What famous volcano is the furthest point

Signs of pregnancy after embryo implantation

On July 26, 1805, the volcano Vesuvius, one of the most famous volcanoes in the world, once again "woke up". As a result, about 26 thousand inhabitants of Naples died. We decided to recall the 10 most famous and dangerous volcanoes in the world.

Change text size:   A A

Vesuvius is generally an amazing volcano. Firstly, the leader in popularity, beating all records of recognition, secondly, the long-liver (he said about himself even before ancient times and the famous Pompeii), thirdly, perhaps one of the most prolific volcanic eruptions Fourth, the most unpredictable. None of the scientists do not even guess when Vesuvius will once again begin to "misbehave." Only strong eruptions for all the time of his "professional activity" recorded in the amount of 80 pieces, and even mediocre and weak - considered tired. In this case, Vesuvius is not going to retire. At its top, tourists can safely bake eggs - the temperature of the soil is so high.

The wreckage of the Chimborazo sector and the avalanche of wreckage. The normal route to the mountain takes 10 hours to the top and 4 hours to return. An interesting fact: the distance Chimborazo from the center of the Earth. Chimborazo is the furthest point on the earth's surface from the center of the earth.

Think for a while how crazy it is. If you're in Boston, and someone tells you that they heard sound from New York, you will probably look at them funny. But Boston is only 200 miles from New York. What we are talking about is like being in Boston and clearly hearing the noise from Dublin, Ireland. Traveling at the speed of sound, it takes about 4 hours to cover this distance. This is the most distant sound ever heard in history.

How many earthquakes exist in the world?

Many go unnoticed because they fall into remote areas or have very small sizes.

What happens when magma and ice interact in an eruption

  When ice comes into contact with magma, it causes very explosive heartburn. Very hot magma instantly cools and hardens, turning into stone. The ice quickly heats up above the boiling point and turns into steam. When the ice turns into steam, it quickly expands, fragments the hardened stone and breaks it into many small particles of ash.

Perhaps that is why the “anniversary of the pranks” of this world-famous volcano living in sunny Italy near Naples can be celebrated in almost every month. What we, in fact, do, devoting one of the top 10 most famous volcanoes in the world to one of the dates of the eruption of Vesuvius.



Place 10. The most difficult to negotiate.   I do not know how big and mighty the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull is compared to Vesuvius, but it is reliably known that in 2010 it caused a lot of trouble for air carriers. Because of the wild amount of volcanic ash and steam, some flights were canceled and the airports in Glasgow, Birmingham, London, Liverpool, Belfast Dublin, Stockholm and Oslo stopped working. But this Icelandic volcano was not enough. He created an incredible amount of problems for many speakers who, for sure, had been training hard and long to pronounce his name on one exhalation.

So what could create such a colossal loud blow? According to the geologist who witnessed this, the volcano on Krakatoye just flared up with such force that it tore up the island, throwing out smoke, which reached 17 miles into the atmosphere. This is more than twice the speed of sound.

This explosion caused a deadly tsunami with waves over a hundred feet high. One hundred sixty-five coastal villages and settlements were swept away and completely destroyed. The British ship Norham castle was located 40 miles from Krakatau during the explosion. The captain of the ship wrote in his journal: The explosions were so cruel that more than half of my crew’s ear drums were broken. My last thoughts are with my dear wife.

What are gases dissolved in magma?

The whole spectrum of different gases can be found dissolved in magma at depth, but water vapor, carbon dioxide and sulfur in the form of sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide are the most common. Regardless of whether the gas is dissolved in magma or out of solution, it depends on what the gas is, and also on the pressure, temperature and composition of the magma itself. As a rule, when the magma rises to the surface, the surrounding pressure decreases, and the gas can leave the solution or withdraw from the magma.

Initially, gaseous gas bubbles are very small and difficult to climb through the magma, although they are less dense, because the buoyancy force of a bubble is outweighed by the viscous forces of the magma holding it. But as the magma moves upward, gas bubbles expand as the pressure further decreases, and many bubbles begin to blend together, forming large gas collections, creating foam with magma. After all, the amount of gas in the foam is much larger than the amount of magma, causing it to fragment into tiny pieces that are brought up with ascending gases.



Place 9. The coldest.   Surprisingly, but a fact: volcanoes are the most enduring creatures found almost everywhere. That, it would seem, such a “hot thing” cannot live at minus fifty, but no! Volcanoes quietly live at the South Pole, in Antarctica. The highest of the Antarctic volcanoes - Mount Sidley, "growth" in 4285 meters. She, by the way, is part-time and the most inaccessible volcano. People conquered it only in 1990.

A volcanic plug or volcanic neck is formed when lava hardens inside a volcanic valve, blocking the rise of additional magma to the surface, for example, when the glue dries in the nozzle of the glue tube. If the volcano is still active, volcanic plugs can cause very explosive eruptions, as the gas can rise under the plug, increasing the pressure inside the volcano. In some cases, after an extinct volcano, the solid volcanic cork material can be preserved after the rest of the volcano has been destroyed, leaving distinctive vertical approximately cylindrical reliefs.



Place 8. The most legendary.   For the title of the most legendary fighting two volcanoes at once. One of them is the Mexican Popocatepetl, the last time he went "to work" in 2007, and the other is the European Elbrus. According to the legend on Popocatepetl arose from ... strong love. The daughter of the Aztec ruler, Istaxihuatl, fell in love with a simple warrior Popocatepetla. However, the pope was against this unequal union and sent the young man to war, after which he dismissed a rumor about his imminent death. The daughter, unable to withstand the blow, committed suicide, and when this was learned alive and unharmed by Popocatepetl, he decided that life without a sweet one was not life. And he followed his beloved into another world. The gods, struck by the power of love of young people, decided to turn them into rocks, so that they would forever remain next to each other. Well, on the top of Elbrus, myths and legends alternately settled either gins, or the famous bird Simurg, or even left Prometheus chained there.

What makes magma liquid or viscous?

Magma viscosity is a major factor in controlling whether an eruption is explosive or not. This is due to the fact that viscous magma can trap absorbing gases, causing an increase in pressure, while liquid magma makes it easy to escape from gases.

The composition of magma is the controlling factor determining the viscosity of the magma, in particular its content of silicon dioxide. Magnesium with a high silica content will be very viscous, while magma with a low silica content will be very fluid. The silicate-oxygen molecular bonds are very strong and can form long chains, which give the viscosity of the liquid.



Place 7. Most religious. Etna is a volcano, as is Vesuvius, prolific. Alone eruptions exceeded almost two hundred. Almost every 150 years, Etna wakes up from hunger and begins to eat nearby cities. However, people adore her not for her bloodthirstiness, but for reverence for the believers and a healing gift. There are several facts of miraculous healing of patients who visited Etna, and after in 1928 the flow of hot lava froze in reverence before the Catholic procession, the Sicilians made Etna one of the symbols of the island. Also, this volcano is famous for its blues festivals, which are arranged during his sleep.

If you melt the solid mantle of the Earth at a depth, you form a basic small magnesium oxide of magnesium. There are 2 main processes that increase the silica content of magma. Continental crustal parts are mainly composed of rocks with a high silica content. As magma rises through the crust, it can melt pieces of the surrounding rock and assimilate them, becoming richer in silica.

If the magma boils at depth and does not reach the surface, it begins to slowly cool inside the bark. Some iron-rich minerals in magma can crystallize at high temperatures, so these minerals crystallize first and then sink to the bottom. Over long periods of time, by slowly crystallizing iron-rich minerals, the remaining liquid magma becomes relatively enriched in silica. This is known as magma evolution.



Place 6. The most rapid-fire.   Usually, volcanoes are unpredictable, but sometimes scientists manage to learn in advance about the eruption in progress. However, as in the parable of the boy and the wolves, some residents of nearby cities do not believe such predictions. And very vain. Thus, on November 13, 1985, the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz completely destroyed the city of Armero, located 50 kilometers from the “hot thing” with a height of 5400 meters. In this case, everything about everything at the volcano gone ... just 10 minutes! The death toll exceeded 20 thousand people. But scientists warned ...

Regardless of whether any of these silica enrichment processes occurs or if the magma remains in the original low silica composition, it largely depends on the tectonic setting where the magma is formed.

In the diverging plate boundaries, where the two tectonic plates are moving apart, the magma does not have a thick crust to pass through it, and the way up is very simple, so it does not tend to the pond and develops. Thus, with diverging plate boundaries, magma tends to be very simple, with a low silica content and, thus, effusive spray eruptions. On the other hand, on the converging plate boundaries, where two tectonic plates move together and one of them is forced under the other, the magma that is formed must move through a thick layer of continental crust, where it can assimilate terrestrial rocks and probably pond and develop.



Place 5. The most fabulous.   Remember the fairy tale of the "Frog Princess"? To defeat Koshchey the Immortal, Ivan Tsarevich had to get a needle that was in the egg, an egg in the duck, a duck in the hare, a hare in the chest, and a chest in the tree. It is on the principle of “thing in things” that the Russian Krenitsyn volcano is built. It is “registered” on the Kuril Islands and is considered the largest in area, as it is located in the Koltsevoye Lake (diameter is about 7 kilometers), which is located in another, more ancient, crater. So you can admire its beauty only from a helicopter. By the way, the volcano got its name in honor of the Russian navigator Peter Kuzmich Krenitsyn.

Thus, the converging edges of the plate tend to increase magnesium magnesium and more explosive eruptions. This chart shows how viscous different common fluids are. This is taken from this site, which has a lot of interesting information about the viscosity of magma and other properties of magma, if you want to learn more.

When gases are emitted from the magma as it rises, gas bubbles merge together and merge to form a magmatic foam. This foam is much less dense than ordinary magma, and therefore it quickly accelerates up the channel from the volcano. Once the gas forms a large part of the foam, it breaks off the magma, breaking it into small pieces, which continue to rise with moving hot gases into the atmosphere, where they cool down in tiny particles of rock ash.



Place 4. The most influential. Indonesia is often called the country of volcanoes. It was here that the most influential of them was born - Krakatau, who blew up the world on August 15, 1883. Its eruption caused a shock wave that circled the globe 7 times and a giant tsunami that wiped out 295 cities and settlements of Java and Sumatra. As a result of his activities, more than 36 thousand people died, and hundreds of thousands were left homeless. The volcanic dust of Krakatau surrounded the planet with a cloud, painting the sunrises and sunsets in royal purple. Many scientists believe that this eruption affected the ecology of the Earth.

A large amount of ash is formed when magma and water come into contact, in the so-called phreatomagmatic eruption. When water is in contact with the magma, it quickly heats up above the boiling point and turns into steam. When this happens, it rapidly expands, quickly fragments lava, which is also cooled by water, forming tiny particles of ash.

What are types of igneous intrusions?

If the magma does not reach the surface, it can cool inside the crust, creating an eruptive invasion. There are several types of igneous intrusions. Sometimes the magma moves upwards as a vertical leaf, cooling to form a vertical invasion known as dike. Sometimes the magma moves like a horizontal leaf, cooling down, forming a horizontal eruptive threshold. In some cases, the horizontal threshold can be pumped up, forming a blister, as an invasion with a convex top surface known as laccolite.

Place 3. The most famous of the new arrivals.   By the way, today Vesuvius is far from the only popular volcano. He was pushed by a Russian Plosky Tolbachik, who began to erupt back in November 2012. Since then, scientists from all over the world and just curious tourists flock to it. Also, the Kamchatka volcano presented the world with new copper minerals - melanotallite, ponomarevit, piipit, Fedotovit, Kamchatkit, Klyuchevskite, alumo-Klyuchkite and, of course, tolbachit.

How do you make tall buildings earthquake?

Sometimes whole large igneous chambers simply sit in the crust and cool down, and no magma reaches the surface. These large deep intrusions are known as batholiths. Tall buildings feel the effects of earthquakes much more than short buildings, because vibrations are amplified in height. Therefore, engineers have come up with many clever tricks to try to protect the skyscrapers from earthquakes. Basic insulation can be used, so buildings do not sit directly on the ground and are thus separated from the movement of the ground.



Place 2. The highest.   Well, how in the TOP-10 but without the highest? It is rightfully a South American active volcano with a funny name for the Russians Lulagliaco. Its absolute height is 6739 meters, relative - almost 2.5 kilometers. It would seem that this is all. An, no! Lulagliaco is known for its eternal ice "cap", borderline state (located on the border of Chile and Argentina), a dry neighbor (Atacama desert) and archaeological finds. In 1999, on top of the volcano, the mummified bodies of three children, allegedly sacrificed 500 years ago, were discovered.

Instead, buildings are located on top of systems of ball bearings or springs that act as shock absorbers. Other systems attempt to balance the swing at the base of tall buildings by inserting a free swinging mass at the top like a giant pendulum. Watch the video below to see the base isolation in action and try this site if you want to learn more.

What types of earthquake waves exist?

Watch the video below to see how they look. In the brochure on children's activities, we discuss only one type of surface waves, known as Rayleigh waves, which have retrograde elliptical motion. But there are other types of surface waves, called waves of love, that have horizontal movement. For each of these different paths through the earth, we give the waves a different name. There are hundreds of different “phases” of a seismic wave, such as these, which can be seen in seismic records that can tell us about the deep structure inside the Earth.

Place 1. The most romantic. Don't go to the fortuneteller! Without words, it is clear that Mount Fuji will be recognized as the most romantic, sophisticated, attractive, gentle and charming. It is dedicated to her countless hockey, drawings, paintings and photographs. Scientists believe that Fuji is a volcano active, albeit weakly active (the last eruption was recorded in 1707-1708). By the way, among the countless pictures of this beauty, there is not one where the eruption itself would be sealed. Among the neighbors of Fuji is not only a Shinto temple, a weather station and a post office, but also a gloomy forest of Aokigahara suicides, located right at the foot of the volcano. But such a neighborhood does not bother Fujiyama. The Japanese believe that the forest only gives the veil of mystery and mysticism to their favorite, attracting tourists from all countries. However, this does not prevent the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun from arranging warning signs with the phone numbers of psychologists all over Aokigahara. So, just in case.

So we know that things like the outer core are liquid and how big they are. Unfortunately, many of them are very small, coming to these moments and interfering with each other, so scientists use many clever signal processing techniques to find and look at specific phases in which they are interested. Chimborazo Volcano is the most active volcano in Ecuador and the highest in the North Andean volcanic zone.

Chimborazo was considered extinct, but new research has shown that it is still an active volcano. Although there are no historical eruptions. Because of its great height and geological history of explosive eruptions and its proximity to populated areas in the Ambato and Riobamba basins, it should be considered a dangerous volcano.

Related publications