Strong volcanic eruptions over the past 10 years. The strongest volcanic eruptions - historical facts

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On June 6-8, 1912, the volcano Novarupta, USA, erupted - one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century. Kodiak Island, located nearby, was covered with a 30-centimeter layer of ash, and because of the acid rain caused by the emissions of volcanic rocks in the atmosphere, people were falling into threads.

On this day, we decided to remember 5 more of the most destructive volcanic eruptions in history.

Most of this stream began to flow through the hole towards the west. However, the inhabitants of Paterno, a city southwest of Etna, who followed the attempts, soon realized that the new course could threaten their own city. They forced the people of Catania to stop their work, and the hard lava covered the pit again.

For several weeks lava flowed to Catania and to the sea, but its inhabitants resisted leaving the city. Apparently, they hoped that the eruption would stop and that the ancient walls surrounding the city would protect them. The walls quickly collapsed from the very high temperatures of the lava, and about 17,000 Catanians died. Most of the city was destroyed.



Volcano Novarupta, USA

1. The largest eruption in the last 4000 years is the eruption of the Tambora volcano, which is located in Indonesia on the island of Sumbawa. The explosion of this volcano took place on April 5, 1815, although the first signs it began to give back in 1812, when the first plumes of smoke appeared over it. The eruption continued for 10 days. 180 cubic meters were emitted into the atmosphere. km. pyroclastics and gases, tons of sand and volcanic dust covered the area within a radius of one hundred kilometers. After the volcanic eruption, due to the huge amount of pollution, there was night for three days within a radius of 500 km. From him. According to eyewitnesses, nothing could be seen beyond one's own hand. The death toll was over 70,000. The entire population of the island of Sumbawa was destroyed, and residents of nearby islands were also affected. The following year after the eruption was very difficult for the inhabitants of this area, it was nicknamed "the year without summer." The unusually cold temperatures caused crop failure and hunger. Because of this major eruption the climate of the entire planet was changed, in many countries the snow lasted most of the summer this year.

Catania was not the only affected city, the eruption affected 14 more places, leaving about 27 thousand homeless. Thereafter natural disaster Italy was prohibited from interfering with the natural flow of lava, which remained in effect for centuries.

Eruption drives 10,000 people to flee their homes in Guatemala

Two volcanoes erupt in Indonesia






















An overview of the typology of a volcanic eruption in the Python furnace, processes and hazards. Nicolas Villeneuve and Patrick Bahleri. Like all basalt shield volcanoes, Piton de la Furnais on Reunion Island has a relatively low hazard. However, research shows that due to its recent history, this volcano has gone through phases of more or less violent and potentially destructive activity. The purpose of this article is to characterize the processes of various types of eruptions and assess their danger to people and property on the slopes of the volcano.



Tambora volcano, Indonesia

2. The most powerful eruption volcano occurred in 1883 on the island of Krakatoa, which is between Java and Sumatra, on which the eponymous volcano is located. The height of the column of smoke during the eruption was 11 kilometers. After that, the volcano calmed down, but not for long. The culminating phase of the eruption began in August. Dust, gas, debris rose to a height of 70 km, and fell on an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1 million square meters. km. The blast roars exceeded 180 decibels, which is significantly more than a person's pain threshold. An air wave rose, which circled the planet several times, tearing roofs off houses. But this is not all the consequences of the eruption of Krakatoa. The tsunami erupted destroyed 300 cities and towns, killed more than 30,000 people and left many more homeless. Six months later, the volcano finally calmed down.

Like every basalt shield volcano, the Python of the Kiln on Reunion Island is a relative hazard. However, research shows that, thanks to recent history, these volcanoes have experienced more or less intense phases of activity that are potentially destructive. This article describes the different typologies of eruptions and assesses their danger to people and properties on the slopes of volcanoes.

Volcanological, structural and petrological research. An example of the volcanoes of Reunion and Grande Comore. A memory of expanding opportunities for direct research. Consequences for the volcano-structural evolution of the Piton de la Furnaiz massif. L. "The structure of the Reunion Island, resulting from the interpretation of gravitational anomalies."



Volcano Krakatoa

3. In May 1902, one of the worst catastrophes of the twentieth century broke out. The inhabitants of the city of Saint-Pierre, located in Martinique, considered the Mont Pele volcano weak. Nobody paid attention to tremors and hum, despite the fact that they lived only 8 kilometers from the mountain. Its eruption began at about 8 am on May 8. Volcanic gases and lava flows rushed towards the city, causing fires. The city of Saint-Pierre was destroyed and more than 30,000 people died. Of all the inhabitants, only the criminal who was in the underground prison survived.
Now this city has been restored, and at the foot of the volcano, in memory of the terrible event, a museum of volcanology was built.

Earth and planet. Streams of starving peasants in rags leave their fields, where the potatoes rot, where the wheat no longer grows. Ignored by the history books, this climate change is killing millions. He is also responsible for profound cultural changes such as toner skies loaded with volcanic dust or Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. The author invites us on a real tour of the world. In Yunnan, peasants are starving to death, selling their children, and cultivating the opium poppy, which is less sensitive than rice to climate change.



Volcano Mont Pele

4. For five centuries, the volcano Ruiz, which is located in Colombia, did not give life, and people considered it asleep. But, unexpectedly, on November 13, 1985, a major eruption began. Due to the outflowing lava flows, the temperature rose, and the ice covering the volcano melted. The streams reached the city of Armero and practically destroyed it. According to official data, about 23 thousand people died or went missing, tens of thousands of people lost their homes. Coffee plantations have suffered greatly, and Colombia's economy has suffered enormous damage this year.

In the Bay of Bengal, the absence of a monsoon leads to a sharp mutation of the embryos of cholera, whose epidemic spreads to Moscow, Paris and New England. Ireland is experiencing a terrible famine and then a typhus epidemic that leaves the British government in stone. In Switzerland, glaciers are advancing before melting violently, destroying entire valleys. In the United States, poor harvests provoke the first major economic crisis, and so on.

The episode is known; his volcanic origin significantly less. Here lies the remarkable work of an American historian. Confirm events, establish "connections". To do this, he relies on scientific sources - the first meteorological records, observations of doctors, notebooks of travelers, but also the works of poets and painters. In Europe, but even more so in Asia. The historian urges climatologists and biologists to point the finger at Tambora. One describes the unlikely melting of the Arctic sea \u200b\u200bice - yes, Europe can be cold and hot in Greenland - and the British search for the Northwest Passage.



Volcano Ruiz, Colombia Unzen volcano

5. Japanese volcano Unzen, located in the southwest of the island of Kyushu, closes the five most destructive eruptions. The activity of this volcano manifested itself back in 1791, and on February 10, 1792, the first eruption took place. This was followed by a series of earthquakes that caused significant destruction in the nearby city of Shimabara. A kind of dome of solidified lava formed over the city, and on May 21 it split due to another earthquake. A stone avalanche hit the city and into the sea, which caused a tsunami, the waves of which reached 23 meters. More than 5,000 people died when pieces of rocks fell, and more than 10,000 lives were claimed by the elements.

Another is the emergence of an ice dam in Valai, then the fiasco that plunged the city of Martigny, causing thousands of deaths and the modern theory of the formation of the Alps. Undoubtedly, a parallel is needed. And in both cases, chills are guaranteed. Such is the thesis - attractive, well-argued, exceptional - by historian Guillen d'Arcy Wood in a stimulating 300-page essay whose scientific developments are sometimes scientific never interfere with the pleasure of reading, adorned with a cliff of figures artistic and literary, like Constable or Keats.

Thus, from Frankenstein: "The famous creature Mary Shelley bears in herself the honor of the hungry and sick European groups among whom she lived during this terrible summer of Tambora." From the European agricultural memory it was called "the year without summer" or "the year of the beggar". Tambora volcano, near Java, is experiencing violent eruption and even an exceptional one with incalculable consequences: a whole series of floods, famines and epidemics were caused by ash erupted high in the stratosphere. it historic eruption, more powerful than Vesuvius, left physical, cultural and psychological traces.

The eruption of a volcano is quite a spectacular sight, but also very dangerous for both humans and flora and fauna. Influence at environment depends on the type of eruption. An explosive eruption can release huge amounts of dust and gas into the atmosphere, causing cataclysms that have a serious impact on the climate. Many countries have installed special observation systems to help predict volcanic eruptions. Thanks to these systems, some humanitarian disasters have been avoided.

For a long time, climatic disorders have plagued people, not knowing how to understand them. It was only very recently that we realized the destruction of the planets caused by what was undoubtedly the greatest volcanic eruption of recent millennia. Without the written testimony of the British, this great forgotten event could have been forgotten forever. This book of world history describes, decoding with severity the phenomenon of the same type. While climate questions ask us questions, it engulfs us with particular urgency.

To tell this story, you also need to show the folly of geoengineering, this new scientific discipline that proposes to solve the climate crisis through technology, for example, by projecting huge volumes of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere to artificially cool. Earth: With Tambor, we see chain reactions unchanged in the climatic process. Through this bicentennial cataclysm, D'Arcy Wood is warning us of another catastrophe that we are undergoing, not coping with global warming.

Recent research has reconstructed the history of volcanic eruptions over the past 2000 years. To do this, scientists analyzed the layers of sulfate present in the ice of Antarctica. Through careful analysis of the sulfate dust layers, scientists have managed to reconstruct the complete history volcanic eruptions for this period.

Santorini, Greece, circa 1500 BC

This time, the reason cannot be related to the eruption of an Indonesian volcano, whose predictions disappeared after three years, but to the human unconscious. Waterloo, German and Italian divisions, American Civil War? Of course, everything is discussed, history is not an objective science. Its consequences were so catastrophic for the planet's climate that within three years millions of peasants were in a state of hunger, from Chinese Yunnan to Ireland to Switzerland. The history of this eruption, from which it still remains a crater with a diameter of 6 kilometers, which roars and still feels sulfur, is well known to volcanologists and historians.

The height of the volcano's pillar was 36 km. No one can name the exact duration of the eruption. The emission rate is 2.5 × 108 kg / s. Santorini, also known as Tera, is a beautiful island in the volcanic center of the Cyclades. Archaeologists and historians believe that this catastrophic eruption led to the decline, decline, and then the disappearance of the Minoan civilization.

The interest in D'Arcy Wood's book, with a French title that is too reductive, is to restore this tragedy in its planetary dimension. Protectionism vs. Free Trade, Emergency Relief, Climate Refugees: Issues modern world, right up to the very last, are born from volcanic ash. We must read this book first for its relevance: the climate crisis we are experiencing is not the same, but the effects of Tambora are impressive and the temperature has dropped by only two steps.

It should be read as a perfect example of a related story, which also highlights a global event that went unnoticed by contemporaries at the time. It should be read because the exciting events around Byron and Mary Shelley give the event a cultural depth.

Vesuvius, Italy, 79th year

The height of the column is 32 km, the duration of the eruption is 9.5 hours, the volume of magma is 2.1 km, the velocity of emissions is 1.5 × 108 kg / s. The number of victims was approximately 2,000. In 1849, the world's first volcanological observatory was opened near Vesuvius. According to an eyewitness, the volcanic eruption took place in two stages. First there was the formation of a Plinian pillar more than 30 km high, which poured rain from water, volcanic ash and pumice on the cities of Pompeii and Stabia. During the second phase of the eruption of Vesuvius, pyroclastic lava flows destroyed Herculaneum and what was left of Pompeii.

Weather in Frankenstein Eastern Pompey Ash rains Golden Kingdom of Tambor King of Java Philosopher Blue death in Bengal Dead arrows of Apollo A year without monsoons Death on the ghats Cholera and climate change Cholera goes global The last man The seven pains of Yunnan South clouds Years without summer Hunger poems Opium connection Bernard Oh 'Reilly: The Forgotten Man Captain Scorsby's Probe The Man Who Ate His Boots Tsunami of Ice in the Alps "Human race, she runs from afar, terrified." A catastrophe, but not a disaster.

And in ego extremism Acknowledgments General bibliography Bibliography by chapter. The entire northern flank of the mountain has just exploded, causing millions of tons of volcanic rocks and debris in the region. This terrible eruption that made him famous was the most destructive in the history of the United States. More than under 000 years old, Mount St. Helens is geologically very young.

Kelud, Indonesia, 1586

The number of victims was approximately 10,000. Kelud is a small stratovolcano. However, it remains one of the most dangerous volcanoes Java islands. During a period of calm, a lake is formed in the crater of the volcano. Eruptions are accompanied by mud volcanic streams due to the presence of a large volume of water. The government installed a drainage system to prevent the huge size of the lake and thus avoid too destructive mud flows. The volcanic eruption in 1586 is considered the most dangerous and destructive in the history of its eruptions. The last eruption Keluda happened in 1990.

Near the crater, sulfur-rich fumaroles remind us that Mount St. Helens is active and could erupt again. Since then, it has continued to grow, reaching today 300 meters in height, with minor earthquakes, as well as minor eruptions with ash projections, and sometimes lava flows.

As a result, these mistakes constitute a privileged framework for exploring the imaginary, as it is built in part on our intimate beliefs forged in contact with the elements. Thus, scientific errors most often correspond to poetic truths. In our opinion, the point of view of the two selected authors is somewhat different, admittedly several. Buffon is a naturalist in every sense of the word. His method is to unearth the world's archives, pulling out old monuments from the bowels of the earth, collecting their remains and collecting together evidence of all the signs of physical changes that can return us to different eras of nature. - seems as scientific as possible.

Vesuvius, Italy, 1631

On December 16, 1631, at 7 o'clock in the morning, Vesuvius erupted again. A large area around the volcano was devastated by ash rain and mud flows. During the volcanic eruption, about 4,000 people died. The height of the pillar was 19 km, the eruption lasted 11 hours, the velocity of emissions was 1.5 x 107 - 3 x 107 kg / s.



Lucky, Iceland, 1783

The number of victims is approximately 10,500 people. The main volcanic activity is ash rain and gas. Laki consists of 130 volcanic craters 25 km long. These craters were formed during a major eruption between 1783 and 1785. This eruption is considered the worst natural disaster in Iceland. Lava came off the craters at a speed of 8000 m3 / s. It covered an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 600 km². About 500 million tons of gas got into the atmosphere. More than half of the cattle died from poisoning or starvation. 20% of the Icelandic population, or 9,000 people, died of hunger in the first months after the disaster.

Unzen, Japan, 1792

Mount Unzen is located on the Shimabara Peninsula in the northwest of Kuishu Island. In 1972, there was a series of explosions accompanied by lava flows. The volcanic eruption took place three months later. The eruption is considered the biggest volcanic disaster in the world. About 15,200 people died. Seismic activity caused the collapse of the mountain top. Volcanic rock hit the sea and caused a row.



Tambora, Indonesia, 1815

The volcano is located on the island of Sumbawa, east of Java. Tambora is a large stratovolcano that covers 1400 km². The diameter of the central part of the crater is 6 km, and the depth is 650 m. During the eruption of Tambora, approximately 92,000 people died. The height of the volcano's pillar reached 44 km, the eruption lasted more than 2 hours. In addition to the huge number of victims, the eruption led to a violation of the Earth's climate. Throughout Europe, 1815 was considered a “no summer” year, as volcanic ash emitted into the atmosphere absorbed some of the sun's rays. This catastrophe caused a cooling of the climate at the planetary level. Famine and epidemics have affected all continents.

Krakatoa, Indonesia, 1883

Krakatoa is the name of a volcanic island located between the islands of Java and Sumatra. On May 20, 1883, the volcano "woke up". August 26 is considered the beginning of the eruption, which reached its climax on the 27th. On this day, a loud explosion was heard all the way to the shores of Australia. A volcanic pillar 25 km high burst outward, covering the region with ash and pumice. The sun was not visible for 2 days. The eruption of Krakatoa resulted in a series of tsunamis that killed about 36,000 people. In total, the number of casualties was 36,500. The shock wave was recorded all over the world. Due to the dust, the Earth's temperature dropped. In Europe, the level of sunlight decreased by 10%.



Santa Maria, Guatemala, 1902

This is big active volcano... The eruption of this volcano lasted 19 days. The column height is 34 km, the emission velocity is 1.7 x 108 kg / s. The number of victims was approximately 6,000.



Soufriere, Saint Vincent (Antilles), 1902

Soufriere is a stratovolcano characterized by the formation of lava domes, which subsequently periodically collapse due to explosions. IN recent times Soufriere eruptions took place in 1718, 1812, 1902-1903 and 1979. During the eruption of the volcano in 1902, approximately 1,500 people died.

Montagne Pele, Martinique (Antilles), 1902

It is a stratovolcano that spews magma that is too viscous to flow. At the top of the mountain, this magma forms domes that periodically collapse due to landslides or explosions. Until 1902, the volcano showed no significant signs of activity for almost three centuries. The volcanic cycle lasted between 1902 and 1903. The number of victims was about 28,000.



Quizapu, Andes, in Chile, 1932

This volcano is at the end of a chain of volcanoes that form the volcanic system of the rugged Descabesado Grande. Its crater diameter is 500 m. The height of the volcanic column reached 30 km, the eruption lasted 18 hours.

Lamington, New Guinea, 1951

This volcano did not manifest itself long time... On January 15, seismic shocks caused a collapse of the volcano on the sides. Then a column of ash and gas burst from the top of the mountain. Numerous explosions have released huge volcanic clusters. The number of victims has reached 23,000.



St. Helens, northwest of the USA

A huge stone avalanche killed 57 people and destroyed an area hundreds of kilometers away.

Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, 1985

The current Nevado del Ruiz is located in a crater ancient volcano Ruiz. All year round, it is covered with a dense layer of snow and ice. Heat from eruptions drowns the glaciers at the summit, causing destructive currents. During the volcanic eruption in 1985, more than 20,000 people died. Once the streams stop, they become solid like concrete, killing victims who are still alive.



Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991

Pinatubo is a volcano that has been active for over a million years. Its activity is shared by several centuries of tranquility, during which tropical plants stretch on its slopes. A series of explosive eruptions have thrown into the atmosphere about 10 km³ of rock and ash. Pyroclastic flows burned up to 60 km of the area in the district. The eruption lasted 6-9 hours. About 400 people died. This eruption had an impact on the climate and caused a decrease in temperature.



Nyiragongo, Democratic republic Congo, 2002



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