Types and types of animation. Research work "Animation. Creating a cartoon." Bind the layers to the leading layer

1. Rotoscoping, one of the earliest methods of animation, was invented by Max Fleischer in 1917. The process consists in projecting on the tracing-paper the movements of real actors shot on film, by sequential drawing.
  For the first time this technique was used for the animation of the clown Koko from the series "From the Inkwell" by Fleischer Studios (depicted by Clown Dave Fleischer, brother of Max Fleischer). Later, in the early 30's, Fleischer used the same technique in cartoons about Betty Bup and to create Gulliver's movements in the feature film "Gulliver's Travels."
  The method of rotoscoping has found wide application in animation, especially if in cartoons there were realistically drawn human characters, which are very difficult to animate.

2. Multiple camera was invented by Abe Iverx in 1933 and modified by William Garythi in 1937. The multi-plane camera holds several layers of art in a horizontal position to create a three-dimensional space effect. Each layer can be moved and removed from the lens by the required distance.
  For the first time, the 7-level camera was used in the short film "The Old Mill" awarded by Oscar, then in "Snow White". Also used to create an underwater world in the "Pinocchio".

  3. The stereoptic process is the answer of Max Fleischer to the Disney multidisciplinary cell. The main difference is the layers of art, held in front of the camera vertically. This process was used to create short films "The Poppy Seaman" and is especially noticeable in the series "Popey meets Sinbad the Sailor" and "The Sailor Popey meets the forty brigands of Ali Baba".
  However, the decline of the studio in the early 40's and a sharp drop in the production of cartoons put an end to the stereoptic process.

  4. Traditional stop-motion animation involves moving the same figures frame by frame. The replacement animation uses those figures that are necessary for each particular frame. This technique was introduced by George Pal in the 1930s, when he created the puppet series Puppetoon. Careful planning and even more careful design of the figures allow animators to better convey the emotions of the characters and their facial expressions. Individually created figures, used each in their frame, allow puppet characters to acquire the smoothness of the movements of cartoon characters.

  5. Photocopying was invented by Abe Iwiks in the 60s for the cartoon "101 Dalmatians", first used in some scenes of "The Sleeping Beauty" and was used to create the Oscar-winning short film "Goliath II". The technique is to translate animators' drawings directly to celluloid, without using expensive ink and saving time, and also retaining the pencil look and sometimes auxiliary lines (much to Walt Disney's displeasure).
  Interestingly, the predecessor of photocopying was invented even earlier at the same Disney studio for the animated film "Pinocchio", when the constructed and working model of the Stromboli van was photographed and then transferred to celluloid using a photostat.

6. The photographer and engineer Herman Schulthuis worked in the Disney special effects department from 1938 to 1940 and created for Pinocchio, Fantasy and Bambi unprecedented effects at that time ... a description of which he kept in his notebook.
  In "Fantasy" to create dancing snowflakes in the passage "The Nutcracker" Shultish attached the figures of snowflakes to the trains of the toy train, rolled them around and filmed; in the "Spring of the Sacred," the smoke effect was obtained with the help of ink divorce in a vat of water; ghosts in "Nights on Bald Mountain" - this is a reflection of the drawings on a polished sheet of metal; The effects of flicker and dew were achieved with the help of metal shavings, on which light fell from different angles.
  Schulthuis was a talented inventor and photographer, and his interests stretched from radio and artistic restoration to the first computers. He died under strange circumstances in Guatemala in 1955.

  7. The era of traditional animation has seen many cartoons in which cartoons are side by side with real actors and / or scenery. In the twenties Max Fleischer used a combination of live filming with animation for his TV series From the Inkwell, Walter Lantz for Dinky Doodle, Walt Disney for the short film Wonderland of Alice (1923).
  To achieve such a combination, an optical printer was used, connecting various elements, and sometimes the backgrounds were cut from the photos, onto which painted characters were superimposed.
  Large studios used a more advanced method, Front Light / Back Light (front light / rear light): first they rotoscoped the scenery, and then drew suitable cartoons for them and animate them.
  Animation elements, drawn in a traditional way, were first shot using back light, then on a black background. The resulting elements were connected to an optical printer.
  These basic optical processes were modernized and used on the shooting of "Roger Rabbit" .. with minimal computer intervention.

Regional scientific-practical conference of research, design and creative works of students "The first steps in science"

Research

ANIMATION.

Creating a cartoon

Lazareva Renata,

second-grade student

IBSU "Insar School № 2"

Leader:

Tambovtseva Natalia Ivanovna,

primary school teacher

IBSU "Insar School № 2"

Insar 2016

Information page

"Insara Secondary School № 2"

Head teacher:   Shchegoleva Tatyana Viktorovna

A school address:

ul. Sovetskaya, 55

School Phone: 2-10-05, 2-11-93

431430, Republic of Mordovia, Insar town,

Trans. Factory, 2, apt.11

Phone: 89513427256, 89271717831

Head of work: Tambovtseva Natalia Ivanovna,

primary school teacher.

CONTENT

Introduction .................................................................. 4

History of animation ................................................ 6

Technologies for creating cartoons ................................. 9

The model approach is characterized by the fact that the general information about the faces represented in the model suitable for morphing is automatically obtained from the 3D surface scanning database. 3D scanning with high resolution provides a rich detail that meets today's quality requirements. Real objects and scenes should not be painstakingly recreated, but they fall directly into the virtual scene. However, until now the problem with such data was that they could hardly be changed.

However, data processing is usually necessary if it is not a matter of simply reproducing real objects and scenes. The ability to manage 3D scans in a targeted and efficient way is a big problem. Involvement of existing data in computer graphics is not only interesting from the point of view of three-dimensional data, but also in terms of images and video materials. Often graphic effects are built into existing real scenes, and there is a need to make targeted changes inside the image.

Kinds of cartoons ........................................ ............. eleven

Practical part. Questioning .................................... 13

Practical part. Creating your own cartoon ...... .. 14

Conclusion .................................................................. 15

Literature .................. .. ................................................ 16

Application…………………………………………………………. 17th

The method presented here allows you to animate faces in photos or exchange people. In contrast to the classical retouching of the image, it does not depend on the orientation of the persons in the room, as well as on their illumination: in the first stage, the three-dimensional model of the face is restored from the input image. This model is animated, changed or exchanged, and the result is automatically inserted into the image in place of the original face. Manual work is reduced to clicking on the seven characteristic points on the treated faces.

The basis of the approach, the morphing model, is the vectorial spatial representation of the faces: a set of selective scans is transformed into shape vectors and textures defined so that each linear combination again describes a realistic human face if the coefficients of the linear combination do not exceed a certain range of values. While form vectors combine the three-dimensional coordinates of all points of the scanning surface into a high-dimensional vector, the texture vectors consist of their color values.

Introduction.

Cartoons are fun for the whole day!

Cartoons are funny stories!

Cartoons are ... great!

Cartoons are a wonderful and amazing fantasy world that comes to life on the screen. Painted and puppet characters behave as alive: they are happy, sad, act. Incredible miracles take place with them.Perhaps there is no child in the world who would not like cartoons. I also love them very much.The number of animated cartoons I have already not counted, and it seemed that I know a lot about them. But one day I thought: what is a cartoon? How is it created? I myself could not answer this question myself.I asked my classmates, but they also found it difficult to answer. I found out that all the guys in our class really like to watch cartoons (from 15 minutes to 1.5 hours daily). However, not everyone knows what a cartoon is, and with difficulty give an explanation. For research, I went to the library.

The word "cartoon" has different meanings, based on various forms of visual art and illustration.In the explanatory dictionary   I read that cartoons, "cartoon, animated film, animation"a kind of cinematography, whose works are created by shooting successive phases of the movement of drawn (graphic or drawn animation) or volumetric (volume or puppet animation) objects. This is how animation is called in our cinema, which means "soul", "animation" or "animation" in Latin. For myself, I determined: a cartoon is an animated picture. And then the question arose: How can I enliven the picture? How can this be done? Is it easy or difficult? I wanted to find answers to these questions, so I decided to conduct my own research.

The purpose of my research: creating my own cartoon

Hypothesisresearch: I suggested that making a cartoon is easy: once and ready.

To achieve the goal, I had to solve the following tasks:

Conduct a survey among classmates.

To study the history of the development of animation.

Discover   the main technologies for creating cartoons.

In this case, the illumination effect, which was evaluated during adaptation, is inverted to obtain an accurate estimate of the reflection coefficient and the possibility of re-illuminating the face later. To exchange grenades in images, the fitting algorithm is applied to both the target image and the image of the person to be inserted. Subsequently, their front model is drawn with the position, orientation and illumination parameters of the target image. As for geometry, lighting and color values, the result automatically corresponds to the new target image.

Learn the ways to create a personal cartoon.

Research problem:Research of animation: from simple to complex.

Object of study: animation as a special kind of cinema art.

Subject of study: the history of animation, ways and technologies for creating simple moving pictures, the process of creating an animated film.

In my work, I used the following methods:

Study of literature.

Viewing video.

Study and analysis of the simplest animation technologies.

Shooting your own cartoon.

Analysis of the result.

First I compiled a study plan:

Learn all about the cartoons.

Learn the technology of creating cartoons.

Bind the layers to the leading layer

This process is largely automated and is therefore suitable for applications such as virtual hairstyle matching. The advantage of the approach is that each photo of a new hairstyle along with the client image allows you to create a synthetic, photorealistic preview. Another application of the software is in the production of films.

The required extension for video data is easy to perform. An important application of the method can be automatic face recognition. Changes in orientation and lighting are still a major problem for face recognition programs. With synthetic frontal views, the detection rate of 9 out of 10 commercial procedures was significantly increased. While the best practices on the source pages at best classified about 45% of the images correctly, they correctly recognized up to 85% of synthetic frontal views.

Try some of the technology to create cartoons.

Create your own cartoons, using the experience gained.

The story of animation.

Artists of all times and peoples dreamed of the opportunity to convey in their works the true movement of life. The desire of mankind to capture in the figure the movement observed in nature and life, we find in the monuments of ancient times. Back in the 70s BC. Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius described the device for flashing on the screen moving pictures. And in XV   at. There were books with drawings that reproduced the various phases of the movement of the human figure. Collapsed into a roll, and then instantly unfolding, these books created the illusion of animated drawings. In the Middle Ages there were also craftsmen who entertained the public by sessions of moving pictures using optical devices like filmoscopes, where transparent plates with drawings were inserted. Such devices were called a magic lamp. FROMXVII   In the wandering theaters throughout Europe, such presentations were held.

Attempts to find ways to revitalize the drawings through special devices continued. it is considered the birthday of the drawn animation. In France, the self-taught engineer Emile Renault showed the first ("Optical theater").

The first cartoons were painted and hand-painted images lasting about fifteen minutes. Even then, sound was used. Later, other multipliers contributed to the development of the animation, creating pictures in various genres and techniques.

The recording of the first Russian cartoon was made in 1906 by the ballet master of the Mariinsky Theater AlexanderViktorovich   Shiryaev.The cartoon depicted 12 dancing figures against the background of motionless scenery.   The record was discovered only in 2009.Alexander Viktorovich, applied puppetry, drawing, and also combined techniques. He arranged a shooting pavilion in the room and a special box on the mini stage, imitating the theatrical scenes in several tiers with electric lighting from the inside, creating animated ballet films. His goal was not to create a new art, but an attempt to recreate the human movement, recreate the choreography.

For many years, Vladislav Alexandrovich Starevich, a biologist by education, was considered the father of puppet art. He made his film only in 1910.This cartoon was about beetles and was not at all like what we used to see. It was withdrawn for educational purposes: the first Russian animator was not going to entertain little viewers, he wanted to create a documentary about beetles. However, during the filming of the scientist faced with a problem - when installing the right light, the beetles refused to move. Then Vladislav Starevich made beetles out of beetles, attached strings to them, and filmed the film in frames. This painting was called the first puppet cartoon. Starevich performed several more similar cartoons on insects, but now he used the real scenarios. These cartoons were very popular with the audience - many did not understand how the pictures were made and were surprised at how the author managed to make the beetles so trained.

These animations appeared several years later. The first cartoon with sound - "Mail" - is based on the works of Samuel Marshak in 1930. The author of the script was himself Marshak. Soviet color multipliers started working in the late 30's. Already the first experiments ended successfully - on the screens of the country appeared such colored ribbons as "Sweet Pie" (1936), "Little Red Riding Hood" (1937) and "Little Muck" (1939).

AT founded film studio " ". The main task that was put before her is the service of the children's and young people's viewers.

Artists of the animated film began to master the traditions of our literature, folklore and fine arts. They turn to Russian, foreign classical and folk tales. Characters in pictures lived their lives and had not only their special appearance and habits, but also their character. Witty plot situations, inventively found details, a diverse environment in which the action took place, clear, intelligible text, beautiful music of the composers - all this forced the viewer with unflagging attention to watch cartoons from the first to the last frame. This, for example,

"Baby and Carlson", "Well, wait!", "Crocodile Gena and Cheburashka", "Bremen musicians", "Adventures of Winnie the Pooh", "Three from Prostokvashino", "Kitten named Gav" and many others.

Thus, domestic animation has created a strong position on the international film market, it began to be talked about, it began to be written abroad.In the post-war period, Soviet animation not only recovered quickly, but also continued to flourish. At this time, domestic cartoons began to slowly but surely enter the world's animation arena. The most notable tapes of that period are "Sinbad-sailor", "Missing charters", "Spring melodies" and "Humpbacked Horse".   Years passed, times changed, technology stepped far ahead, new opportunities arose. In place of dumb black and white frames came color, sound, computer animation.

Technologies for creating cartoons.

The most common technology for creating cartoons -animation. Animation is a magic technology that forces inanimate objects to move. For animation, the main thing is to create actions and effects that are impossible in real life. Only in this fantastic world can you fly, change your appearance, recreate yourself. The animation of objects looks magical. It's amazing how small grains of sand themselves can form into a sand castle or a pencil, unexpectedly without anybody's influence, starts to display on the paper bizarre images.

But   first Istudied ways to revive the picture.The simplest and longest way, it turned out - to draw on the corner of each leaf in the notebook changing the movement of the figure, and then quickly scroll through the pages. And the pictures come to life.

There used to be such a devicecineographer( Kineograph ) - consisting of sheets , stitched in a notebook. The viewer, turning over in a special way a notebook, observes the effect of animation. Cineography is one of the forms .

Still you can make a mill-movie camera. First prepare a pattern and glue. Blades of the mill - pictures with phases of motion. When you rotate the handle, and the mill is spinning, you get a real movie.

After trying all the above methods, I decided to move on to more modern methods of shooting. But for this I did not have enough knowledge about the technologies for creating animation.

Kinds of cartoons.

On the Internet, I found out,   what are the cartoons.

On the technological process:

Sand animation -in it, a light powder (sifted sand, salt, coffee) is applied in thin layers on the glass and mixed, creating a moving picture (usually all actions are performed by hands, but brushes can also be used as adaptations).

Plasticine animation - one of the oldest animation techniques. In this genre worked such animators as Alexander Tatarsky ("Plasticine crow", "Last year's snow fell"). One of the most tempting sides in its creation is the magnificent unique properties and possibilities of plasticine. Creating such a cartoon is exciting, interesting, but requiring diligence and will work.

Puppet animation is a method of volumetric animation. When you create, you use the scene-layout and puppet-actors.The doll is photographed in front of the camera in the desired position. And to create the effect of the movement of its position each time a little change. Great creative success was achieved by the Soviet puppet animation. Talented director and artist AL Ptushko produces two full-length puppet films "New Gulliver" and "Golden Key", which have been successfully performed not only in our country, but also abroad. Now puppet animation is very popular.

Drawing animation - animation technology based on the time-lapse shooting of slightly different pictures, by overlaying and mixing transparent sheets with characters drawn on them in one frame.

In the 70s of the twentieth century a new kind appeared -computer animation, whichbegan to displace all previously known types of animation. Now, almost all modern cartoons have been done on the computer for a long time, and do not paint on tapes or mold from plasticine. The process of creating the first computer animation is very laborious. It looks like this: carefully laid out the basic poses and automatically selected intermediate. The first cartoon-like "Toy Story" was created four and a half years. To date, Russian animation is experiencing an upturn, and new high-quality animations are increasingly appearing on TV screens and cinemas.

On the purpose of creating cartoons are:

Developing

Teaching

Educational

Cognitive

Entertaining

By production:

Russian

Japanese

French

American

English and other

By duration:

Short

Full-length

By age interests:

Children's

Adults

For teenagers

Practical part

Questioning of students. (Annex 1)

I decided to investigate whether my peers love cartoons. For this, I conducted a questionnaire among students of the 2nd grade. The analysis of questionnaires showed that almost all students 98% like to watch cartoons, and only 2% do not like. And 44% love absolutely all cartoons, whether foreign or Russian. 8% prefer foreign cartoons, because they are colorful and interesting. And 48% - Russian cartoons, tk. they are cheerful and kind. I presented the results of the result in the form of a diagram (see Appendix).

To the question "What is your favorite cartoon?"Were named:

1. Mostly Russian cartoons -44%, foreign -8%.

2. When choosing your favorite cartoon, the criteria were:interesting– 46%, funny – 21%, kind – 22%, colorful - 11%.

3. Among the Russian loved ones, the cartoon is more often called "Masha and the Bear" - 15%, "Three Heroes" - 28%, "Smeshariki" - 13% among foreign ones - "Spiderman" - 9%, "GravityFolz" - 18% , "Winx" - 17%.

Children spend a lot of time watching the cartoons, this is evident from the results of the questionnaire: 56% of children of 2 classes, sometimes 15%, 18%, and rarely 11% - watch cartoons every day.

Based on the results of the questionnaire, it can be concluded that most children of primary school age choose cartoons in terms of interests. The most popular cartoons are "Three heroes" Russian cartoon and foreign popular cartoon "GravityFolz."

Create your own cartoon.

Then we moved on to shooting our cartoons. This pthe work included the execution of necessary blanks, shooting and installation.I needed a digital camera, a tripod, a lamp for lighting, a computer. For her animation she took the developing book "Spider-Man and His Friends", children's magazines "Neposeda" and "Country of Knowledge". The pages of the developing book became the background. Characters cut out of the magazines. Nakleila on paper, on the harvested background. By reshuffling the character and taking time-lapse shots, I got a cartoon.

First of all, do a couple of frames of an empty background and only then will the characters: a hill and a girl. For example, in the beginning, let's take a girl. We put it near the border of the frame, let the head first appear in the frame. Photographing. Move the girl forward about 1 cm, again take pictures, and do not forget to remove your hands from the frame, when photographing. After shooting 10-15 frames, scrolling frames at a fast pace (something like this will look like in a cartoon) and draw conclusions: like or dislike how it moves. Errors, as a rule, immediately noticeable. If you like ─ we continue shooting.

When everything is filmed, you can proceed to the second stage ─ editing. We take all our photos - frames and transfer them to the computer for editing. Installation will be done using the programWindowsMovieMaker, which goes in the standard set of the operating system Windows. It's very simple, launch the program, import our images and drag it to each corresponding frame. In the menu "Tools" - "Options" set the healing of images, by default there is 5 seconds, we will make 0,5 seconds. You need to add a soundtrack or voice a character. For this, we select the sound effects separately. To complete the "File" menu, select "Save movie file".

In all the captured cases, the received pictures were processed on a computer with the help of a special program "Film Studio", my mother helped me to put the footage on the music. (Annex 2)

The conclusion.

This work is not easy - shoot cartoons! The shooting of a minute cartoon requires about 200 shots. After all, in order to make the character's movement seem smooth, you need a very fast change of them - 24 frames per second! I showed my cartoons to classmates, they liked them very much.

In the process of work, I realized that my hypothesis was not confirmed. Watching cartoons is fun, interesting and easy, and it's not easy to do. Now I know exactly what a cartoon is! A cartoon is a painstaking work of many people, creativity, time and a very interesting activity!

Animation is a special kind of cinema art created by specialists who use different materials and techniques to create characters, and "animation" takes place by rapid change of frames.

Now looking at even a short cartoon, I understand that a lot of work has been done by a whole team of people.

Literature.

1. Asenin S. Screen Wizards - M., "Art", 1974. - 145s.

2. Great encyclopedic dictionary. М .: науч. edition "The Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1998, p.1434

3. I.Vano "Drawing film" (book on the Internet)

4. Hamburg E., Baker V. .. Artists of the revived drawing, USSR Union of Cinematographers, 1984.

5.   Ozhegov SI and Shvedova N.Yu.Talk dictionary of the Russian language. M., LLC "ITI Technologies", 2003.-944 p.

6. Simon M. How to create your own cartoon - НТ Пресс, 2006.- 337с.

7. Websites on the Internet:

Annex 1

Application form

(for students of 2 classes)

and the results obtained during the survey.

Appendix 2. Images from the cartoon "Girl"