surface will be about -25 ° C.

The hunger is most affected by the "billionaires" countries - India and China. Here in the coming months after the explosion, up to 1.5 billion people will die. In the first months of the cataclysm, every third inhabitant of the Earth will die.

Winter will last from 1.5 to 4 years. This is enough to forever change the natural balance on the planet. Due to long frosts and lack of light, vegetation will die. Since plants participate in the production of oxygen, it is very difficult on the planet to breathe. The animal world of the Earth will be painfully dying from cold, famine and epidemics. Mankind will have to move from the surface of the earth for at least 3-4 years ...

For the people of North America, the chances of survival are minimal. In general, the inhabitants of the western hemisphere will be almost completely destroyed. The greatest chance for the central part of Eurasia. Most of the people, according to scientists, will survive in Siberia and the East European part of Russia, located on earthquake-resistant platforms, remote from the epicenter of the explosion and protected from the tsunami.

But if you can watch something on the air after the eruption of the volcano. THERE IS A WEBKER installed in Yellowstone. See for yourself :-)

http://communitarian.ru/publikacii/udivitelnoe_rya..._unichtozhit_polmira_07042014/

  Taken

The Yellowstone National Park was founded by the American Congress and approved by President Grant on March 1, 1872. The National Park is located primarily in the state of Wyoming, although it also extends to Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone, widely believed to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and geothermal features, especially the Old Faithful geyser, one of the most popular in the park. The Yellowstone super-volcano is also considered one of the strongest in the world.

Native Americans lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years. The area was explored during the Lewis and Clark expedition in the early 19th century. After that, many other expeditions were equipped. In 1917, the management of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which was established a year earlier. An infrastructure was created, and the scientists investigated more than 1,000 places of excavation.

Yellowstone National Park covers an area of ​​3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Lake Yellowstone is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered around Yellowstone Caldera, the largest super volcano on the continent. Calderu is considered active volcano. The Super Volcano erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of all geothermal activity in the world falls on Yellowstone. Lava flows from volcanic eruptions cover most of the park's land area, which is the main central part of the Great Yellowstone Ecosystem. This is the largest, remaining almost intact ecosystem in the northern temperate zone of the Earth

Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles live in Yellowstone. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous location of the megafauna in the Continental United States. Bears grizzly, wolves and freely grazing herds of bison and elk - this is only a small part of it. The park has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, rowing, fishing and sightseeing. Cobbled roads provide good access to the largest geothermal areas, some lakes and waterfalls. During winter, winter sports are popular here.

The park is located on the Yellowstone Plateau at an average elevation of 2,400 meters above sea level. Plateau is limited almost from all sides by mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountains, which range from 2,700 to 3,400 meters in height. The highest point in the park on the Eagle Peak is 3.462 meters high, and the lowest is Reese Creek at 1,610 meters. The most outstanding peak on the Yellowstone Plateau is Washburn Mountain at 3,122 meters.

Yellowstone is one of the most popular national parks in the United States. Since the mid-1960s, at least 2 million tourists have visited the park almost every year. In 2010 the visitors' record was set in July: 975,000 people. July is the busiest month for these places. At peak summer levels, 3,700 employees work for the Yellowstone Park concessionaires. The concessionaires manage nine hotels and cabins with 2,238 hotel rooms and accessible rooms. They also watch gas stations, shops and most tent camps. Another 800 employees work here on an ongoing basis.

The National Park Service supports 9 tourist assistance centers and museums. She is responsible for servicing historic structures and other 2,000 buildings. These structures include National Historic Sights, such as the geyser Old Faithful, one of the most beautiful geysers in the world, and the entire fort of Yellowstone. Historical and educational excursions are available here all year round, as are campfire programs, walks and other numerous summer fun.

Hunting is not allowed, although it is allowed in the surrounding national forests during the open season. Fishing is a popular activity, and the Yellowstone license is issued upon request. In most waters of the park, only fly fishing is allowed, and fish should be let out. Rowing is prohibited on all rivers and streams, except for the 5-mile stretch of the Lewis River between Lewis Lake and Shoshone. Yellowstone Lake has a marina, the most popular destination for boating.

In the early history of the park, visitors were allowed, and sometimes even encouraged, to feed bears. Bears learned to beg for food, and visitors tried not to miss the chance to take a picture with them. This led to constant numerous wounds and injuries. In 1970, officials changed their policies and launched an energetic program to tell the public about the dangers of close contact with bears and try to eliminate the opportunities for bears to find food in tent camps. In recent years, the number of human injuries and deaths has declined significantly, and visitors to Yellowstone are in much less danger.

Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera, located in a national park sometimes called the Super Volcano. Caldera is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The main part of the super volcano covers an area of ​​about 55 by 72 kilometers.

Yellowstone is on a hot spot where a light, hot mantle is very close to the surface. Over the past 18 million years this hot spot has produced a number of sequences strong eruptions. Together these eruptions helped create the eastern part of the Plain from the once mountainous region. At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they were classified as super-eruptions. Volcano eruptions sometimes release their magma reserves so rapidly that they form a geographical depression called the caldera. Calderas, formed from explosive super-eruptions, can be so very wide and deep, forming lakes large-sized   and destroying a wide range of mountain ranges.

The last full eruption Yellowstone Super Volcano   occurred almost 640,000 years ago, throwing about 1,000 km3 of rock, dust and volcanic ash into the sky. Geologists control in detail the movements of the Yellowstone Plateau, which averages 1.5 cm per year as a result of changes in magma pressure.

The rise of the Yellowstone Caldera plateau between 2004 and 2008 was almost 7.6 cm per year, which is three times more than the largest recorded traffic since 1923. From summer 2004 to summer 2008, the surface of the earth within the caldera moved upward by as much as 20 centimeters.

By the end of 2009, the recovery slowed significantly and seemed to stop. In January 2010, the USGS announced that "the rise Yellowstone Caldera   The US Geological Survey, scientists at the University of Utah and the National Park Service with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory state that they "do not see evidence that any catastrophic eruption will occur in Yellowstone in the foreseeable future . The recurrence intervals for these events are not regular and unpredictable. "