Avachinskaya Sopka. Characteristics and history. The current state of the volcano. Mass climb to the top of the volcano

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Volcano Avachinsky (Avachinskaya Sopka , Avacha , Avachinsky Volcano , Avacha volcano , Avachinskaya Sopka ) is located northwest of ... The volcano is part of a chain of five volcanoes of northwest striking. Located 27-30 km northeast of cities Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yelizovo, 55 km from cities Vilyuchinsk... The volcano has a complex structure of the Somma-Vesuvius type, only of a much larger size. The somme has a diameter of over 4 km. It was destroyed and opened in the southwestern part. In the eastern, undisturbed part, the absolute height of its edge is 2317 m. The atrio between the preserved edges and the modern cone is filled with ice and firn, which in several tongues descend onto the slopes of the volcano. The modern cone is located asymmetrically in the somma. It has a regular shape, its absolute height is 2751 m, relative height is 400–1000 m. The summit is crowned with a crater. Until 1991, it had the shape of a funnel with a diameter of 350 m and a depth of 220 m. In 1991, during the eruption, the funnel was almost completely filled with lava. A small stream of lava poured out onto the southern slope of the cone. On the whole, the surface of the cone is flat and only in the summit part is complicated by the accumulation of lavas from recent eruptions.

Passengers arriving in Belarus or leaving Belarus will be subject to border control at international checkpoints. IN Russian Federation there was no terrorist threat. However, in some parts of Dagestan, Russian anti-terrorist forces have long been carrying out anti-terrorist activities aimed at fighting local Islamist groups.

There is a high risk of general crime in Russia. It is advisable to avoid conspicuous behavior indicating that you have a lot of money, especially in places such as hotels, restaurants, gas stations, etc. avoid controversy and adventure, accidentally picking up passengers using Private Apartments invitations from strangers, as well as using such situations with alcohol refreshment. It is proposed to store large amounts of money, tickets, documents and valuables in hotel safes.

The eruption of Avachinsky volcano
January 1991
Archive of A.P. Piragis
www.piragis.ru

The cone is composed of basalts, andesite-basalts. The somma is composed of two lava-pyroclastic complexes of rocks: ancient - basaltic and relatively young - andesite and andesite-basaltic composition. Numerous streams of pyroclastic and explosive formations compose the lower parts and foot of the volcano in the southwestern and northern sectors.

It is best to have only the required amounts and use credit cards. You don't have to walk alone and travel by car at night and stop outside parks and marked parking spaces. For people traveling by car, it is compulsory to have liability insurance. It is advisable to have medical insurance.

Outbreaks of avian influenza have been reported. Vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and B and tick bite disease are recommended. However, in the case of longer treatment procedures and complex procedures, it is necessary to cover their costs and purchase expensive drugs and medications.

The beginning of the formation of the volcano dates back to the Upper, possibly Middle Pleistocene, and the second stage of activity was characterized by powerful directional explosions that destroyed the southwestern part of the caldera. Its fragments are fixed in the outliers the Monastery and other entities. Then, quite strong extrusive and explosive activity began, as a result of which a volcano was formed. Meso-Avacha... Outbreaks of activity with long periods of rest were observed 18, 11–10 thousand years ago. The last phase of eruptions and the formation of the modern cone began 3.5-3 thousand years ago and continues to this day.

With the exception of designated special military zones, movement within Russia is unlimited. In the region of the Kaliningrad region, foreigners are prohibited from entering Baltiysk. At the entrance to the Curonian Spit, an environmental fee is charged. The rest of the Kaliningrad region is accessible without any obstacles, with the exception of the 2 km border zone around the entire circumference. It is advisable to avoid traveling in areas of conflict and tension, especially in the North Caucasus, due to the danger of kidnapping and kidnapping in order to supplant ransom.

For short stays, an international driving license is not required. Long stay is recommended. If you have a driving license in Poland, it is recommended that you have an official translation into Russian, as local police officers do not know the Latin alphabet and may dispute the document. It is advisable to refuel cars at branded gas stations and avoid buying cheap fuel because accidental use can damage the engine. Problems may arise with access to reliable service vehicles of the best brands.

Based on the nature of the tephra deposits, there were initially 100-year hiatuses after eruptions, and in the last 250 years there have been 13 eruptions. The penultimate was observed in 1945, the last was in 1991. On January 13, two rather strong explosions occurred in the summit crater. Then its cavity began to fill with lava. After complete filling In the crater cavity, a small lava flow poured out onto the southern slopes of the cone, the front of which reached the glacier located in the atriosomma in its southwestern part; in the period between eruptions, active fumaroles acted on the bottom and walls of the crater. The temperature of the gases at the outlet varied from 50 ° С to 185 ° С, the highest were noted at its bottom.

The condition of most roads and the degree of compliance with traffic regulations by both drivers and pedestrians leaves much to be desired. It is advisable to leave cars in guarded parking lots where possible due to the risk of theft of license plates that cannot be used on public roads in Russia.

Vehicles will be exempt from transport, privileged and transport military technologies. The fee must be paid prior to entering the federal highway, under penalty of perjury. In person in one of 138 offices. Customs restrictions do not differ from generally accepted standards. For temporary transit to Russia vehicle for a period of up to 2 months, customs clearance must be carried out at the border customs office. Upon returning to Poland, the deposit can be collected at the office that took it, during opening hours.

At present, fumaroles are confined to various parts of the lava that filled the crater. The most powerful exits are observed in the part of the summit. Here and in many other areas, the lava surface subsides as a result of the compaction of the material due to its heating. In this regard, it is not recommended to move people along the surface of the summit without special equipment and advice from volcanologists.

The condition for using such a car is to obtain a power of attorney from the owner of the vehicle, translated into Russian. Upon entering Russia, you must declare all valuables you are wearing and make sure the customs authority signs, prints and returns the declaration. You can export free of charge: alcoholic drinks - 2 liters, cigarettes - 200 cigars, 50 cigars, black and red caviar - 250 g, types of valuable fish - 2 kg. The export of works of art is only possible with the permission of the Russian Ministry of Culture, where customs officials often use an extended interpretation of what is a work of art.

Until recently Avachinsky volcano was one of the most active in Kamchatka. It arose several tens of thousands of years ago, and its regular cone rose higher ... But giant explosions tore it down upper part and formed a caldera with a diameter of almost 4 km. About 5 thousand years ago a new cone began to rise from the bottom of the caldera. By its modern structure Avacha refers to the type of double volcanoes.

Possession of drugs, even in the smallest amount for personal use, as well as psychotropic drugs, is considered a crime that faces a penalty of imprisonment. Fines for other types of crimes: theft depending on the cost of damage - up to 10 years, robbery - from 3 to 15 years, rape - from 3 to 15 years, contraband works of art and currency - from 6 months to 12 years in prison. When leaving the place of residence, you must have documents with you. The law prohibits the consumption of alcohol in public places.

Violations are subject to disciplinary action. Upon arrival in Russia for a stay of more than 7 working days, the registration fee must be completed no later than the seventh working day from the date of arrival to the place of residence. The Registration Department is the territorial unit responsible for the place of residence of the Migration Agency. Hotel guests are checked at the front desk. For lack of the required report, a fine may arise, and in the case of a longer stay without verification, even expulsion.

The explosion of the volcano was directed to the southwest. Hot clouds of gases, ash, small and large debris rushed to the side Avachinskaya lip and, having flown about 25 km, almost reached its shores. Deposits of clouds covered the ground with an uneven layer up to 300 m thick. The entire hilly plateau north of Petropavlovsk was created by these deposits. In the hollows lie lakes Sinichkino, Flat, Sparrow and a number of others.

Hotels and hotel service providers have the right to receive foreigners who have lost their identity documents and received new documents for their departure from Russia for up to 10 days from the date of issue of new documents. Homosexuality is legal in Russia. However, there is a lack of tolerance on the part of Russian society. Pay attention to public displays of affection. It is unclear how this law will be applied, but it should be borne in mind that it provides for severe penalties for foreigners, including arrest, fines and deportation.

Over the last century, eruptions have occurred in 1901, 1909-1910, 1926-1927, 1938 and 1945. Thus, during this time, the average period between eruptions was 9–10 years, and the longest - 16 years. Since last eruption over 40 years have passed (the book was published in 1988 and written before the eruption Avachinskaya Sopka in 1991. - Approx. ed. site), the volcano is silent, limited to moderate fumarolic activity. Some volcanologists believe that this prolonged dormant period could last for many tens, if not hundreds of years, while others believe that the probability of an eruption before 1994 will be 65%.

Money can be exchanged without restrictions in banks and exchange offices, but some of them, for example, in the Kaliningrad region, require a passport. Avoid exchanges outside of bureaus and banks, although they offer the best rate due to the high probability of receiving counterfeit banknotes. In Russia, a significant proportion of cultural sites are subject to differentiated prices for local residents and foreigners. It is advisable to avoid buying alcohol from kiosks and roadside kiosks due to the danger of poisoning, as well as consuming any liquids offered by unknown persons such as a taxi driver. When buying food, pay attention to the shelf life. Complaints are accepted before the Internet is done, which in many cases leads to fraudulent large sums, for example, under the pretext of permitting a visa, identification of cash held during the stay in Poland.

  • ATMs accept payment cards all over the world.
  • Banks act as intermediaries in the transfer of money from abroad to individuals.
Entry to the Kaliningrad region is carried out in connection with the suspension of the Small border traffic only on the basis of a valid visa.

The last eruption took place on February 25, 1945 (the book was published in 1988 and was written before the eruption of Avachinskaya volcano in 1991. - Approx. ed. site). In the preceding days, a column of vapor calmly rose from the crater, as usual, and there was no sign of a change in the volcano's behavior. A small group of three, which included the author ( Vladimir Ivanovich Semyonov . — Approx. site editor), was preparing on the last Sunday of February to climb Avachu ... We postponed it due to minor reasons not related to the ascent. And the eruption that began, fortunately, we had to watch from Petropavlovsk... That Sunday, around 2 pm, light gray clouds poured out of the crater. Their color quickly darkened, and their height increased. The swirling ash pillar rose to a height of 7–8 km. On the southern slope, the supposed route of our ascent, gray rolls of gases and ash rolled down, through them white clouds of evaporating snow rose up. Lightning ripped through the ash cloud in all directions. By the evening, volcanic bombs were visible, being thrown in volleys to a kilometer height. From the volcano came a dying, then increasing rumble. IN Petropavlovsk the earth trembled, dishes rattled on the tables, window panes rattled.

The Polish-Russian border can be crossed by the following road border crossings. Crossing the border of the Kaliningrad region by one of the four road crossings, the vehicle must be insured against civil liability in Russia and have medical insurance for 30 thousand. Also do not forget to fill out a one-time temporary customs clearance permit for vehicles. This activity is carried out directly in the Russian part of the border crossing after passport processing.

Upon entering the county, you must declare all the money and valuables you are wearing. When crossing the border, you must remember to ask the Russian passport officer to issue the so-called. migration card, which must be kept before leaving Russia.

By the north-westerly wind, the ash column tilted and, forming a dark plume, was slowly carried away towards the ocean. The layer of fallen ash in the ash fall zone reached up to half a meter. Birch forests and bushes died. The roads were filled up and had to be cleared. Ramparts and slag heaps along the roads resembled the situation during snow drifts. There were also casual victims. Slag later found the widest application - all buildings in Petropavlovsk and the surrounding area are built using this lightweight material.

Note: the migration card is issued free of charge. In case of destruction or loss of a migration card, you must notify the Federal Migration Service within three days after your passport is issued with a repeat after checking your passport.

Taking into account the difficulties associated with crossing the borders of the Kaliningrad region, it is inappropriate to use the perimeter zone for transit travel. Polish citizens entering the Kaliningrad Region on the basis of Russian visas in accordance with local legislation have the right to stay without registration only for a period not exceeding 7 working days. The extension of the period of stay can be made only if the place of residence is registered with the migration service.

Crater Avachi represents a funnel of irregular shape tapering downward, with a diameter of about 400 m at the top and a depth of about 250 m. From crevices in the walls and at the bottom of the crater, swirling jets of vapors and gases escape. The temperature of lateral fumaroles reaches 150 ° С, of bottom fumaroles - up to 500–600 ° С. In the places where they exit, the walls are painted in yellow and whitish tones with deposits of sulfur, ammonia and other substances.

On the territory of the region, you can move without any obstacles, with the exception of the border zone and areas with limited access, where foreigners are prohibited from traveling with internal organs... Please note that you pay a climate tax upon entering the Curonian Spit.

Others, including Polish citizens who intend to leave the Kaliningrad region for Poland via road border crossings, are exposed to the need in the long run, up to several hours, waiting in line to enter the border crossing. In the queues of vehicles waiting before crossing the border, persons offering the possibility of crossing the border out of order, after paying an unofficial fee, are open, but this is a completely illegal activity, similar to the collection of customs duties by officers of the Russian border services.

The crater depth is not constant. So, after the lava eruption in 1938, the plug of the cooled lava stopped at a depth of only 30–40 m from the upper edge, and the descent to the bottom was easy and safe. When clean ash eruption In 1945, the old plug was thrown out, and the crater became much deeper, and the descent into it is difficult and dangerous. It is noteworthy that the first to descend into it in July 1956 was a group of schoolchildren. They had neither equipment nor experience, and the risk was enormous. Since then, occasionally repeated descents of a sporting nature and volcanologists often descend, of course, provided with equipment and oxygen apparatus.

There are times when officers of the Russian border service demand bribes for crossing the border from 100 to 200 rubles, and drivers who refuse to pay the "fee" are sent to the border crossing at the border crossing, where they wait for registration.

A separate problem is the punishment of mandates and representation of the Russian traffic police. Polish signs documents in Russian without the participation of a translator and refers to them by court cases... Sometimes based on such documents russian courts introduced administrative sanctions, including the loss of a driver's license.

Climbing to the top Avachi technically uncomplicated, but caution and discipline are imperative, and failure to follow them has already resulted in several casualties. The most tragic incident should still be told. On July 20, 1968, the weather for the ascent was clearly unfavorable - a strong wind was blowing, the summit was covered by clouds. But, despite this, knowing neither the route of the ascent, nor the conditions of the ascent, the Leningrad geologist S. G. Kotlyar and his daughter Natasha, a fifth-year university student, went to the ascent. They had ice axes, the geologist should have had experience. But the surface of the cone covered with snow was icy, and they did not have crampons or discarded shoes. I had to go back, but they kept going up. Somewhere along the way, and perhaps already on the edge of the crater, one of them slipped and began to slide, another rushed to help and also fell. They were unable to linger with ice axes. They found them only two days later at the foot of the cone, broken and frozen.

Avachinsky volcano - one of active volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula (there are 28 operating and 160 extinct volcanoes), situated near the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky(25 km to the north-east).

Height volcano is 2751 meters, the silhouette has the correct conical shape.Crater diameter - approximately 400 meters, exist numerous fumaroles... As a result 1991 eruptions the funnel with a diameter of 350 meters and a depth of 220 meters, located on the top of Avachinsky, was completely filled with water.

The peculiarity of Avachinsky is that this is the so-called double volcano - an attentive observer may notice that the cone of the volcano is, as it were, in a depression with a steep edge... This edge is remnants of an old cone... The reason for this unusual structure is eruption of catastrophic powerwhich happened around 3000 years ago... Then the top of the volcano, which had a height of more than three thousand meters, was demolished by a violent explosion, and formed huge crater. One and a half kilometer top of the volcano disappeared in an instant - scattered in the form of multi-ton blocks for tens of kilometers.

Now Avachinsky growing gradually - with each new eruption, its height increases (according to observations, from 1737 there were 15 eruptions). The volcano is very active - he's practically constantly smokes, giving off gas and steam... Another difference between Avachinsky and most other volcanoes lies in the very the location of the magma chamber close to the earth's surface - according to geophysical surveys, the depth of its occurrence is only 3-5 km.

Strong eruptions Avachinsky very dangerous: they are characterized by an outburst a large amount of hot material, education mud streams and ash falls.

There are some versions of the origin of the name volcano, but they are all associated with the language itelmen - indigenous people Kamchatka. There is an opinion that the word "Avacha" takes its roots from the Itelmen name Avacha Bay "Gshuabach". "Kshchu" - " bay"," apache "-" father". According to another version, the name Avachinsky comes from" Avachkh "-" fieryth ".

The volcano slopes are covered forestconsisting of dwarf cedar and stone birch. Closer to the top begin glaciers and snowfields.

Avachinsky as active volcano, represents a extremely powerful place of power, with an explicit the predominance of the element of fire... The energy of the volcano consists of several factors:

  • this is massive mountain dominant over the surrounding space and havingpyramidal shape;
  • high level of entropy (impossible to predict volcanic eruptions), with a probabilitycatastrophic consequences for all living things;
  • contrary to the previous factor, the volcano not only sows death, but alsois the cradle of life: science has proven that in places with increased volcanic activityevolution is much more intense;
  • the above acts as a causecenturies-old worship of Avacha volcanofrom the local residents, confident in his connection with the supernatural forces of divine nature, which are capable of severe punishment.

Due to the indicated factors, Avachinsky volcano has powerful impact on peoplepracticing energy practices nearby: there is an accelerated restoration of strength, strengthening of will.

The volcano is popular tourist destination from residents of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and guests of the city. Great view to the capital of the peninsula, the nearest volcanoes and valleys, opening from the top of Avachinsky, is worthy of a reward for people who have made a successful ascent.

Climb the volcano simple enough - climbing annually are committed by 2-3 thousand people, but you need to be disciplined and precautions, take seriously the predictions of increased volcanic activity.

Usually the journey to and from the summit takes two days with one overnight stay, which can be held at the summer tourist base located between Avach and Koryaka. To correctly distribute your forces, it is recommended start the ascent from the base camp at dawn.



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