How to act during the eruption of the volcano. Lavapokalipsis. Volcanoes are more dangerous for humanity than asteroids, epidemics and gay parades

On the territory of our country, volcanoes are located on Kamchatka, both asleep. However, if the volcanoes are recognized as sleeping or extinct, it does not say that they are safe.

The danger is that volcanic activity can increase at any moment, and then the volcano will regain its status as an active volcano, which threatens to erupt.

Today everyone wants to make money on something new, and excursions to volcanoes, allow you to earn good enough money, and give clients a lot of unforgettable sensations. However, it is worth remembering that the volcano is not an exhibit of the museum or a wax figure, but a sleeping "beast", ready to wake up at any moment and have lunch after a long hibernation. So,advice  on survival at volcanic eruption.

If the volcano woke up

People who live in close proximity to volcanoes are always ready for "on duty" backpacks, filled with water, food and clothing packages in case of evacuation.

After receiving a signal about the beginning of the eruption, you should immediately start preparing. Take warm clothes, a supply of food and drinking water for about five days. Be sure to prepare gauze bandages for the whole family. During the eruption of the volcano stands out a large number of  acid, which reacts with the environment, SO2, and warm clothing will help protect the body from contact with it. As a rule, the eruption of the volcano is accompanied by a strong crash and jolting, rocks begin to roll down.

If it happened that your company was on the way of following these stones, and it's impossible to get out of their way, you should sit on your knees with your back to the rockfall and cover your head with your hands. If the company has small children, they should be planted in front of you, in order to save about possible strikes. If the rockfall is still avoided, you should protect the body, head and face from possible stone and ash impacts. For this purpose, for example, any pieces of plywood and cardboard, and the face should be protected with a piece of cloth or gauze. Often, eruptions are accompanied by a strong flood, so do not approach the riverbanks, avoid the valleys near the volcano, keep elevated places.

When the volcano erupts, you are on the street

No matter how simple and cowardly it may sound, but in this situation, this is really the only right decision that can save your life. If there is transport, sit down and leave immediately, moving at the same time opposite to the direction of the wind. After all, if the ash falls under the hood of the car, then the engine stalls, and you have to continue on foot. If you are unlucky, and from the transport there are only your two legs, start moving perpendicularly to the descent of the stream.

There is evidence that the speed of the lava is about 40 km / h, so the chance to escape remains. It is necessary to leave as far as possible from the volcano, and do not stop nearby, as the pouring of lava can spread very long distances. If there is any cleft along the way, it's worth trying to use it. It can direct the flow of lava in the other direction, and this can save your life.

When the eruption is possible, such a phenomenon as a volcanic bomb. If you have witnessed such a phenomenon in the open area, then it is worth turning to the flying bombs face and dodging them. They do not explode in the air, only when they hit the ground, so it's worth dodging in case of absolute certainty that the bomb is flying straight at you.

When the volcano erupts, you are at home

If you still could not escape, and you are at home, or in some other room, immediately close all windows, doors and vents. This will not penetrate the interior of the smoke and gas. Some of the gases have neither color nor smell, but they are heavier than air, so they do not accumulate under the ceiling, but just above the floor. It is necessary to prepare a "duty" backpack, wear a gauze dressing and go up to the very last floor in the building. Do not squat, do not lie down on the floor, you can only stand on your feet. The reason is all in the same gases, which can simply be poisoned.

What to do after the eruption of the volcano?

After the eruption of the volcano, do not immediately return to the dwelling. This can only be done after an appropriate message from the emergency services. In gauze bandages, it takes about two weeks. Arriving home, in any case, do not open the windows for about fourteen days. Approximately so much time is needed to ass the ashes. Next, you need to move to the roof and clear it of ash, in order to avoid overload and collapse. To clean the roof is also necessary for two weeks.

It is clear that when the volcano erupts, the number of victims is not even tens, and sometimes hundreds and thousands, and no matter how pessimistic it sounds, none of us is immune from falling into the "lucky" number. However, having the necessary information there are still chances to save themselves, relatives and children.

It turns out that volcanoes have long held evil for the whole of mankind. And their threats are real!

Text: Ekaterina Chekushina

But in fact it has long been noted that in conditions of desperate survival a person wants to multiply. It is not without reason that the transport of mandatory markers was sent to the war, and it is not for nothing that (when the body seems to be about to die), everything that in ordinary life probably does not cause its former enthusiasm so vividly appears to us. It's not for nothing that a free evening is so well combined, the girl and. And it should be noted that the average domestic stress (like survival on working flying) here does not work at all, even, on the contrary, causes depression and a breakdown. For life to play with new colors, we need a real apocalypse. And you know, you were lucky: we just had one!

So, we suggest you go to the fascinating world of extinction of mankind from a volcanic eruption. And we are not talking about that branchy cranberry, which (though very successfully) is sold by Hollywood producers, but about the very real, scientific and recommended by the largest volcanologists threats to the existence of our civilization.

Brazilian oarsman Pedro Oliva on a kayak crossing the volcanic river in Hawaii

To begin with, at the moment there are at least three points on the world map, in which volcanic activity is increasing. And it smells there not just a sulfur haze on the horizon, but quite a global catastrophe.

Immediately, we will designate the scale: at the moment when you read these lines, about 20 volcanoes erupt on our planet. This is the official data of the Smithsonian Institution, and this, in principle, is quite standard for the Earth figure. Most of these formations peacefully puffing hot glows at the joy of tourists or modestly letting lava under the cover of the thickness of the world ocean. Their index does not exceed 3 VEI on the Newhall-Self scale (see the "Volcanic Force" collection). However, there are places whose potential draws at least 6 VEI, and this already applies not only to the surrounding villages.

Dread the three most dangerous volcanoes for our civilization!

Since 2007, in the area of ​​the harmless Lake Maule, soil has been raised at a speed of 25 cm per year. The fact is that the lake hides several stratovolcanoes * formed at the site of the failure of the soil during the gigantic eruption that once happened here. In 2013, the volcanic laboratory in California gave the caldera a yellow degree of danger. This means that the eruption can occur in the coming years. During the Pleistocene Laguna del Maule was a volcano with a capacity of 7 VEI.

Stratovolcano is the most dangerous volcanic species on the planet. Its lava contains a small amount of silicon oxide - it is too dense to allow gas to leak through it. Thus, the gas accumulates for a long time, and then it escapes outwards during a particularly powerful eruption, which reaches a scale that can easily cause climatic changes on the whole planet

Iceland, Katla volcano

For 30 years now, in connection with the global melting of glaciers, Icelandic geologists have noted the rise of soil throughout the region. In some places, the speed of lifting reaches 3.5 cm per year. Richard Bennett, a professor of geology at the University of Arizona, said in an interview with Fox News that this situation in the near future will provoke a sharp increase in volcanic activity in Iceland. It is likely that the awakening of Eyyafyadlayekyudl was only the beginning. As the history of observations shows, following its eruption, the activation of the neighboring volcano, Katla, usually follows. This is the largest volcano in Iceland, its capacity reached 6 VEI. The eruption of such a scale in our time not only paralyzes air traffic, but can cause a series of acid rain, the collapse of agriculture, the aggravation of skin and lung diseases throughout Europe. Iceland in this case is facing a serious catastrophe. However, in 2010 there was no eruption, only micro-earthquakes were observed around Cutla. In 2011, the glacier on the top of Cutla cracked, volcanologists recorded the movement of magma. At the moment, Katla is closely monitored.

United States, Yellowstone

In January 2015, YouTube interviewed American volcanologist Hank Hessler, in which he said that in the Yellowstone National Park, which is a giant caldera of the super volcano, during 2014 there was a sharp increase in activity. In the park there were more than 1900 earthquakes, and the soil rose by 1.8 m. All this may well serve as an indicator of the impending eruption. And it can happen in just a few months, or even weeks. The volcanologist acknowledged that the main problem is that in the foreseeable history of mankind there have not been any eruptions of super volcanoes (it is likely that this is why our history is still going on) and we do not know what signs say about the impending catastrophe. Turning to history, Yellowstone erupted approximately every 600,000 years. Since the last eruption passed 630 thousand years, so that yellowstone volcano  even somewhat delayed. It is for certain known that the previous eruption reached 8 VEI and covered half of the territory of the modern United States with red-hot ash.

The luckiest prisoner in the world

Luis Augustus Cypress, sentenced to solitary confinement by a resident of Saint-Pierre on the island of Martinique, did not expect anything from life. On May 8, 1902, he was sitting in the corner of his gloomy underground chamber, where not a single ray of the sun could reach, and prayed for death. However, the death had other plans. On the same day, the city of Saint-Pierre covered a catastrophic pyroclastic wave from the neighboring volcano Pele, which buried all of them to one of the 30,000 inhabitants. As you probably guessed, the only survivor was Cypress, who in four days was dug up in a burned, exhausted and very amazed state. He escaped by urinating on clothes and laying a gap between the door and the floor through which hot air entered the cell. After a miraculous rescue, Louis was pardoned and until the end of his life he performed in the circus of amazing people.

Volcanic force

Fucking dozen of the most powerful volcanoes.

In 1982, two notable volcanologists Chris Newhall and Stephen Self came up with how to measure the power of the volcano. They introduced an index of volcanic explosivity - VEI, which is calculated by multiplying the area of ​​the volcanized ash by the thickness of its layer. So you can measure even ancient volcanoes, which gives the study proper scope.

La Garita - 8 VEI (5000 cubic km)
  27,000,000 BC. e. The largest known volcanic eruption on the planet

8 VEI (2,800 cubic km)
  70 000 years BC. e. The organizer of the "bottleneck" in the history of mankind

Long Valley - 8 VEI (1380 cubic km)
  755 000 years BC. e.

Yellowstone - 8 VEI (1000 cubic km)
  639,000 years BC. e.

Karymshina   - 7 VEI (min 825 cubic km)
  1 300 000 years BC. e. Russian super-volcano!

7 VEI (110 cubic km)
  1815 Creator of the "Year without Summer"

Santorini - 7 VEI (100 cubic km)
  1500 BC. e. Destroyer of the Minoan civilization

6 VEI (25 cubic km)
  1250. The initiator of the small ice age

Krakatau - 6 VEI (20 cubic km)
  1883

Lucky - 6 VEI (14 cubic km)
  1784 The initiator of the French Revolution

Wainaputina - 6 VEI (11.7 cubic km)
  1600 The Culprit of the Time of Troubles

Vesuvius - 5 VEI (3.3 cubic km)
  79 AD e. Sponsor of "The Last Day of Pompeii"

4 VEI (0.1 cubic km)
  1902 The most deadly volcano of the 20th century

The eruption of the volcano Pele on the Caribbean island of Martinique holds the palm tree in the number of victims in the XX century. The volcano began to show signs of awakening a few years before the disaster. However, the inhabitants of the city of Saint-Pierre, the capital of the island, which was at the foot of the "fiery mountain," were in the firm belief that everything would be fine. May 8, 1902, the pyroclastic wave buried under itself 30 thousand people.

Wainaputina

The largest eruption in Peru and throughout South America for the foreseeable history. A few days before it began, the inhabitants of the surrounding villages heard a "thunder in the mountain." A sacrifice was urgently organized with the dropping of young maidens, flowers and animals into the crater. The volcano responded by throwing ash, after which a full-scale catastrophe began. Ashes and gas aerosols spread throughout the stratosphere of the planet, which caused several very cold years. Especially the situation worsened in Russia. There the crop failure and famine provoked the death of about half a million people, the peasants massively went to the bandit gangs, the Time of Troubles began.

Lucky

One of the strongest eruptions in Iceland. A few months after it, the volcano continued to emit sulfur dioxide, which, rising to the upper atmosphere, spread throughout Europe. In Iceland, from the sulfur vapors that enter the lungs and form an acid, people who worked on the streets died and half the cattle died. The country was gripped by a severe famine. In the north of Europe, there were also pulmonary edema. All summer on the continent there was a thick haze, the sun at noon "was like a moon shining through clouds". Extremely hot summer of that year was replaced by a sharp cooling, which lasted for several years. This caused catastrophic crop failures and serious unrest among the population. In France, under such a thing, the monarchical order was overthrown.

Santorini

One of the main versions of the destruction of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete is the volcanic eruption of Santorini in the neighborhood. The culture was named after the king of Minos, the one that, according to the ancient Greeks, contained the Minotaur in a huge labyrinth (the Minoan kings were indeed famous for their architectural tastes: the island was built up with incredibly beautiful palaces). These tanned, black-haired, athletic people planted olive orchards, painted pots, fragments of which are found all over the Mediterranean, had a developed fleet and lived in clover, until a catastrophic eruption erupted. Apocalypse included an earthquake, a 200-meter tsunami that destroyed coastal settlements and the Minoan fleet, as well as clouds of deadly ash. The island of Santorini, which was part of the Minoan territory, became uninhabited and partially submerged. By the way, this episode is considered the basis of the myth of Atlantis.

Dr. Stanley Ambrose in 1998 published a large-scale study of the theory of the "bottleneck" of mankind, according to which about 70 thousand years ago the homo sapiens, which had already completely spread across Africa, unexpectedly died out to 3-10 thousand individuals. Perhaps, it was to this group that the "mitochondrial Eva" belonged, from which, judging by the genetic material, we all originate. In time this will coincide with the eruption of Toba's supervolcan in Indonesia and the inevitable subsequent global cooling that caused the ashes spread in the stratosphere. Fortunately, the greatly reduced and frozen humanity has managed to survive the cold.

Some scientists associate the beginning of the medieval small ice age with the eruption of the Rinjani volcano in Indonesia. Chronologically, the eruption occurred a little earlier, but it was the first in a chain of powerful eruptions (Wynaputina, Lucky) in different parts of the globe. Ashes and microparticles of sulfuric acid did not have time to be completely removed from the atmosphere, and the general cooling of the northern hemisphere accumulated. Winters in Europe became much more severe, Thames and Dutch canals froze, underwear and buttons on clothes were invented, skating, snow games, and witch hunts, which could be blamed for crop failures, were incredibly loved by local peasants.

The episode of global cooling, which caused this eruption, became known as a "year without summer". In North America, "dry fog" hung all summer long, it was not scattered by rain or wind. In Pennsylvania, ice was observed on the rivers in July. In Europe, 1816 became the most hungry in the XIX century. In Italy, even in the summer there was a "red snow". A late and catastrophically powerful monsoon in India provoked an epidemic of cholera, which reached Moscow.

Has grown so has grown!

A remarkable crop was found in his corn field by Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido. On the night of February 20, 1943, in the middle of the field, a 10-meter-high hill suddenly grew up. The rise grew by leaps and bounds and a week later turned into a 150-meter active volcano! Of course, there could be no more talk about corn in this situation, and Dionisio was sad. However, it turned out that the newly acquired property was not completely useless: soon there was a zealous amateur volcanologist, Dr. Atl, who bought the land with the volcano. The newborn was given the name Parikutin, and for the next nine years, spitting with red-hot stones, he reached quite solid growth - 2774 meters.

The crazy background in the Munch's "Scream" painting could well have been inspired by the incredibly bright sunsets that were observed over Oslo after the most powerful eruption of the Krakatoa volcano. In general, one of the indicators of the presence of volcanic ash in the air is the screaming colors of the setting sun.

The only episode of successful taming of the volcano by people was observed on the Icelandic island of Heimai. There, quite unexpectedly, a new Eldfeld volcano was formed, which tried to fill the main harbor of the island with lava. For several months, local residents poured hot currents of lava with sea water to stop them. As a result, the lava still did not reach the harbor, the fishing village was saved. But the bombing of Mauna Loa in 1942 did not yield absolutely no results.

Supervolcano Corner

This is a geological formation capable of erupting 8 VEI. As a rule, it is a giant caldera (up to 75 km in diameter), beneath which is a huge reservoir filled with magma. The term "supervolcan" was introduced in 2005 by the Discovery TV channel, and the word is so ingrained that at the moment it is used even by scientists.

Radius of defeat  (based on data on the last eruption of Yellowstone):

• pyroclastic wave (transformation of the landscape into a dead desert) - 100 km;
• ash emissions up to 50 cm (collapse of buildings, death of all living things) - 300 km;
• ash emissions up to 5 cm (total extinction of plants, water pollution) - 1800 km;
• acid rains - the hemisphere on which the eruption occurs;
• cooling by 10 ° C for 6-10 years - the whole planet.

When is the next eruption expected?

In the foreseeable history of mankind, the eruption of the super volcano was not yet, however, in the geological history of the Earth, they happened more than once. The good news is that the eruption of the super volcano is rather rare. The bad news: in 10 or 10 000 years, another eruption will necessarily take place.

Whatever there is written by fans to predict the end of the world, the question "when?" Modern volcanology can not answer. Whether there are any special signs and for how long they start to appear, we do not know.

Where is the next eruption expected?

Scientists identify four super volcanoes, which continue to show activity. Sleeping super-volcanoes are much greater, however, from the majority there were difficult-to-identify remains. Which, however, does not exclude the unexpected increase in activity on an equal place. However, we will limit ourselves to the four most dangerous super-volcanoes of our planet (according to VOGRIPA - Global Project for identification and analysis of volcanic risk):

• Yellowstone (USA);
• Long Valley (USA);
• Toba (Indonesia);
• Taupo, New Zealand.

Photo: Alexandre Socci; Reuters / Pixstream.

  VOLCANOis a geological formation that appears over channels and cracks in the earth's crust, over which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, vapors of water and fragments of rocks are erupted on the earth's surface. There are active, asleep and extinct volcanoes, and in shape - central, erupting from the central outlet, and fissures, whose apparatuses have the form of gaping cracks and a number of small cones. The main parts of the volcanic apparatus: magmatic focus (in the earth's crust or upper mantle); muzzle - outlet channel through which magma rises to the surface; cone - elevation on the surface of the Earth from the products of the volcano ejection; The crater is a depression on the surface of the cone of the volcano. Modern volcanoes are located along major faults and tectonically-mobile areas. On the territory of Russia, active volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Sopka  and Avachinskaya Sopka  (Kamchatka). The danger to humans is represented by flows of magma (lava), the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of the volcano, mud flows and sudden turbulent floods. A volcanic eruption can be accompanied by an earthquake.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A VOLCANO

· Watch for a warning about a possible volcanic eruption.
  · You will save your life if you leave the dangerous territory in time.
  · If you receive an ash drop warning, close all windows, doors and smoke flaps.
  · Put the cars in the garages.
  · Place the animals in enclosed spaces. З
  · Reserve sources of lighting and heat with self-contained food, water, food for 3 to 5 days.

HOW TO OPERATE DURING THE VOLCANO

Protect the body and head from stones and ash.

Eruption of volcanoes can be accompanied by a rapid flood, mudflows, floods, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to keep elevated places, so as not to fall into the zone of flooding or mudflow.

How to act after the eruption of the volcano

Close the gauze bandage with your mouth and nose to exclude the breathing of the ashes.

Wear safety glasses and clothing to prevent burns.

Do not attempt to drive on the car after the ash falls - this will lead to its failure.

When driving on volcanic ash, it is necessary to regularly clean the cooling surfaces of the radiator, pour the windscreen with water to remove ash, but do not use "wipers", as this can scratch the glass. During the fall, even at noon it can be very dark, drive slowly and carefully.

Clean the roof of the house from the ashes to exclude its overload and destruction.

If you are in an open area in the area of ​​the fall of volcanic bombs, in no case can you turn and run, instead you should look in the direction of the source of danger. Watch the flying bombs and avoid them only if you are sure that they fly right at you. Volcanic bombs do not explode on impact