A miraculous analysis erected a monument to himself. "Analysis of the poem A

Alexander Pushkin's poem "I have erected a monument not made by hands ..." was written in 1836. The theme of this poem is that the author has achieved a lot in life, and when he dies, he will be remembered forever. A.S. Pushkin writes:
I erected a monument not made by hands,
A folk path will not grow to it ...
The lyrical hero is the author himself, his experiences. The main idea is that the author's soul is “in the cherished lyre”, that in his terrible, difficult age he glorified freedom, good feelings and because of this is now known throughout “Great Russia”. But in the fifth stanza, he (the author) asserts that for him praise, insult, slander is temporary, vain. Poetry is selfless service for humanity. This is how the author addresses the "command of God":
They received praise and slander indifferently
And don't dispute a fool.
This poem contains such artistic features as epithets (miraculous, cherished, popular, rebellious), appeal ("O muse, be obedient"), personification (decay will run away, my soul will survive).

The work of A.S. Pushkin in the last years of his life is extremely diverse: artistic and historical prose, poetry on various topics. Among his last works are the poem "I have erected a monument not made by hands."

Prehistory of "Monument" and perception by contemporaries

Theories about the history of writing the poem "I erected a monument to myself" are a bit ambiguous.

Pushkin composed it in response to the poem "Two Alexandra", written in his lyceum years by his friend Delvig. Such a prehistory of creation was called by the literary historian, Pushkinist Vladislav Felitsianovich Khodasevich.

Other literary scholars-Pushkin scholars identify several more theories concerning the origins of writing the poem "I erected a monument not made by hands."

Pushkin imitated the previously existing works of writers: G. Derzhavin, A. Vostokov, M. Lomonosov, V. Kapnist.

The second theory originates in ancient Rome and concerns the creative path of Horace, the author of the ode Exegi monumentum.

The poem was perceived ambiguously by contemporaries and descendants.

Belief in the early recognition of his works, the awareness of future love and recognition from descendants - the themes touched upon in the poem were coldly perceived by the poet's contemporaries. Since the self-praise of personal literary talents was not held in high esteem. And this, in their opinion, was what Pushkin did in the work.

“I erected a monument to myself that was not made by hands” was perceived by admirers of the author's work as a hymn to poetry and a hope for the triumph of the soul over the bodily.

"Monument" and the fate of the poet

The draft of the work was found in a heap of papers after the death of the poet. helped the poem appear in the posthumous collected works of the playwright (1841).

Pushkin wrote "I erected a monument not made by hands" literally five months before the fatal duel that caused his death: the poem is dated August 21, 1836. The work became a fateful prediction of impending death.

At the New Year's ball, Alexander Sergeevich personally read his "Monument".

Pushkin wrote a poem that comprehends the fate of the poet in the prism of human history in difficult years for himself: critics took up arms against him, the tsarist censorship raged and banned most of his works for publication, secular society discussed gossip about him and his wife, and family life cracked. Perhaps it was this atmosphere that influenced the deep look, which made it possible to objectively evaluate the personal creative contribution of the playwright to literature.

Self-irony and an epigram?

Those close to Alexander Sergeevich had the opinion that the work is filled with notes of self-irony. They called "Monument" an epigram, the object of which was Pushkin himself.

This theory is confirmed by the direction of the poem: it is addressed to a poet whose work is not respected among his fellow tribesmen, although it should have caused admiration in them.

The memoirist adhered to the theory of the "irony" of the poem "I have erected a monument to myself." Pushkin and Vyazemsky were friends, so the literary critic insisted on the wrong reading of the work by fans. He stated that it was not about the spiritual and literary heritage, but about the recognition of himself by society. After all, it is known that contemporaries, in whose circles the poet was spinning, openly disliked him as a person. But at the same time, they recognized the great creative potential that Pushkin possessed.

“I erected a monument not made by hands” also had a “mystical” side.

Anticipating death

Supporters of the "mystical" version were of the opinion that the poem is a prediction of the poet's impending death, which he knew in advance. Starting from this position and discarding Vyazemsky's version of the irony of the work, we can say that "Monument" became Pushkin's spiritual testament.

The prophetic vision touched not only the life of the poet, but also his work. The prose writer and playwright knew that future generations would not only praise and honor him, but would also consider him worthy of imitation.

There is also a legend that long before the tragic outcome of his own, Alexander Sergeevich knew on what specific day and at what time of day death awaited him. It says that a fortune-teller predicted his death at the hands of a famous blond.

Anticipating his approaching death and wanting to sum up his life, Pushkin turned to the most accessible source for himself - the pen - and wrote "Monument".

Pushkin. The poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands." Brief analysis

Alexander Sergeevich himself can be safely called a lyrical hero. The plot is the fate of the author, considered in the context of human history, as well as the subsequent contribution to literature.

The poet is asked by the thought of what place is allotted to him in this world, what kind of relationship he has with society and readers. He hopes that the life, wasted in creative pursuits and impulses, was not in vain and will benefit posterity. He hopes that after death he will be remembered: "No, all of me will not die."

Also, the poem raised the problem of poet and poetry, poetic fame and poetic heritage. Pushkin writes that the poet will overcome death thanks to his creative heritage and recognition by his descendants.

Each line of the "Monument" is permeated with pride that the poet's poetry was free and highly moral: "I praised freedom And called for mercy to the fallen."

The poem with the epigraph Exegi monumentum (in the lane "I erected a monument"), on the one hand, is filled with bright and joyful colors that personify the eternal life of art, but, on the other hand, it is a little gloomy and sad, because it is the poet's swan song that let the result which was compiled by Pushkin himself.

"I have erected a monument not made by hands." Artistic reading

The poem in terms of the rhythm of sounding can be called slow, it is this slowness that gives it a majestic rhythm. This effect is achieved thanks to a single verse size (iambic with chorea), ideal for quatrains (quatrains), alternating feminine and masculine rhymes.

Numerous also contributed to the creation of a supportive atmosphere in the work. Among them, one can name: anaphora (monotony of lines), inversion (reverse word order), rows of homogeneous members.

The majestic tone of the work was achieved thanks to the epithets: "a monument not made by hands", metaphors: "my soul will survive the ashes and decay will run away", personifications: "muse ... praise and slander were accepted indifferently And do not dispute a fool", metonyms: "a rumor about me will spread throughout Russia great. " The lexical means include the frequent use of Slavicisms (as long as, piet, head, erected).

Based on the artistic, lexical richness of the poem, it is logical to conclude that, as predicted by Alexander Sergeevich, he created for his descendants with his creativity "a monument not made by hands." Pushkin will live thanks to the written works.

Desire to erect itself "Miraculous monument" first voiced in his work by the ancient Roman poet Horace. He expressed the idea that the best embodiment of memory for the poet would be his poems, passing from one generation to another. In Russia, this tradition was picked up by Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, translating Horace's poem and filling it with a new civic meaning. However, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin deviated from these samples. He embodied in his "Monument" his own fate, comprehended against the background of historical events in Russia.

Already in the first lines, the poet declares that to his monument "The folk path will not overgrow"... What makes Pushkin so confident? At the end of the second chapter of his novel "Eugene Onegin" he already expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bhis own immortality in the epigraph: "Did I erect a monument too?" In "Monument", written in 1836, on the eve of the tragic death of the poet, this hope for the future vocation of the people sounds like a prophecy on the verge of death.

The poem is full of gloomy thoughts about the cruelty of the 19th century, about relations with the king and nobles from high society, about the happiness of freedom that was never achieved. But already in the first quatrain, Pushkin confidently declares his personal victory over the autocracy, because he is sure that his "Miraculous monument" "Ascended above the head of the rebellious pillar of Alexandria".

Who gives the poet such a right to immortality? The answer is simple: the people themselves. After all "Folk trail" will not overgrow, and Pushkin's poetry will become the property of the Russian people: "The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia ..." The poet claims that it was the people who raised and educated him, the wisdom of a whole people was revealed to him. Maybe that's why in the future he will be called "Every language in her"... The reason for this longevity is in free confrontation "Cruel age"... Already his contemporaries rightfully appreciated the poet's double courage: he is rebellious both to the cruelty of the authorities and to the crowd. Therefore, in his cruel age, he "Praised freedom and called for mercy to the fallen"... In full measure, this poem can be called an ode.

It is interesting to listen to the poem "I have erected a monument not made by hands" performed by various readers. Each of them used its own interpretation. For example, V. Yakhontov read Pushkin's work loudly and triumphantly. For him, this is a victory over time and power, it is going beyond the limits of limited existence into God's world. Sometimes the poem sounds childishly enthusiastic, which in the finale turns out to be superfluous, unjustified.

D. Zhuravlev, on the contrary, emphasizes the poet's exhaustion by the duel with the authorities. Resentment, an impudent and stifled cry is replaced by a passionate confidence in the author's immortality, but towards the end it is filled with dreamy reassurance. In such a performance, the poem sounds like a solemn prayer, and the hero finds serenity and greatness.

The solemnity of the piece is given by the size - iambic six-foot. If Pushkin's favorite version is iambic tetrameter (he wrote the bulk of his poetry), then the addition of two more feet gives the size a similarity to the hexameter used in Homer's famous "Odyssey" and "Iliad". Use of Old Slavicisms "Raised up", "Head", "Peet", "Decay", "Existing" gives "Monument" a certain monumentality: the reader immediately gets the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternity of this work and its author.

The postulate that the poet should "To awaken good feelings with lyre" became the life motto of all who filled the treasury of Russian poetry. Speaking about freedom, Alexander Sergeevich asserted political and spiritual freedom, independence from class, religious, national and other prejudices. In this context, one line is interestingly perceived: when Pushkin wrote "He called for mercy to the fallen", then, of course, it was about the Decembrists. But these words of the poet received a broader meaning: it is about serfs, and about ordinary townspeople, and about tortured soldiers.

In the end, Pushkin sums up his personal experience. During his lifetime he experienced "Praise and slander", to which the muse is now calling to be indifferent, because she should serve other ideals: beauty, freedom, goodness and justice. As a result, "Monument", which began with a riot, ends with an appeal for humility, which deprives the dependence on vanity: offense, praise, slander of a fool.

• "The Captain's Daughter", a summary of the chapters of the story of Pushkin
• "Boris Godunov", analysis of the tragedy of Alexander Pushkin
• "Gypsies", analysis of the poem by Alexander Pushkin
• "Cloud", analysis of the poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

History of creation. The poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ..." was written on August 21, 1836, that is, shortly before the death of Pushkin. In it, he sums up his poetic activity, relying on the traditions of not only Russian, but also world literature. Derzhavin's poem "Monument" (1795), which received great fame, became an immediate model from which Pushkin started. At the same time, Pushkin not only compares himself and his poetry with his great predecessor, but also highlights the features that are characteristic of his work.

Genre and composition. According to genre characteristics, Pushkin's poem is an ode, but it is a special kind of this genre. It came to Russian literature as a common European tradition, originating in antiquity. It is not without reason that Pushkin took the lines from the poem of the ancient Roman poet Horace "To Melpomene" as an epigraph to the poem: Exegi monumentum - "I erected a monument." Horace is the author of "Satyr" and a number of poems that glorified his name. The message "To Melpomene" he created at the end of his creative path. Melpomene in ancient Greek mythology is one of the nine muses, the patroness of tragedy, a symbol of the performing arts. In this message, Horace assesses his merits in poetry. Later on, the creation of such poems in the genre of a kind of poetic "monument" became a stable literary tradition. Lomonosov, who was the first to translate the message of Horace, introduced it into Russian literature. Then a free translation of the poem with an assessment of his merits in poetry was made by G.R. Derzhavin, calling it "Monument". It was in it that the main genre features of such poetic "monuments" were determined. This genre variety was finally formed in Pushkin's "Monument".

Following Derzhavin, Pushkin divides his poem into five stanzas, using a similar form and length of the verse. Like Derzhavin's, Pushkin's poem was written in quatrains, but with a slightly modified size. In the first three lines, like Derzhavin, Pushkin uses the traditional. The odic meter is 6-foot iambic (Alexandrian verse), but the last line is written in 4-foot iambic, which makes it percussive and puts a semantic emphasis on it.

Main themes and ideas. Pushkin's poem is. a hymn to poetry. Its main theme is the glorification of true poetry and the affirmation of the poet's high purpose in the life of society. In this, Pushkin acts as the heir to the traditions of Lomonosov and Derzhavin. But at the same time, despite the similarity of external forms with Derzhavin's poem, Pushkin largely rethought the problems posed, and put forward his idea of \u200b\u200bthe meaning of creativity and its assessment. Revealing the theme of the relationship between the poet and the reader, Pushkin points out that his poetry is more addressed to a wide addressee. This can be seen. "From the very first lines." "The folk path will not grow to him," he says about his literary "monument." The first stanza is a traditional affirmation of the importance of a poetic monument in comparison with other ways to perpetuate merits .. But Pushkin introduces here the theme of freedom, which you show "through in his work, noting that his" monument "is marked by love of freedom:" He rose higher as the head of the rebellious Alexandrian pillar. "

The second, the stanza of all the poets who created such poems, affirms the immortality of poetry, which enables the author to continue to live in the memory of posterity: "No, all of me will not die - my soul is in the cherished lyre / My ashes will survive and decay will run away." But unlike Derzhavin, Pushkin, who experienced a misunderstanding and rejection of the crowd in the last years of his life, emphasizes that his poetry will find a wider response in the hearts of people who are close to him in spirituality, creators, and this is not only about Russian literature, "About and about poets of the whole world:" And I will be glorious, as long as in the sublunary world / At least one piit will live. "

The third stanza, like Derzhavin's, is devoted to the development of interest in poetry among the widest layers of the people who were not previously familiar with it, and to widespread posthumous fame:

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia,
And the breath that is in her will call me. language,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

The fourth stanza carries the main semantic load. It is in it that the poet defines the main thing that constitutes the essence of his work and for which he can hope for poetic immortality:

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy to the fallen.

In these lines, Pushkin draws the reader's attention to the humanity, the humanism of his works, returning to the most important problem of later creativity. From the point of view of the poet, the “good feelings” that art awakens in readers is more important than its aesthetic qualities. For the literature of the second half of the 19th century, this problem will become the subject of fierce discussions between representatives of democratic criticism and the so-called pure art. But for Pushkin, the possibility of a harmonious solution is obvious: the last two lines of this stanza return us to the theme of freedom, but understood through the prism of the idea of \u200b\u200bmercy. It is significant that in the initial version Pushkin wrote “after Radishchev” instead of the words “in my cruel age”. Not only because of censorship considerations, the poet refused such a direct indication of the political meaning of love of freedom. More important for the author of The Captain's Daughter, where the problem of mercy and mercy was posed very sharply, was the affirmation of the idea of \u200b\u200bgoodness and justice in their highest, Christian understanding.

The last stanza is a traditional appeal to the muse for “monuments” poems:

By the command of God, oh muse, be obedient,
Not fearing offense, not demanding a crown,
They received praise and slander indifferently
And don't dispute a fool.

In Pushkin, these lines are filled with a special meaning: they return us to the ideas expressed in the program poem The Prophet. Their main idea is that the poet creates according to the highest will, and therefore he is responsible for his art not to people who are often unable to understand it, but to God. Such ideas were characteristic of Pushkin's later work and sounded in the poems "The Poet", "The Poet", "The Poet and the Crowd". In them, the problem of the poet and society arises with particular acuteness, and the fundamental independence of the artist from the opinions of the public is affirmed. In Pushkin's "Monument" this idea acquires the most capacious formulation, which creates a harmonious conclusion to reflections on poetic glory and overcoming death through divinely inspired art.

Artistic originality. The significance of the theme and the high pathos of the poem determined the special solemnity of its general sound. A slow, majestic rhythm is created not only due to the odic size (iambic with pyrrhic), but also due to the wide use of anaphora ("And I will be glorious ...", "And he will call me ...", "And the proud grandson of the Slavs ... "," And for a long time I will be so kind ... "," And mercy to the fallen .. "), inversion (" He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious Alexandrian pillar), syntactic parallelism and rows of homogeneous members ("And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn , and now the wild tungus ... "). The selection of lexical means also contributes to the creation of a high style. The poet uses sublime epithets (a monument not made by hands, a rebellious head, a cherished lyre, in the sublunary world, a proud grandson of the Slavs), a large number of Slavicisms (he erected, as a head, peet, until). In one of the most significant artistic images of the poem, the metonymy is used - "That I awakened good feelings with my lyre ...". In general, all artistic means create a solemn hymn to poetry.

The meaning of the work. Pushkin's "Monument", which continues the traditions of Lomonosov and Derzhavin, stands in a special place in Russian literature. He not only summed up the results of Pushkin's work, but also marked that boundary, that height of poetic art, which served as a reference point for all subsequent generations of Russian poets. Not all of them strictly followed the genre tradition of the "monument" poem, as A.A. Fet, but every time a Russian poet addresses the problem of art, its purpose and assessment of his achievements, he recalls Pushkin's words: “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,.,”, Trying to approach its unattainable height.

The poem "I have erected a monument to myself miraculous" is often called the poetic testament of Alexander Pushkin. It is perceived this way because it was written six months before the poet's death, in August 1836.

The poem "I have erected a monument not made by hands" consists of five solemn stanzas and is a real hymn of poetry.

Its main theme is the glorification of true poetry and the affirmation of the poet's high purpose. Pushkin opened this topic, being the direct heir to the poetic traditions of M.V. Lomonosov and G.R.Derzhavin.

According to genre characteristics, Pushkin's poem is an ode (an ode is solemn poems that glorify an event).

As an epigraph, Pushkin took lines from the ode of the ancient Roman poet Horace "To Melpomene" - "I erected a monument." Horace in this work appreciated his poetic merits. Later, the creation of poems in the genre of a poetic "monument" became a literary tradition.

Such a tradition was introduced into Russian literature by M.V. Lomonosov, who was the first to translate Horace's ode. In 1795, a free translation of the same
poems, but with an assessment of his merits in poetry was made by G.R.Derzhavin. It was in Derzhavin's work that the main genre features of poetic "monuments" were defined. But finally the genre of "monument" was formed in Pushkin's poem.

By its construction, Pushkin's poem is close to Derzhavin's "Monument", but at the same time he deliberately deviates from the outstanding model in many ways and highlights the features of his work.

Like Derzhavin, Pushkin divides his poem into five stanzas, uses a similar shape and size. In the first three lines, like Derzhavin, Pushkin uses the traditional meter of the ode -
iambic tetrameter (Alexandrian verse), but the last line is written in iambic tetrameter, which makes it percussive and puts a semantic emphasis on it.

In the first stanza, Pushkin traditionally asserts the importance of a poetic monument. But he also introduces here the theme of freedom, which can be called cross-cutting in all his work. He draws attention to the fact that his "monument" is very high:
He ascended higher at the head of the rebellious Pillar of Alexandria.

The Pillar of Alexandria (the Alexander Column on Palace Square in St. Petersburg) - the tallest column in the world - was a symbol of tsarist power in Russia.

Pushkin was a courtier of the lowest rank and at the same time was a genius poet. The poet won the monument to autocracy by the power of his poetic word and high spirituality: he is not familiar with fear and slavish obedience to the authorities.

The second stanza of all poets who created such poems asserts the immortality of poetry. Pushkin also confirms this:

No, all of me will not die - a soul in a cherished lyre

But unlike Derzhavin, Pushkin, who experienced misunderstanding and rejection in life, says that his poetry will find a wider response in the hearts of people who are close to him in spirituality, and we are talking not only about Russian literature, but also about poets of the whole world. :

And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunary world
At least one drinker will live.

The entire third stanza, like Derzhavin, Pushkin devotes to the theme of wide posthumous fame. He predicts the development of interest in his poetry among the widest sections of the people:

The rumor about me will go all over the great Russia,
And every tongue in her will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now the Wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

The fourth stanza gives the most important semantic load - Pushkin defines the essence of his work. He explains why he has the right to hope for his poetic immortality - because he is proud of the humanism of his works:

and for a long time I will be so kind to the people,


And he called for mercy to the fallen.

From the point of view of Pushkin, the “good feelings” that art awakens in its readers is more important than all its other virtues. This problem will become for literature of the second half of the 19th century the subject of hot
disputes between representatives of democratic criticism and the so-called pure art.

It is important that in Pushkin's drafts, instead of the words “In my cruel age, I glorified freedom,” it was written: “Following Radishchev, I glorified freedom” - a direct indication of the political meaning of the poem.

In the last, fifth stanza, as was traditionally accepted, the poet addresses the Muse:
By the command of God, O Muse, be obedient,
Not fearing offense, not demanding a crown,
They received praise and slander indifferently
And don't dispute a fool.

These lines return the reader to the idea already expressed by Pushkin in the poem The Prophet. It lies in the fact that a real poet has a high destiny, he is chosen by God, and therefore is responsible for his art not to people who are often unable to understand it, but to the Creator.

The significance of the theme, high pathos, solemn sound - these are the main features of the poem.

The slow, majestic rhythm is created by the meter (iambic with pyrrhic). For the same purpose, the author widely uses the anaphora (And I will be glorious; And he will call me; And the proud grandson of the Slavs; And for a long time
I will be so kind; And mercy to the fallen .. ") and investment:" He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious ... ".

It should also be noted the introduction of syntactic parallelism and rows of homogeneous members into the text: "And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now the wild Tungus, and the Kalmyk friend of the steppes."

The poet chooses sublime epithets (a monument not made by hands; rebellious head; cherished lyre; sublunary world; proud grandson of the Slavs). The poem uses a large number of Slavicisms (erected, head, piit, as long as everyone who exists).

There is no present tense in the text - only the past and the future. The poet affirms the greatness of poetry and puts it above the glory of kings and military leaders. And the main value of poetry for Pushkin is to carry
good to people.

This work of the great poet is filled with boundless love for Russia, for readers, an unshakable faith in the power of the poetic word and with the knowledge of the performed duty.

Genre: ode.
COMPOSITION AND PLOT
The poem is an imitation of Horace's ode and echoes the "Monument" by G. R. Derzhavin. This is a kind
poetic testament, where future posthumous glory is associated by the poet with poetry.

1st stanza
Confirmation of the significance of the poetic monument:
I erected a monument not made by hands,
The folk path will not grow to it.

2nd stanza
Statement of the immortality of poetry:
All I will not die - a soul in a cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will flee.

3rd stanza
Confidence that the poet will be heard in the most remote corners of Russia:
The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Russia ...

4th stanza
A.S. Pushkin sums up his creative path:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And he called for mercy to the fallen.

5th stanza

Address to the muse: "By the command of God, oh muse, be obedient ..."

IDEA-THEMED CONTENT

⦁ Theme: the destiny of the poet.
⦁ Idea: the poet has fulfilled his duty, the divine calling, so his work will be immortal.

ARTISTIC TOOLS

⦁ Epithets: a monument not made by hands, a rebellious head, in a cherished lyre.
⦁ Anaphora: I will be glorious, and he will call me, and the proud grandson of the Slavs, and for a long time I will be so kind, and I called for mercy to the fallen.
⦁ Old Slavicisms: erected, head, drink, decay, existing.

5 / 5. 2