Types of volcanoes. Volcanism is a complex process in which magma rises from the bowels of the earth, breaks through the earth's crust and pours out onto the surface. Products of volcanic eruptions. Volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Krakatau

Signs of pregnancy after embryo implantation

Volcano (from lat. vulcanus - fire, flame, origin. the name of the roman fire god) Is a mountain spewing lava, ash and volcanic bombs.

The very word volcano comes from the name of the Mediterranean island of Vulcano, which the Romans considered the home of Vulcan, the god of fire. This island is a conical mountain.

The surface of Mars is dry and dusty. The plateau in the southern half of Mars has more craters than the smaller plains in the northern hemisphere. One of the craters is the mighty Hellas-Planicia with a diameter of 100 km. They haven't erupted in a million years. Most big volcano - Olympus Mons.

It is 27 km high, which makes it the most high mountain in the solar system, much higher than Mount Everest on Earth. Mars has a huge canyon called Valles Marineris. It is much larger than the Grand Canyon on Earth. Its length is 000 km, it is almost 7 km deep and up to 200 km wide.

Largest volcanoes

The edge of the slab sinks into the mantle, partially melts and turns into a liquid rock mass - magma. As a result high pressure magma begins to rise up through the mother-in-law in the earth's crust and flows out to the surface. The magma poured onto the surface is called lava.

Classification of volcanoes by shape:
shield and stratovolcanoes

There are also ice caps at both poles. They are composed of carbon dioxide and water ice. The North Pole is larger, the South Pole is smaller. In some places, there are canals that look as if they were created by water erosion. Perhaps Mars was once a wet planet, like Earth.

If you could board a spacecraft and land on Mars, you would notice that the air and atmosphere, albeit very thin, are. But you still don't want to breathe air because it contains very little oxygen and much more carbon dioxide than the Earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the gas that comes out of your lungs when you breathe.

The shape of the volcano and the nature of its eruption depend on the properties of the flowing lava. If lava flows out of the volcano and flows until it hardens, then huge thyroid landforms are formed - thyroid (panel board) volcanoes... For example, these are the volcanoes of Iceland and New Zealand.

Despite these problems, humans will one day fly to Mars and come to its surface. Mars has two moons called Phobos and Deimos. It is believed that these moons did not originally orbit around Mars, but were part of the asteroid belt. When these parts of the solar system approached Mars, they were trapped by gravity, traveling in fairly stable orbits around Mars. As with the Earth's Moon, these moons are in associated rotation with Mars and therefore always show it the same side during their orbit.

In Roman mythology, Phobos and Deimos were the sons of the war god Mars. Phobos means "fear" or "fear". Phobos gets closer to Mars than the moons of all other planets Solar system... In a few million years, Phobos is likely to hit the surface of Mars, which it is approaching due to the destruction of the railroad. Sulfur and Nickel. The coat and rind are made of silicate rock.


Volcano diagram

But it happens that volcanoes erupt not liquid, but thick and rapidly solidifying lava. Sometimes it hardens already in the mouth of the volcano and then each new eruption of the volcano begins with the fact that the frozen volcanic plug erupts upward with a powerful explosion. Solid rocks, together with lava and ash, settle on the slopes of a volcanic cone - such a volcano grows upwards and is called a cone-shaped volcano,or a stratovolcano. These are, for example, Vesuvius, Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Fujiyama.

How hard is the weight of Mars for me?

If you are on Mars, you will only be two-fifths as on Earth. Of the objects that you could just lift on Earth, you could carry almost three times as much on Mars. Plus, you could jump nearly three times as high as on Earth, and it would take you much longer to land if you jump from the same height to Mars as you do on Earth.

While it looks like you are a comic book hero on Mars, there are still tons of items to pay attention to. A large object moving forward will still crush you if you get in the way, just like here on Earth, and a bullet from a rifle will do the same damage to Mars as on Earth. Vehicletraveling across Mars will have the same braking problems as on Earth, but worse, Mars's lower gravity will make the wheels less entangled, making it difficult to slow down at high speeds.

Eruption

By the frequency of eruptions, volcanoes are classified into active, asleep and extinct.

An active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted in a historical period of time or in holocene (the era of the Quaternary period, which lasts the last 11 thousand years up to the present).

Mars has a reddish tint in the night sky. For this reason, it was named after the Roman god of war. Here you will only find links to websites in English. Links to sites in German coming soon. Iceland is an island country in the North Atlantic. The island has volcanic origin; More than 11% of the country's surface is made up of glaciers. The population density is only 3 inhabitants per square kilometer. In addition, about two-thirds of the population lives in the congestion area of \u200b\u200bthe capital, Reykjavik.

Areas of Iceland. Here Iceland has the highest population density, that is, due to the capital. The so-called "Golden Circle" also features some of the most visited attractions. Especially for birdwatchers, this is probably the most important region of Iceland. Many Icelandic legends originate here. In the southwest, summers are warmer and winters are slightly cooler. Southeast This includes southern Austurlandia and eastern Sugrunland. A country of superlatives: white ice, green grass and all black sand. Surrounded by high mountains and deep fjords. Highlands This region extends over all districts except Westfjords. The interior consists of rocky deserts, rugged peaks, glaciers, volcanoes, hidden valleys, and hot fumaroles. This is a stunning, unspoiled desert. Here you can only walk on slopes such as Kjölur or Spengisandur. Grimsey: Small island with a hundred inhabitants north of the mainland, the northernmost part of Iceland. Interesting because of the bird life, which is especially popular with tourists, because it is located exactly on the polar circle that you cross on the runway. This makes Myvatn the second most important tourist destination in Iceland after Reykjavik. With amphibious vehicles, you can explore the glacial lagoon at Vatnaikulk between the impressive icebergs. Open year round geothermal outdoor pool between Keflavik Airport and Reykjavik. Greenland: There are several tours from Reykjavik to Greenland all year round. Faroe Islands: The islands are located more than 500 km southeast of Iceland and are no longer part of the state.

  • Southwest Contains southwestern Westurland and western Sudrun.
  • The northwest consists of northern Westerland, Westfjord and Nordland-Westra.
  • Keflavik International Airport - Reykjavik - Capital.
  • There are numerous day trip providers.
  • In summer as a day tour, at least 2 days.
  • The ferry from Denmark stops here every week.
Iceland - volcanic island on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and one of the hot spots.

Dormant volcanoes were active hundreds or thousands of years ago, and then "fell asleep." If such a volcano "wakes up", then its eruption will surely begin with an explosion and lava will make its way from the frozen rocks that have blocked the mouth of the volcano.

Extinct volcanoes are called old mountains, which are composed of volcanic rocks, but which have not been active throughout the history of mankind.
Active volcanoes constantly “smoke”, emitting water vapor and poisonous for all life oxides of carbon and sulfur, compounds of nitrogen, chlorine and other elements. During the active phase, volcanoes throw out clouds ash - small drops of solidified lava.

Due to volcanism, the island grows by about 1.5 cm per year. The volcanic belt runs through Iceland from southwest to northeast. The width of the belt in the south is about 60 km and narrows in the north to about 20 km and covers about a quarter of the country. The southwestern part of the country with Reykjavik is North America, and when you get off the plane at Keflavik, you end up in American soil. The other side of this continental plate is San Andreas Graben. The eastern part of the country lies on the European plate.

Leadership columns of the earth, led by tourist guides with a hint, one step from Europe to America, some dizziness on the label, a breakpoint of continents several kilometers wide. By the way, not all rocks are boundaries between continents, even if you like to confuse them. As Iceland gradually rose from the sea, there are several former rocks in the interior, which today look like continental fractures.

Volcanic ash causes a lot of inconvenience: it covers streets and roofs of houses with a thick layer, which interferes with traffic, during large eruptions under its weight roofs collapse and wires burst. It penetrates everywhere, hangs in the air and makes breathing difficult for people and animals. Rising to a height of several kilometers, the ash prevents aircraft from flying.

The consequences of volcanism are greeted by tourists every day: the water vapor that pours from the ground has given the name to many places in Iceland. Reykjavik is smoke or steam, for example Reykjavik is a smoking bay. Already the first settlers used the hot water that comes to the surface, and today geothermal sources are used for energy production. In winter, the sidewalks in central Reykjavik are mostly free of snow. Almost every contact with water is accompanied by a sulfur smell. Hot water is an almost inexhaustible source of energy for Icelanders, used for electricity generation, heating and hot water supply.



View from space

Particles of volcanic ash that have risen into the stratosphere scatter solar radiation, which leads to a decrease in air temperature throughout the planet and the so-called volcanic winter - pollution of the earth's atmosphere with ash due to special major eruption volcano, entailing a cooling in many regions of the world.

Nobody lives in the interior, the country is inhospitable for Icelanders. Certain infrastructures emerge only for summer tourism. In general, many Icelanders do not find their country particularly exciting and find the wasteland boring. There are so many Reykjavik residents who are better versed in Europe than the rest of the country. It is all the more surprising that no matter where you go, almost every second house is a church. Icelanders, however, are not particularly religious, but there used to be a law that states that the church is tax-free.

When a volcano erupts, lava flows usually pour out, which burn and kill everything in its path.


Lava- molten rocks and minerals pouring out during volcanic eruptions onto the earth's surface.

Sometimes, during a volcanic eruption, a scorching cloud can form, consisting of hot gases, ash, pumice and volcanic rocks.

Mordor or just a lava field in Iceland? The films were shot in New Zealand, but the author Tolkien ended up in Iceland before he wrote The Lord of the Rings. Iceland is more densely populated mainly in the coastal region. Here you can also find wet meadows and marshes. Initially, the island was once forested up to 20%. The mountainous terrain is a dry desert landscape and consists of glaciers, lava fields, volcanoes, mountain lakes, which are partially dammed, and very large pebble sites. Although it rains a lot, water seeps into many places.

Iceland is the only country in the world with big amount waterfalls than people. The size of the country is gleefully underestimated. It is significantly larger than North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, or like Portugal, and only slightly smaller than Switzerland and Austria. The ring road that once passes through Iceland is about 500 km. For a tour that takes this road with Iceland's main attractions, a week is usually estimated. Last but not least, we must not forget that even the developed ring road is not a motorway, but rather corresponds to the best, sometimes worst, country road.

Of all volcanic processes, this is the most dangerous.
For example, the Mont Pele volcano on the island of Martinique (Caribbean) killed 40,000 people in 1902 with its scorching clouds and completely destroyed the city of Saint Pierre. In two minutes at a speed of 160 km / h, a scorching cloud crossed the city and all of its 40,000 inhabitants were dead. The walls of the houses were upturned and destroyed, and large trees were uprooted.

And detours often run on gravel roads where you flip more than discs. Sulfur is springtime on Myvatna, the smell is sometimes difficult to bear. People of the century have already lived. This year, for the first time, free peasants and priests, the so-called Allin, gathered. There problems were settled and resolved by law, sometimes with the help of armies.

The century came to a civil war similar to a battle, so the Norwegian king could dissolve the liberal Icelandic nation state. Aljing was now responsible only for case law. Fisheries and exports have been expanded. However, this only worked with day laborers, as farmers discouraged the establishment of fishing villages.


If the top of the volcano is covered with ice and snow, then during the eruption of the volcano, ice and snow melt, forming volcanic mud flows - lahars... Going down the slopes of the volcano, the mud-stone stream sweeps away everything in its path and covers the surroundings with a thick layer of volcanic rocks.
The speed of these streams can reach 90 km / h, and the distance they travel reaches 160 km. Famous eruption Vesuvius 79 AD buried the city of Pompeii under a thick layer of ash. Another city, Herculaneum, was flooded with mud streams resulting from heavy rains that washed away powerful ash deposits. When the mud froze, the city of Herculaneum was firmly "concreted" under a layer deeper than the ash layer that covered Pompeii.

Denmark introduced a monopoly, and since the Icelanders did not own their own ships, they were at the mercy of the crown. The economy was destroyed. This is one of the most large eruptions volcanoes ever encountered by humans and has had a significant impact on the global climate. An ash cloud covered the skies over Europe for several weeks. One fifth of 1000 Icelandic residents have died from short and long term consequences. Scientists aren't sure if Lucky's outbreak had such a big impact.

Then the riots of the world wars began with the occupation by the British. Over time, Icelanders developed political and international cooperation, as well as their own economic system. Fishing continues to be the main activity, and fishing margins have increased over time to 200 nautical miles.

10 most active volcanoes

The volcano is a fire-breathing mountain. Usually volcanoes are in the shape of a regular cone with gentle slopes at the bottom and steep walls at the top. At the top of the volcano there is a large depression with steep walls - this is a crater.
The incandescent substance, hidden from us by the solid earth's crust, at the boundaries of the plates can rise high to the surface and become liquid, turn into magma. Its temperature is so high that the rock melts and opens the way for magma to the surface. In the form of hot, thick foam, magma rises higher and higher until it begins to overflow over the edge of the crater.
Gradually, water vapor and gases leave the magma, it becomes denser and elm-

Volcano structure diagram

coy, and then it is called lava. Lava is molten stones. The lava temperature is about 1000 ° C. A volcano of regular shape is formed from solidified lava flows. The speed of lava flow depends on its density and the conditions of the eruption. Sometimes it flows slowly, so that a person can get away from the flow on foot, sometimes the lava flow rushes at a speed of more than 100 km / h.
If a volcano erupts every few years or more, it is called active. Lot active volcanoes is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Some volcanoes operated in the distant past, and for a very long time lava did not pour out of them. it extinct volcanoes... They are in the Crimea, Transbaikalia and other regions.

Some volcanoes are found in the ocean rather than on land. Many islands were formed exclusively thanks to volcanic activity... Volcanoes and earthquake zones are located in certain parts of the planet, that is, along the boundaries of lithospheric plates - where the most violent processes take place in the earth's crust.
The high temperature of volcanoes is the reason for the formation of hot springs and geysers - hot fountains - of natural origin in volcanic regions. Time-

Geyser structure diagram 26

from time to time, the geyser throws a stream of hot water and steam into the air. The temperature of water vapor sometimes reaches 250 ° C. In some geysers, water hardly moves. The record distance to which the geyser throws hot water is more than 80 meters.
Geysers form wherever hot magma comes close enough to the surface. In addition to Kamchatka, Iceland's geysers are world famous. There are enough hot water reserves to heat the capital of this country - the city of Reykjavik. Geysers have been found in New Zealand, America, Japan and China.



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