Action of the population in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature. Great encyclopedia of oil and gas

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY In property insurance: a violent explosion in a crater that culminates in a flow of lava, the release of hot and toxic gases, ash, rock debris, pumice and dust, volcanic explosions or shock waves. The definition of this term does not include damage from any form of manifestation of the danger of earth movement. Insurance against losses resulting from volcanic activity is provided by most forms of property insurance. Insurance coverage does not cover the removal of ash, dirt or particles of matter if their release does not cause direct physical damage or damage to the insured property.

Insurance and risk management. Terminological dictionary. - M.: Science. V. V. Tulinov, V. S. Gorin. 2000 .

See what “VOLCANIC ACTIVITY” is in other dictionaries:

volcanic activity- A set of processes and phenomena associated with the outpouring of magma on the Earth’s surface. Syn.: volcanism... Dictionary of Geography

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY TULEYSKAYA- Paleogene Neogene to modern times. ground volcano activity in the North Atlantic, known from basalt sheets, dikes and centers. volcano-plutonic complexes of complex composition (in Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland, the Faroes and Hebrides... Geological encyclopedia

TULEY VOLCANIC ACTIVITY- see Tule volcanic activity. Geological Dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengoltz et al. 1978 ... Geological encyclopedia

Japan- I MAP OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE. Contents: I. Physical essay. 1. Composition, space, coastline. 2. Orography. 3. Hydrography. 4. Climate. 5. Vegetation. 6. Fauna. II. Population. 1. Statistics. 2. Anthropology. III. Economic essay. 1...

Japan*- Contents: I. Physical essay. 1. Composition, space, coastline. 2. Orography. 3. Hydrography. 4. Climate. 5. Vegetation. 6. Fauna. II. Population. 1. Statistics. 2. Anthropology. III. Economic essay. 1. Agriculture. 2.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Nemrut Dag (volcano)- This term has other meanings, see Nemrut Dag. Nemrut Dag tour. Nemrut Dağı ... Wikipedia

Africa- Even ten years ago, it could be said about A. that many parts of the inner continent, huge coastal spaces, river basins and inland lakes were still completely unknown to us, and about many parts there were only reports... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Today we will look at this interesting topic like volcanoes. The structure of volcanoes and their classification are described in detail in this article.

Volcanoes got their name from Vulcan, the god of fire. They are geological formations that appear over cracks and channels into large volcanoes that erupt before your eyes, an incomparable spectacle. Lava, rock fragments and hot gases from magmatic sources are ejected onto the earth's surface through cracks and channels. Volcanoes are usually composed of individual mountains formed by the products of eruptions. They can reach large heights. For example, Africa is Kilimanjaro (5895 meters), Cameroon (4100 meters) and Teide (3718 meters).

Extinct, dormant and active volcanoes

Active ones include those that are currently erupting periodically or continuously. For example, active volcanoes in Africa are Nyiragongo, Meru, Karisimbi, Fako, Teide. Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes for which there is no information about eruptions, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur beneath them. Extinct volcanoes are eroded and heavily destroyed and do not show activity. A photo of the active Arenal volcano, located in Costa Rica, is presented below.

Division of volcanoes into fissure and central

Volcanoes are divided according to the shape of the supply channels into fissures and central ones. Considering the structure of the volcano (the diagram is presented below), it should be noted that in the upper mantle there may be magma chambers at a depth of about 50-70 kilometers (for example, Kamchatka volcano They can also be in the earth's crust, at a depth of about 5-6 meters (Italian or deeper.

Long and short-term eruptions

Volcanic eruptions can be long-term (from several years to several centuries) and short-term, which are measured in hours. Their precursors include acoustic phenomena, volcanic earthquakes, changes in the composition and magnetic properties of fumarole gases, as well as some other phenomena that occur before volcanoes erupt. A photo of the erupting volcano is presented below.

How does an eruption begin?

It usually begins with an increase in gas emissions. They are ejected first along with cold, dark lava fragments, and then with hot ones. In some cases, these emissions are accompanied by an outpouring of lava. From 1 to 5 km, depending on the strength of the explosions, the height of the rise of lavas saturated with fragments and the heat of water vapor and gases varies. And the most large volcanoes can eject eruption products to even greater heights. For example, in 1956 in Kamchatka during the eruption it was 45 kilometers. The ejected material is transported over distances ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilometers. Its volume sometimes reaches several cubic kilometers. The concentration of volcanic ash in the atmosphere during some eruptions is so great that darkness arises, comparable to the darkness in a closed room. It was observed, in particular, in the village of Klyuchi, located 40 km from the Bezymyanny volcano, in 1956.

The model of the volcano presented below will help you understand its structure.

What is an eruption?

An eruption is an alternation of strong and weak explosions, as well as outpouring of lava. Maximum force explosions are called climactic paroxyses. A decrease in the force of explosions and then a gradual cessation of eruptions is observed after them. The largest volcanoes emit tens of km³ of erupted lava. The photo below shows the structure of the volcano. This diagram gives a clear idea of ​​how it erupts.

Types of eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are not always the same. There are 4 types depending on the viscosity of the lavas and the amount of products (solid, gaseous and liquid): explosive (volcanic), extrusive (dome), mixed (Strombolian) and effusive (Hawaiian).

The Hawaiian type, which most often creates shield volcanoes, is characterized by a rather calm outpouring of basaltic (liquid) lava, which forms lava flows and fiery liquid lakes in craters. The gases contained in small quantities form fountains that emit drops and lumps of liquid lava, stretching into thin glass threads during flight.

In the Strombolian type, which is usually created by stratovolcanoes, along with fairly abundant outpourings of lavas of andesite-basaltic and basaltic composition, small explosions predominate, during which pieces of slag are thrown out, as well as various spindle-shaped and twisted bombs.

In the dome type, it is gaseous substances that play a big role. They produce explosions as well as ejections of large black clouds filled with many lava debris. Small flows form viscous lavas of andesitic composition.

Eruption products

The products of eruptions of various volcanoes are solid, gaseous and liquid. Volcanic gases, which are released both during an eruption (they are called eruptive) and during quiet volcanic activity (furamol) from cracks located on the slopes of the volcano, as well as from its crater, pyroclastic rocks and lava flows, form hot springs as they pass through through groundwater.

Lava is a hot, very viscous or liquid, mostly silicate, mass that pours onto the surface of the Earth during volcanic eruptions (see the cross-section of the volcano in the photo below). When it hardens, effusive rocks are formed.

Volcanic rocks (volcanic rocks) are rocks that are formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. Depending on the nature of the eruption, they are distinguished into effusive or eruptive (diabases, liparites, trachytes, andesites, basalts, etc.), pyroclastic, or volcanogenic-clastic (volcanic breccias, tuffs) volcanic rocks.

Volcanic apparatus

A tectonic fault (tectonic rupture) is something that occurs due to movements earth's crust violation of the integrity of rocks (thrusts, reverse faults, shifts, faults, etc.).

The photo below shows a model of the volcano.

Depending on the composition of the magma and the nature of the eruptions, structures of various heights and shapes appear on the surface. Each time the structure of the volcano is unique. The picture presented above is just an example. Volcanic apparatuses consist of a fissure or pipe-shaped channel, a vent (the upper part of the channel), volcanoclastic products and lava accumulations surrounding the channel on different sides, and a crater (a funnel-shaped or bowl-shaped depression on the slope or top of a volcano, the diameter of which ranges from several meters to several kilometers ). The most common forms are cone-shaped, with a predominance of emissions of various clastic material, and dome-shaped (when viscous lava is squeezed out).

We have analyzed the structure of volcanoes. It should be noted that one of their varieties is underwater, located at the bottom of a reservoir. Today geographical coordinates Volcanoes of this type are concentrated mainly within three volcanic belts: Atlantic, Mediterranean-Indonesian and Pacific. According to the results of studying the past of our planet from the point of view of geology, in their scale, as well as in the volume of emission products coming from the bowels of the Earth, they significantly exceed those on land. If annually on land from 20-30 eruptions on average up to 1.5 km³ of molten magma per year comes, then from underwater volcanoes 12-15 times more material is erupted during the same time. The activity of underwater volcanoes supports life in the ocean waters near its surface. And this, in turn, determines the volume of greenhouse gases absorbed by the ocean.

Submarine volcanic eruptions

If a body of water is located above a volcanic source, the pyroclastic material during the eruption is saturated with water and then spread around the source. Such deposits were first described in the Philippines. They were formed during the 1968 eruption of Taal Volcano, which is located at the bottom of the lake. Deposits of this type are often represented by thin wavy layers of pumice. Islands can be formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. This is, for example, a volcanic volcano located in the Indian Ocean.

Causes of volcanic activity

The close connection between mobile areas of the earth's crust and belts of volcanic activity is indicated by the geographical location of volcanoes. The faults that form in such zones are channels through which magma moves to the earth's surface. This occurs, apparently, under the influence of various tectonic processes. When the pressure of gases dissolved in magma at depth becomes greater than the pressure of the overlying ones, they begin to move towards the surface of the earth, dragging the magma with them. Perhaps during the crystallization of magma, gas pressure is created when its liquid part is enriched with steam and residual gases. The magma seems to be boiling. As a result of the release of a large volume of gaseous substances, high pressure is created in the outbreak. It may also be one of the reasons for the eruption that has begun.

The formation and structure of a volcano are very interesting topics. In this article we only briefly reviewed them. Internal structure The volcano is still of interest to many researchers. They are still studying it to this day.

For the first time back in school years we get to know what a volcano is. Geography gives us the opportunity to get closer to understanding how our planet works. The earth is fraught with many mysteries that the next generations will have to solve. Of course, at school we are only told the main points when studying the structure of a volcano. 5th grade is not the age when you should delve into this topic. However, sometimes this can and should be done. We hope you learned something new from this article.

The word "Vulcan" comes from the name of the ancient Roman .

Studying volcanoes - , .

Volcanoes are classified by shape (shield, ), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater, subglacial), etc.

Volcanic activity

Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant and extinct. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted during a historical period of time or in. The concept of active is quite inaccurate, since a volcano that has active volcanoes is classified by some scientists as active, and by others as extinct. Are considered sleeping inactive volcanoes, where eruptions are possible, and extinct ones - where they are unlikely.

However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an active volcano. The period of volcanic activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibited volcanic activity tens of thousands of years ago, but are not considered active today.

Types of volcanic structures:

IN general view volcanoes are divided into linear And central, however, this division is conditional, since most volcanoes are confined to linear tectonic disturbances (faults) in the earth’s crust.

Linear volcanoes or fissure-type volcanoes have extensive supply channels associated with a deep split in the crust. As a rule, basalt flows out of such cracks. liquid magma, which spreading to the sides forms large lava covers. Along the cracks, gentle spatter shafts, wide flat cones, and lava fields appear. If has a more acidic composition (higher SiO content in the melt), linear extrusion shafts and arrays are formed. When explosive eruptions occur, explosive ditches can appear tens of kilometers long.

Volcano shapes central type depend on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Hot and easy to move magmas create vast and flat panel volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands). If a volcano periodically erupts either lava or pyroclastic material, a cone-shaped layered structure, a stratovolcano, appears. The slopes of such a volcano are usually covered with deep radial - Barrancos. Volcanoes of the central type can be purely lava, or formed only by volcanic products - volcanic scoria, tuffs, etc. formations, or be mixed - stratovolcanoes.

Distinguish monogenic And polygenic volcanoes. The former arose as a result of a single eruption, the latter as a result of multiple eruptions. Viscous, acidic in composition, low-temperature magma, being squeezed out of the vent, forms extrusive domes (Mont Pele needle, 1902).

Negative landforms associated with central-type volcanoes are represented by - large rounded failures, several kilometers in diameter.

In addition to calderas, there are also large negative landforms, associated with sagging under the influence of the weight of the erupted volcanic material and the pressure deficit at depth that arose during the unloading of the magma chamber. Such structures are called volcanotectonic depressions,depression. Volcanotectonic depressions are very widespread and often accompany the formation of thick strata - volcanic rocks acidic composition, having different . They are lava or formed by sintered or welded tuffs. They are characterized by lens-shaped segregations of volcanic glass, pumice, lava, called and tuff or tuff-like bulk. As a rule, large volumes of ignimbrites are associated with shallow magma chambers formed due to the melting and replacement of host rocks.

Volcanic eruption

Images of the Stromboli volcano in Italy

Volcanic eruptions are classified as geological , which can lead to . The eruption process can last from several hours to many years. Among various classifications General types are distinguished:

• Hawaiian type- emissions of liquid basaltic lava, often forming lava lakes. Low-power lava flows spread over tens of kilometers.
• Strombolian type- an eruption of more viscous basic lava, which is ejected from the vent with explosions of varying strength, forming relatively short and more powerful lava flows.
• Plinian type- powerful, often sudden explosions, accompanied by emissions of huge amounts of , forming pumice and ash flows. Plinian eruptions are dangerous because they occur suddenly, often without prior warning events.
• Peleian type- characterized by the formation of enormous red-hot avalanches or scorching clouds, as well as the growth extremely viscous lava.
• Gas (phreatic) type- emissions of fragments of hard, ancient rocks into the air are caused either by magmatic gases or associated with overheated groundwater.
• Sub-ice type- Eruptions occurring under ice or glacier can cause dangerous floods, lahars and globular lava.
• Eruption ash flows were widespread in the recent geological past, but were not observed by humans in the classical past. To some extent, these eruptions should resemble scorching clouds or red-hot avalanches.
• Hydroexplosive type- eruptions that occur in shallow conditions of oceans and seas are characterized by the formation large quantity , which occurs upon contact with hot and sea water.

Post-volcanic phenomena

After eruptions, when the activity of the volcano either stops forever, or it “dormants” for thousands of years, processes associated with the cooling of the magma chamber and called post-volcanic. These include fumaroles, , .

During eruptions, a volcanic structure sometimes collapses, forming - a large depression with a diameter of up to 16 km and a depth of up to 1000 m. When rising external pressure weakens, associated gases and liquid products rush to the surface and a volcanic eruption occurs. If ancient rocks, and not magma, are brought to the surface, and water vapor formed during heating predominates among the gases groundwater, then such an eruption is called phreatic.

Heat sources

One of the unresolved problems of volcanic activity is determining the heat source necessary for local melting of the basalt layer or mantle. Such melting must be highly localized, since the passage of seismic waves shows that the crust and upper mantle are usually in a solid state. Moreover, the thermal energy must be sufficient to melt huge volumes of solid material. For example, in the USA in the river basin(states and ) the volume of basalts is more than 820 thousand km³; similar large strata of basalts are found in Argentina ( ), India (Deccan plateau) and South Africa (Great Karoo upland). There are currently three . Some geologists believe that the melting is caused by local high concentrations of radioactive elements, but such concentrations in nature seem unlikely; others suggest that tectonic disturbances in the form of shifts and faults are accompanied by the release of thermal energy. There is another point of view, according to which the upper mantle under conditions high pressures is in a solid state, and when the pressure drops due to cracking, it melts and liquid lava flows through the cracks.

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1. Volcanic activity

2. Types of volcanic structures

3. Classification of volcanoes by shape

4. Volcanic eruption

5. Post-volcanic phenomena

6. Heat sources

7. Areas of volcanic activity

8. Volcanoes on other planets

9. Interesting facts

10. Eruptions

Literature

1. Volcanic activity

Volcanoes-- geological formations on the surface of the Earth's crust or the crust of another planet where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, rocks (volcanic bombs) and pyroclastic flows.

The word "Vulcan" comes from the name of the ancient Roman god of fire, Vulcan.

The science that studies volcanoes is volcanology and geomorphology.

Volcanoes are classified by shape (shield, stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, domes), activity (active, dormant, extinct), location (terrestrial, underwater, subglacial), etc.

Volcanoes are divided depending on the degree of volcanic activity into active, dormant and extinct. An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted during a historical period of time or in the Holocene. The concept of active is quite inaccurate, since a volcano with active fumaroles is classified by some scientists as active, and by others as extinct. Dormant volcanoes are considered to be inactive volcanoes where eruptions are possible, and extinct volcanoes are considered to be those where they are unlikely.

However, there is no consensus among volcanologists on how to define an active volcano. The period of volcanic activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes exhibited volcanic activity tens of thousands of years ago, but are not considered active today. Astrophysicists, from a historical perspective, believe that volcanic activity, caused, in turn, by the tidal influence of other celestial bodies, can contribute to the emergence of life. In particular, it was volcanoes that contributed to the formation of the earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapor; scientists also note that too active volcanism, such as on Jupiter’s moon Io, can make the planet’s surface uninhabitable. At the same time, weak tectonic activity leads to the disappearance of carbon dioxide and sterilization of the planet. “These two cases represent potential boundaries for planetary habitability and exist alongside the traditional parameters of habitable zones for systems of low-mass main sequence stars,” the scientists write.

2. Types of volcanic structures

volcano activity shield cinder

In general, volcanoes are divided into linear and central, but this division is arbitrary, since most volcanoes are confined to linear tectonic disturbances (faults) in the earth’s crust.

Linear volcanoes or fissure-type volcanoes have extensive supply channels associated with a deep split in the crust. As a rule, basaltic liquid magma flows out of such cracks, which, spreading to the sides, forms large lava covers. Along the cracks, gentle spatter shafts, wide flat cones, and lava fields appear. If the magma has a more acidic composition (higher silicon dioxide content in the melt), linear extrusive ridges and massifs are formed. When explosive eruptions occur, explosive ditches can appear tens of kilometers long.

The shapes of central-type volcanoes depend on the composition and viscosity of the magma. Hot and easily mobile basaltic magmas create vast and flat shield volcanoes (Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands). If a volcano periodically erupts either lava or pyroclastic material, a cone-shaped layered structure, a stratovolcano, appears. The slopes of such a volcano are usually covered with deep radial ravines - barrancos. Volcanoes of the central type can be purely lava, or formed only by volcanic products - volcanic scoria, tuffs, etc. formations, or be mixed - stratovolcanoes. There are monogenic and polygenic volcanoes. The former arose as a result of a single eruption, the latter as a result of multiple eruptions. Viscous, acidic in composition, low-temperature magma, squeezed out of the vent, forms extrusive domes (Mont Pele needle, 1902). In addition to calderas, there are also large negative forms of relief associated with subsidence under the influence of the weight of erupted volcanic material and a pressure deficit at depth that arose during the unloading of the magma chamber. Such structures are called volcanotectonic depressions. Volcanotectonic depressions are very widespread and often accompany the formation of thick strata of ignimbrites - volcanic rocks of acidic composition, having different genesis. They are lava or formed by sintered or welded tuffs. They are characterized by lens-shaped segregations of volcanic glass, pumice, lava, called fiamme, and a tuff or tofo-like structure of the main mass. As a rule, large volumes of ignimbrites are associated with shallow magma chambers formed due to the melting and replacement of host rocks. Negative forms of relief associated with volcanoes of the central type are represented by calderas - large rounded failures, several kilometers in diameter.

3. Classification of volcanoes by shape

Shield volcanoes are formed as a result of repeated emissions of liquid lava (1). This shape is characteristic of volcanoes that erupt low-viscosity basaltic lava: it flows from both the central crater and the slopes of the volcano (2). Lava spreads evenly over many kilometers. Like, for example, on the Mauna Loa volcano in the Hawaiian Islands where it flows directly into the ocean.

Slag cones eject from their vent only such loose substances as stones and ash: the largest fragments accumulate in layers around the crater. Because of this, the volcano becomes higher with each eruption (1). Light particles fly away over a longer distance, which makes the slopes gentle (2).

Stratovolcanoes, or "layered volcanoes", periodically erupt lava and pyroclastic matter - a mixture of hot gas, ash and hot rocks. Therefore, deposits on their cone alternate (1). On the slopes of stratovolcanoes, ribbed corridors of solidified lava (2) are formed, which serve as support for the volcano.

Dome volcanoes are formed when granitic, viscous magma rises above the rim of a volcano's crater and only a small amount leaks out, flowing down the slopes (1). Magma clogs the volcano's crater, like a plug (2), which the gases accumulated under the dome literally knock out of the crater.

4. Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions are geological emergencies that can lead to natural disasters. The eruption process can last from several hours to many years. Among the various classifications, general types stand out:

Hawaiian type- ejections of liquid basaltic lava, often forming lava lakes. should resemble scorching clouds or red-hot avalanches.

Hydroexplosive type-- eruptions that occur in shallow conditions of oceans and seas are characterized by the formation of a large amount of steam that occurs when hot magma and sea water come into contact.

5. Post-volcanic phenomena

After eruptions, when the activity of the volcano either stops forever, or it “dorms” for thousands of years, processes associated with the cooling of the magma chamber and called post-volcanic processes persist on the volcano itself and its surroundings. These include fumaroles, thermal baths, and geysers.

During eruptions, a volcanic structure sometimes collapses with the formation of a caldera - a large depression with a diameter of up to 16 km and a depth of up to 1000 m. As the magma rises, the external pressure weakens, associated gases and liquid products escape to the surface and a volcanic eruption occurs. If ancient rocks, and not magma, are brought to the surface, and the gases are dominated by water vapor formed when groundwater is heated, then such an eruption is called phreatic.

Lava that rises to the earth's surface does not always reach this surface. It only raises layers of sedimentary rocks and hardens in the form of a compact body (laccolith), forming a unique system of low mountains. In Germany, such systems include the Rhön and Eifel regions. On the latter, another post-volcanic phenomenon is observed in the form of lakes filling the craters former volcanoes, which failed to form a characteristic volcanic cone (the so-called maars).

6. Heat sources

One of the unresolved problems of volcanic activity is determining the heat source necessary for local melting of the basalt layer or mantle. Such melting must be highly localized, since the passage of seismic waves shows that the crust and upper mantle are usually in a solid state. Moreover, the thermal energy must be sufficient to melt huge volumes of solid material. For example, in the USA in the Columbia River basin (Washington and Oregon states) the volume of basalts is more than 820 thousand km?; the same large strata of basalts are found in Argentina (Patagonia), India (Deccan Plateau) and South Africa (Great Karoo Rise). Currently there are three hypotheses. Some geologists believe that the melting is caused by local high concentrations of radioactive elements, but such concentrations in nature seem unlikely; others suggest that tectonic disturbances in the form of shifts and faults are accompanied by the release of thermal energy. There is another point of view, according to which the upper mantle under conditions of high pressure is in a solid state, and when, due to fracturing, the pressure drops, it melts and liquid lava flows through the cracks.

7. Areas of volcanic activity

The main areas of volcanic activity are South America, Central America, Java, Melanesia, Japanese islands, Kuril Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, northwestern USA, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Atlantic Ocean.

8. Volcanoes on other planets

Volcanoes are found not only on Earth, but also on other planets and their satellites. Most high mountain The solar system is the Martian volcano Olympus, whose height is estimated at several tens of kilometers. IN solar system Jupiter's satellite Io has the greatest volcanic activity. The length of the plume of erupted material reaches 300 km. On some planetary satellites, at low temperatures, it is not magma that erupts, but water and light substances. This type of eruption cannot be classified as ordinary volcanism, which is why this phenomenon is called cryovolcanism.

9. Interesting facts

In 1963, the island of Surtsey emerged as a result of the eruption of an underwater volcano off the south of Iceland.

The eruption of Mount Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883 produced the loudest roar ever heard in history. The sound was heard at a distance of more than 4,800 km from the volcano. Atmospheric shock waves circled the Earth seven times and were still visible for 5 days. The volcano killed more than 36,000 people, razed 165 villages and damaged another 132, mostly in the form of tsunamis that followed the eruption. Volcanic eruptions after 1927 formed a new volcanic island called Anak Krakatoa (Child of Krakatoa).

Kilauea Volcano, located in the Hawaiian archipelago, is the most active volcano at present. The volcano rises only 1.2 km above sea level, but its last prolonged eruption began in 1983 and is still ongoing. Lava flows extend 11-12 km into the ocean.

An active volcano has been discovered in Taipei, Taiwan. It was previously thought that the last volcanic activity in this area was more than 200,000 years ago, but it turned out that the last activity was only 5,000 years ago.

In 2010, the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano caused the cancellation of more than 60 thousand flights across Europe.

In 1908 in Antarctica on Penguin Island on top active volcano founded the village of Volcano Penguin top.

10. Eruptions

10.1. XXI century

2010, March 21 -- Eyjafjallajokull volcano, Iceland

10.2. XX century

1902, May 8 - Martinique island, Mont Pele volcano

1902, October 24 -- Guatemala, Santa Maria volcano

1911 January 30 -- Philippines, Taal Volcano

1931 December 13-28, Indonesia, o. Java, Merapi volcano

1944 March, Italy, Vesuvius volcano

1944 June, Mexico, Paricutin volcano

1951 January 21, New Guinea, Lamington Volcano

1956 March 30, USSR, Kamchatka Peninsula, Bezymyanny volcano

1980 May 18, USA, Washington state, Mount St. Helens

1982 March 29, Mexico, El Chichon volcano

1985 November 14-16, Colombia, Nevado del Ruiz volcano

1991 June 10-15, Philippines, Luzon island, Pinatubo volcano

1997 June 30, Mexico, Popocatepetl volcano

2000 March 14, Russia, Kamchatka, Bezymianny volcano

December 2000, Mexico, Popocatepetl volcano.

Literature

1. M. Yampolsky. Volcano in European culture of the 18th-19th centuries. // Yampolsky M. Observer. M., 2000, p. 95-110

2. Fundamentals of Geology, N.V. Koronovsky, A.F. Yakusheva. - M.: Higher School, 1991. - P. 225-232.

3. Obruchev V.A. Fundamentals of Geology. State publishing house of geological literature. M.-L. 1947

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