Types of cap mushrooms. Hat mushrooms: characteristics of species, structure and feeding methods

Hat edible mushrooms are well known to everyone. These are mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, russula, champignons, porcini mushrooms. Basically, these mushrooms grow in shady places in the forest. For their rapid growth and development, certain conditions are required - humidity and high temperature. environment.

Since fungi do not have chlorophyll, they do not need sunlight to grow. Ready-made organic matter of dead plants serves as food for mushrooms.

The word "mushroom" is the name of the fruiting body, which is a stump and a cap, the mycelium itself is located in the soil. This can be easily verified by carefully digging out the soil next to the mushroom. It is noticeable that long intertwining threads of mycelium are located on all sides of the fruiting body and densely penetrate the forest floor. Hat mushrooms have a mycelium, consisting of filaments, each of which is one row of many cells, separated by transverse septa. Hat mushrooms are multicellular organisms.

It is known that most of the cap mushrooms grow near some types of trees. For example, the boletus is found near the aspen, the boletus is near the birch, the mushroom is near the spruce, the oil cans are near the pine. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the mycelium of the cap fungus and the roots of a particular tree grow together.

The connection between trees and mushrooms is mutually beneficial. The tree receives additional minerals and moisture from the mycelium, and the fungus absorbs organic substances through the root system of the tree.

It has been proven that the normal development of certain trees is impossible without interaction with the mycelium of certain types of fungi. In this regard, when planting a forest belt in the steppe, where the necessary mushrooms do not grow, land is added to the soil containing mycelium from the forest.

Hat mushrooms are divided into lamellar and tubular. Lamellar mushrooms include russula, camelina, champignon. The bottom of their cap has many thin plates that radiate from the hemp like rays. The cap of tubular mushrooms is pierced underneath with small holes that continue into narrow tubes. Tubular mushrooms include aspen mushrooms, porcini mushrooms.

A mass of microscopic spores is formed in the fruiting body of the fungi. They ripen at the bottom of the mushroom. So, under the cap of the tubular mushroom, the spores are arranged in small groups in accordance with the placement of the tube holes in the cap, and under the cap of the lamellar mushroom, the spores are located along certain lines, corresponding to the plates. It can be concluded that spores in tubular fungi form inside the cap tubes, and in lamellar fungi, on the plates. From there, after ripening, they fall to the ground. If spores get on moist soil, they germinate and form a mycelium.

Not one, but several fruit bodies appear from the mycelium of each mushroom. Therefore, when collecting mushrooms, you need to carefully cut them off or break them off so as not to damage the mycelium. In no case should you pull it out of the ground and tear it apart. If the mushrooms are harvested correctly, without violating the integrity of the mycelium, this will ensure a constant abundant harvest of mushrooms on the mushroom sites.

The world of mushrooms.

The world of mushrooms is very diverse. Mushrooms are not only porcini, birch, aspen, milk mushrooms, mushrooms and other caps that we meet in the forest. Fungi make up the largest group of plant organisms of a special type: from the simplest, smallest threads and molds almost invisible to the naked eye to giants of the cap - and are characterized by a peculiar structure and reproduction. What we call a mushroom is one part of the fungal organism, its fruiting body. The other part, the mycelium, on which the aboveground fruit body develops, is hidden in the ground or rotten wood. The fruiting body of the cap fungus and the mycelium consist of long thin filamentous plexuses - hyphae. Cap mushrooms reproduce by spores. Spores are found in tubular and lamellar mushrooms in the lower layer of the cap, and in marsupials - on the entire smooth and cellular (in bags) surface of the cap, for which these latter got their name. Spores, separated from the fungi and getting into the soil, when favorable conditions, like the seeds of cereal plants, sprout into a thin thread, which later, branching and expanding, forms a mycelium. After a while, the mycelium begins to bear fruit - fruiting bodies appear on the surface of the soil - mushrooms that we collect. However, mushrooms can also reproduce in pieces of mycelium if they are placed in favorable conditions.

The structure of mushrooms is different depending on their species. Most edible mushrooms consist of a stem and a cap, hence their name - cap mushrooms... Their spore-bearing layer is located in the lower part of the cap. Hat mushrooms are classified into lamellar and tubular depending on how their spore-bearing layer is built. Mushrooms with spores inside a special organ - asuka, or bags, are called marsupials... These include . There are mushrooms that have spores inside the mushroom itself. These include all types of raincoats and truffles, (more:)

Classification of cap mushrooms by category

Many literary sources give classification of cap mushrooms by category... This takes into account the nutritional value and taste. There are four such categories... The most valuable mushrooms belong to first category... Despite some differences in the definition of the categories of certain types of mushrooms by different authors, they are all united in determining the most valuable mushrooms in our forests: mushrooms, boletus and white (real) milk mushrooms, (more details:,). It is these three species in any identifier that are classified as mushrooms of the first category.
To second category all authors attribute: boletus, boletus, oak... And then there are discrepancies. Some believe boletus, morels, mushrooms and chanterelles mushrooms of the second category, others - third; in some determinants yellow lump belongs to the first category, in others - to the second, etc. It should be noted that each mushroom has its own individual aroma and taste, inherent only in it... And since there is no companion for taste and color, then a novice mushroom picker should not neglect mushrooms of the third and fourth categories. Perhaps there will be a mushroom among them that he will like more than the venerable authors of identifiers.

Commonwealth of Mushrooms and Trees

Many mushrooms have a clear adherence to certain species trees... And some of the names of mushrooms themselves speak about this: aspen, boletus, oak, poplar ryadovka, aspen milk ... mushroom b. This community is beneficial to both: the fungus receives carbohydrates from the tree and, in turn, supplies it with water and nutrient minerals, which it "produces" from decaying plant residues.

Where cap mushrooms grow

Most types of edible cap mushrooms growing in a sparse forest, preferring shady places... In a dense, difficult forest, they are very rare. Mushrooms also dislike dense grass and dark wet lowlands. More attractive to them hills and sides of forest roads... If the soil is excessively saturated with moisture, mushrooms "rise" to the tops of the slopes, if there is little rain, they "huddle" against the trunks of trees. Mushrooms are 90 percent water, so as long as the soil lacks moisture, they cannot grow. The normal development of mycelium occurs at a temperature of 15-25 ° C. Under unfavorable climatic conditions the mycelium stops its growth and, as it were, freezes... It can be in this state for tens of years. The mycelium is extremely tenacious. She is not afraid of severe frosts, excessive heat, or drought. Mushrooms grow in the sultry steppes of Central Asia. In Yakutia, along the banks of the Lena, there are mushrooms, boletus, boletus and aspen mushrooms. Even in Svalbard, morels, russula, boletus and mushrooms are harvested. Paradoxically, water destroys the mycelium, without which it cannot develop in any way. The fact is that for the existence of mycelium and spores, they need an influx of fresh air. If the mycelium is under water, it will soon die.
Age of the edible cap mushroom very short. Usually formed underground the size of a match head, under favorable conditions, the fungus appears on the surface after three to four hours. It is still quite tiny, but the next morning it reaches its normal size and can be cut off. The full maturation of cap mushrooms occurs in five to six days. The age limit for the vast majority of edible mushrooms is 10–11 days. A very convenient feature of the growth of fungi is that they originate on the same mycelium at different times. This allows the mushroom picker to pick mushrooms in the same place the next day. An experienced mushroom picker will not look for oil cans in an aspen forest or, say, a chanterelle in a dry meadow, a mushroom in poplars. It will be interesting for a novice mushroom picker to find out under which trees they prefer to grow.

• - pine, birch, oak;
• Blue boletus - oak;
• Valui - pine, birch;
• Girodon - pine, birch, aspen;
• Talker - smoky pine;
• - pine, birch, oak;
• - pine, birch, aspen;
• - poplar;
• Raincoat, (more:) - pine, birch, oak, aspen, poplar;
• - oak;
• Hare mushroom, (more:) - pine, oak;
• - Pine;
• - pine, birch, oak, aspen;
• - pine, birch, oak, aspen;
• - birch, oak;
• - Birch;
• - pine, oak;
• - birch, aspen;

Mushrooms are representatives of the whole kingdom of wildlife. These are eukaryotic organisms that have both animal and plant characteristics. Fungi live both in terrestrial ecological systems and in aquatic ones. They rightfully have the title of one of the most diverse and numerous groups of living organisms.

Their role in nature is quite serious. The vital activity of fungi contributes to the processes of decomposition of organic matter, the formation of soils. Many types of mushrooms are easily consumed by humans, used in agriculture and industry, and also used in medicine. But mushrooms can also harm humans and animals. Pathogenic fungi affecting organ systems or living indoors in the form of mold can cause serious intoxication and settle in the body for a long time.

One of the most famous and often used by humans is the mushroom. From their morphological parts, a cap and a leg are distinguished. It is customary to classify them precisely by the location of the cap on the leg. So, eccentric, central, sedentary and lateral forms are distinguished. In central mushrooms, the stem is connected to the center of the cap. The eccentric is not centered. Sitting legs do not have a cap at all and are attached to the substrate sideways. At the side, the leg is connected to the side of the cap. All of them are stationary on the substrate and feed, absorbing nutrients from it. These features make them similar to the plant kingdom.

Hat mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar. The tubular is characterized by a lower layer formed by tubules, walls tightly adjacent to each other. In lamellar, the lower layer is represented by large quantity records. They diverge from the point of attachment of the stem on the cap to its periphery. Both tubules and plates play an important role in the spread and reproduction of fungi, since it is in them that spores develop and mature. The fruiting body of the fungus is formed from spores that have fallen on a fertile soil for them, or develops from an already existing mycelium if the mushroom was carefully cut or broken off without damaging it. So, when collecting mushrooms, it is very important not to pull them out of the ground (or other substrate), but to use a knife or scissors so as not to damage the population of representatives of such an amazing kingdom. Of course, you need to know exactly which of them are poisonous, and which are suitable for food / farming, so that the kingdom of mushrooms does not harm us.

Option 2

Mushrooms are different in shape and structure. Unusual shape of a mushroom without a cap. These include raincoats, rams, truffles. But more often than not, the usual, familiar to us, cap mushrooms grow in the forests. There are much more of them than non-hat ones.

The fruiting body of such a mushroom consists of a mycelium, a leg and a cap, which is why they are called so and are in turn divided into:

1. Edible.
2. Not edible.

Edible mushrooms can be eaten. The process of collecting them is called "silent hunting". In winter, when they are not growing, you can buy mushrooms at the store. Non-edibles are most often poisonous. The most dangerous of the cap poisonous mushrooms is the pale toadstool. An experienced mushroom picker should be able to identify poisonous specimens.

By the type of layer under the cap, mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar. Tubular mushrooms are noble. The pulp under the cap consists of small tubes. These are white, boletus, boletus, oiler, flywheel and others. Lamellar are more common. The records are under top hats. This is a chanterelle, russula, ryadovka, camelina, champignon and many others.

In addition, there is a division of cap mushrooms according to the location of the cap relative to the stem:

1. Central. The leg is located in the center of the cap. Most of the mushrooms belong to this species: cepes, chanterelles, mushrooms, milk mushrooms, ryadovki, aspen mushrooms and others.
2. Lateral. The leg is attached to the side of the cap. The most famous of these mushrooms is tinder fungus.
3. Eccentric. The leg is not in the center of the cap. Oyster mushrooms belong to such varieties.

In size, cap mushrooms are very small, in which the cap size is a few millimeters, up to giants 30 centimeters in diameter.

The shape of the cap is also very diverse. There are round and shapeless options. She may be:

• convex (spherical) - boletus, boletus, moss,
• funnel-shaped (with a depression in the middle) - volzhanki, milk mushrooms,
• pointed in the center - rows,
• straight line with curved up or down edges - russula, chanterelles. The edges can change with the age of the fungus.

In places where these forest gifts abound, people sometimes collect only caps, considering it the most delicious and nutritious part of the mushroom.

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Features of the structure of cap mushrooms. All of you are familiar with cap mushrooms that grow on humus-rich forest soil, in fields and meadows, and are found on rotting wood. The body of the cap fungus is a mycelium, consisting of thin hyphae located in the upper layer of the soil. The mycelium is the main part of the cap mushrooms and carries out all their vital functions - growth, nutrition and reproduction. Reproduction is associated with the development of fruit bodies on the mycelium - that part of the fungal organism, which

Diagram of the structure of the cap mushroom: 1 - cap; 2 - leg; 3 - fruiting body; 4 - mycelium.

In everyday life, we usually call it a mushroom.

The fruiting body consists of a stem and a cap. The leg and cap are formed by tufts of hyphae that fit tightly to each other. In the leg, all the threads are the same, but in the cap they form two layers: a dense upper, often colored, and lower one. In some mushrooms, the bottom layer of the cap consists of numerous plates (russula, milk mushrooms, champignons, pale toadstool). This lamellar mushrooms. In a porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, oiler, the bottom layer is represented by numerous tubes, therefore they are called tubular mushrooms.

On the plates, in the tubes, and in some representatives on the spines, tens of millions of tiny dispute. Once ripe, these spores spill out and are carried by wind, water, insects and other animals, thereby facilitating the widespread spread of fungi. Once in moist soil, rich in humus, spores germinate, and mycelium develops from them.

In contrast to the long-lived mycelium, the fruiting bodies of most cap mushrooms are short-lived. They live for a period that is necessary for the development of spores, with the help of which the fungi multiply. The life expectancy of the fruiting body of the boletus is 5-10 days, the boletus is 12-14 days, the mushroom is up to 40 days.

The sizes of the fruit bodies of mushrooms are very different - from microscopically small to giants. For example, in the vicinity of Leipzig, a mushroom 75 cm high with a cap diameter of 130 cm and a weight of 48 kg was found.

An equally interesting case was noted in Belarus. At the beginning of autumn in the Vitebsk region, in a young oak forest, a white mushroom was found, which had a height of 40 cm, a leg thickness of 30 cm, a cap diameter of 60 cm and weighed 8 kg.

Nutrition. Hat mushrooms feed on ready-made organic substances of the environment, absorbing them by the entire surface of the mycelium from the soil, while decomposing wood and forest litter. Many mushrooms (boletus, boletus, camelina, etc.) are in symbiosis, that is, in close connection with the roots of trees and shrubs, which is useful for both the mushroom and the plant. The filaments of the mycelium twine around the small roots of a certain type of tree, penetrate into them and are located between their cells. Such education is called mycorrhiza, which literally means "mushroom root" (Greek. mixes - mushroom and rizos - root).

The mycelium absorbs water with dissolved minerals from the soil and supplies them to the roots of plants. Thus, the mycelium increases the suction surface of the root by 10-14 times, secretes vitamins and growth substances, stimulating the development of the root system.

The fungus receives ready-made organic substances from the roots of the plant, primarily sugars, as well as root secretions, which contribute to the germination of the spores of the fungus. Mycorrhiza is found in most land plants.

Edible mushrooms. About 5 thousand species of cap mushrooms are known, of which more than a thousand are found in Belarus. There are more than 200 types of edible mushrooms in our republic, but not all of them are equally valuable for nutrition. The greatest value is boletus, real milk mushroom, mushroom, boletus, common champignon, moss, boletus, butterdish, chanterelle, autumn mushroom. Fresh edible mushrooms are 84-94% water. The dry matter of the fruiting body contains 20-40% protein, 17-60% sugar, 1.5-10% fat. There are also many mineral elements, acids, vitamins, volatile oils, which give the mushrooms a peculiar smell and taste. Mushrooms are a valuable food product, although their proteins are absorbed by our body much worse than the proteins of plant products.

Dried, pickled, salted-boiled and salted mushrooms are in great demand in our country and abroad.

Morels and stitches are the first to appear in the forests of Belarus at the end of April, and champignons in May. Boletus and boletus boletus begin to grow in mid-June. Peri-

Edible mushrooms: 1 - porcini mushroom; 2 - boletus; 3 - boletus; 4 - mushroom; 5 - ordinary oiler; 6 - food russula; 7 - common champignon.

From the second half of summer to late autumn, it is favorable for the enhanced growth of all types of mushrooms.

When collecting mushrooms, the fruiting bodies should be cut with a knife so as not to damage the mycelium. In addition, one must be able to distinguish between poisonous and edible mushrooms.

Poisonous mushrooms. Pale toadstool, many types of fly agaric, some types of umbrella mushrooms, goose bumps, ryadovok, etc., when ingested, can cause serious and sometimes fatal poisoning. The death of a person can result in the ingestion of only a fourth of the cap of the pale toadstool.

In order not to confuse poisonous mushrooms with edible ones, you should know them well and be able to distinguish them. For example, a pale toadstool looks like a champignon, but differs in that its cap is greenish, and the flesh and plates are white. The champignon has pinkish plates and flesh. When picking mushrooms that look like champignons, you need to carefully examine the underside of the caps.

Amanita muscaria is easy to distinguish from other mushrooms by its bright red cap with white spots.

Real chanterelles are bright yellow in color, the flesh of the mushroom is light. Their cap is funnel-shaped with raised, wavy edges. The false chanterelle is reddish-orange. Its pulp is orange-yellow.

False mushrooms outwardly resemble the real ones, however, upon careful examination, you can easily find differences. The present

Poisonous mushrooms: 1 - pale toadstool (green fly agaric); 2 - white toadstool (smelly fly agaric); 3 - red fly agaric; 4 - pointed row; 5 - waxy talker; 6 - polished talker; 7-false mushroom.

The underside of the cap is light and has a filmy ring on the stem, while the false filmy ring does not. In addition, false mushrooms have a brightly colored cap, the plates under the cap are violet-brown, an unpleasant smell.

To prevent mushroom poisoning, the following rules must be followed:

1. Collect only those mushrooms that are known to you as edible.

2. When harvesting, carefully examine each mushroom before placing it in the basket. If the mushroom found looks like a poisonous one, if you doubt its edibility, it is better not to take such a mushroom.

3. The most characteristic signs of poisonous mushrooms are the presence of a filmy ring on the leg (except for the mushroom), warts and patches on the cap; honey agarics have brightly colored plates, an unpleasant smell.

It should be remembered that mushroom proteins quickly decompose with the subsequent formation of poisons, therefore, poisoning can also be caused by edible, but old, overripe mushrooms. In addition, you should not pick mushrooms in areas with high radiation and near highways.

Help with poisoning. In all cases of poisoning, an urgent need to consult a doctor. Before the arrival of the doctor, it is necessary to cleanse the patient's stomach by washing with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, use an enema to free the intestines and ensure strict bed rest. To quickly remove the poison from the body, you need to water the victim as often as possible with cool boiled salted water, strong tea or milk.

The body of cap mushrooms (mycelium) is a system of thin long hyphae. The mycelium is located in the upper layer of fertile soil, from which the fungus absorbs water with nutrients dissolved in it. Fruit bodies develop on the mycelium, which serve for the formation of spores; with their help, the mushrooms spread. Many fungi establish a close bond with plant roots, which is beneficial to both the fungus and the plant. This cohabitation that is beneficial for both organisms is called mutualism.