A small selection of political terminology words, but no less important. In combination with other dictionaries on this topic (,), your vocabulary will be at its best. Some words are repeated from previous creations, but this is not a problem.

The dictionary contains 25 words, which also include some and all directions. Basically, there is a phrase in the whole, for example, which can be used not only in politics. In any case, the selection has already been created, manually, and it’s up to you to decide whether to teach it or not. As always, some words have a transcription, and also a list of words in WORD format.

I create a list of words in such a convenient format, because I believe that you should not focus only on computer learning, you can simply print it out and teach it in any way convenient for you.

List of studied political words:

weighted- weighted
consistent- consistent, persistent
goal-oriented- purposeful
to conduct/pursue policy- carry out policies
main directions— main directions
in the whole- fully
invariable- unchangeable, unchangeable; constant, stable, stable
adherence to- strict adherence to (the rules)
UN Charter- UN statute
conceptual- abstract, sketchy
advancement- promotion, improvement
ultimate goal- final goal
key element- main element
overall system— complex system (control)
maintenance— maintenance; conservation
establishment of cooperation— establishing cooperation
disarmament- demilitarization, disarmament
peacemaking- peacekeeping
peacekeeping- maintaining peace (which stands for)
guarantee- guarantee; obligation, guarantee
territorial integrity- territorial integrity, inviolability
inviolability of boundaries- immunity
legal entity- legal entity
unfailing- unchanging; loyal

Words on the topic “Political words VIII” in English with transcription

weighted	suspended
consistent	consistent, persistent
goal-oriented	goal-oriented
to conduct/pursue policy	pursue a policy
main directions	main directions
in the whole	fully
invariable	unchangeable, unchangeable; constant, stable, stable
adherence to	strict adherence to (rules)
UN Charter	UN statute
conceptual	abstract, sketchy
advancement	promotion, improvement
ultimate goal	final goal
key element	main element
overall system	complex system (control)
maintenance	maintenance; conservation
establishment of cooperation	establishing cooperation
disarmament	demilitarization, disarmament
peacemaking	peacekeeping
peacekeeping	keeping the peace (which stands for)
guarantee	guarantee; obligation, guarantee
territorial integrity	territorial integrity, inviolability
inviolability of boundaries	immunity
legal entity	legal entity
unfailing	unaltered; loyal

Absenteeism– a manifestation of political culture (behavior), which consists in deliberate avoidance of participation in elections.

Absolute monarchy – a form of government in which the power of the monarch (king, king) is not limited either by law (constitution) or parliament.

Power– the ability to influence the behavior of other people, the main (first) institution of the political sphere (politics).

Elections– a system for the formation of political governance bodies, characteristic of the republican and democratic structure of the state. In a democratic system, elections are alternative, closed (secret), direct.

Genocide– extermination by one people of another (for example, Jews by Nazi Germany in 1939-1945, Armenians by the Turks in 1915).

State Duma– lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Consists of 450 deputies elected by a proportional system (from 2016, mixed) for 5 years. Reviews and adopts Federal laws.

State- a form of organization of power in a certain territory that has sovereignty.

Citizen– a subject of legal relations with rights and obligations established by law.

Civil society – a set of non-state institutions and organizations that are not directly dependent on the orders of the authorities state power and taking an active part in public and political life.

Democracy– a type of political regime characterized by the provision of maximum rights and freedoms to the population and their state guarantee.

Dualistic monarchy- a form of government in which a monarch (king, king) heads the executive branch, government and army. It turns out that the government bears double responsibility: both to the monarch and to parliament. This rare form of monarchy is found, for example, in Morocco and Jordan.

Legislative branch- one of the three branches of government responsible for making laws. As a rule, the main legislative body is parliament.

Ideology (political)– a stable system of political norms, values ​​and methods of political struggle adopted by a specific political movement. There are three main types of modern political ideologies: conservative, liberal and revolutionary.

Electoral (election) system– a mechanism for organizing democratic voting in elections of government bodies. There are majoritarian, proportional and mixed systems.

Majoritarian electoral system – elections of senior officials (the President of the Russian Federation, for example), in which the candidate must receive a majority of votes (in one or two rounds of voting) of voters.

Proportional electoral system– elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which seats in parliament are distributed in accordance (in proportion) with the votes received. also, the participating party needs to overcome a certain threshold (5-7% usually). In the Russian Federation, this is how the State Duma is formed.

Mixed electoral system– elections to a representative body of state power (parliament), in which half of the seats in parliament are distributed according to a proportional system, and the other half according to a majoritarian (single-member) system. Elections of deputies State Duma The Russian Federation will be held in 2016 using a mixed system.

Convention – from lat. conventio – contract, agreement, type of international treaty, usually signed a large number states and regulating an issue important for international relations (for example, Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989).

Convention on the Rights of the Child– the main international legal document adopted in 1989 by the United Nations and regulating issues of the legal status of minors (children).

Conservatism- a type of political ideology that asserted that the priority for the development of society is reliance on traditional values ​​- the state, religion, family.

Constitutional system- the structure of society and the state, enshrined in the norms of constitutional law in countries with a constitutional structure, for example in Russian Federation.

Confederation– a temporary association of sovereign states to solve political and economic problems (for example, the European Union). It may develop into a federation or cease to exist.

Liberalism– a type of political ideology that affirmed the priority of the development of society to rely on civil law (liberal) values ​​- human rights and freedoms (Looknatural law), property, democracy and social reform.

Monarchy– a form of government in which the source of power is the monarch and power is inherited (absolute, limited, dualistic).

Party- a political institution and a group of people united by ideology and the desire to achieve power or influence it.

Parliament- the highest legislative body in a republican state. Russia has a bicameral parliament - Federal Assembly.

Mass party– a type of political parties distinguished by their organizational structure and characterized by the presence of compulsory membership, party contributions, party cards and regional organizations. Political parties in the Russian Federation are massive.

Party personnel– a type of political party distinguished by its organizational structure and characterized by the absence of compulsory membership and other formal signs of an individual’s connection with the party. This is how the parties in the USA and Great Britain are structured.

Plebiscite (referendum)- a national poll on an issue of national importance. The decision of the plebiscite becomes law

Pluralism– a key feature of democracy, which consists in ideological diversity, the possibility of guaranteed public discussion and difference of opinions about the problems of social life. In political practice, it is expressed in a multi-party system and competition between socio-political forces and forms of ownership.

Political ideology– a political concept formalized in the form of a program or scientific theory that expresses the interests of social groups, parties and political movements.

Political culture– characterizing the state political system state, a set of values ​​and stereotypes of the population inherent in its political behavior. There are patriarchal, subservient and activist types of political culture.

Political system– a set of interconnected political institutions, political views and norms within the framework of which political life occurs and political power is exercised. The author of the theory of the political system is the modern American political scientist Gabriel Almond.

Political process is a set of actions of subjects and institutions of the political system associated with the struggle for political power.

Political regime– a set of ways and methods used by the authorities to control the population (democratic and non-democratic).

Political science– a humanities science that studies political processes and relations in society related to the activities of the state and other subjects of political activity.

Police – law enforcement agency, whose main goal is to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens within the framework of the law.

Policy- objectively determined and purposeful participation of large masses of people, social groups and individuals in state affairs and in solving problems public life and management of society

Policy-sphere of government and social activities, connected between social groups within the country and between states

Political power- the ability of a class, group, or individual to carry out their will, expressed in politics

Government of the Russian Federation– the highest executive body in the Russian Federation.

Rule of law- a state that sets as its main task the protection of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by it. Main features: the supremacy of legal law, the inviolability of human rights and freedoms, separation of powers.

President- the highest official in a republican state, head of state.

Presidential Republic- a type of republican form of government, characterized by significant powers of the highest official of the President, who heads the Government and is the supreme commander in chief (for example, in the USA).

President of the Russian Federation- the head of the Russian Federation, who has the status of supreme commander-in-chief, guarantor of the constitution. Elected by popular vote for 6 years, determines the main directions of internal and foreign policy countries and representative functions.

Separation of powers– the principle of the rule of law and the republican structure, according to which state power, in order to protect it from monopolization, is divided into legislative, executive and judicial. Guaranteed by a system of “checks and balances”.

Revolution- a type of social change initiated by the population and changing all aspects of social relations. The opposite of reform, evolution. There are political, scientific and technical (STR) revolutions.

Revolution political- a change of state power, carried out primarily by force.

Republic- a form of government characterized by the election of government bodies and democracy. The people are recognized as the source of power.

Reform- a type of social change initiated by the state and changing one type of social relations. Opposite revolution.

Secular state – a non-ecclesiastical state in which the church is separated from education, there is no official state religion. The Russian Federation, according to the Constitution (Article 13), is a secular state.

Separatism– the desire of a part (subject) of a federation, a territory of a country, to secede from the state and create its own independent state.

Mixed Republic– a type of republican form of government, characterized by mutual responsibility of the Government between the President and Parliament (for example, in the Russian Federation).

Federation Council– the upper house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (bicameral parliament). Each subject of the Russian Federation is represented in the Federation Council by two deputies. Approves Federal laws.

Socialism– a transitional stage in the development of human society from capitalism to communism in the formation theory of K. Marx. A society of equal social opportunity is often used as a synonym for communism.

Welfare state - a state that sets the task of maximum concern for the welfare of the population. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7), Russia is a social state.

Subject of the Russian Federation– having limited sovereignty, laws, legislative and executive bodies authorities, taxes part of the territory of the Russian Federation

Sovereignty(independence) is the main feature of the state, the monopoly right of the state to make laws on its territory and represent the interests of the country’s population abroad.

Terrorism– global problem humanity, political extremist practice, which consists in carrying out terrorist attacks against government structures and the population.

Totalitarianism– political regime, striving for complete (total) control of all spheres of social life, reducing social initiative to zero (Stalin’s regime of the 1930s, fascist Italy and Japan, Nazi Germany).

Federalism– recognition of the integrity and indivisibility of the territory of the federation with a guarantee national autonomy, one of the foundations of the constitutional system and national policy of the Russian Federation.

Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation– the highest legislative body in the Russian Federation, a bicameral parliament.

State form- there is a certain way of organizing state power, expressed in the form of government, the form of government and the state regime

Form of government - the order of formation and structure of the highest bodies of state power, the distribution of powers between them, as well as their interaction with each other

Charisma- a set of personal qualities of a politician (oratorical, military leadership talents, ability for political intrigue), which the population endows him with and which allow him to come to power and retain it. In M. Weber’s theory of legitimacy, one of its types.

Extremism- a method of solving political problems by force, used by political parties and groups.

Department of History and Political Science

BRIEF DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL TERMS

Krasnodar, 2005

The dictionary contains a brief description of terms, concepts, concepts, phenomena of a socio-political and socio-economic nature, often found in the media. When compiling, dictionaries published in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, and materials from the World Wide Web were used.

The dictionary is intended for high school students high school, lyceums, vocational schools, technical schools, students of higher educational institutions.

Compiled by: Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor E.M. Kharitonov,

Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor A.A. Ashkhamakhova,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, V.A. Simonenko

Responsible editor: Doctor of Sociological Sciences,

Professor E.M. Kharitonov

A
ABOLITIONISM(Latin abolitio - abolition, destruction) - a social movement of supporters of the abolition of any law. Most often, the term “abolitionism” was applied to the social movement for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery of blacks (mainly in the USA), which arose in late XVIII and the beginning of the 19th century.

ABROGATION(lat. Abrogatio) - the abolition of an outdated law either due to its uselessness, or if it contradicts the spirit and rights of the time. A. is declared a new law. They distinguish: abrogation itself - the complete replacement of the old law with a new one; derogation - partial repeal of the old law; arogation - making necessary changes to the old law and subrogation - adding to the old law.
ABSENTEEISM(Latin absentis - absent) - one of the forms of deliberate boycott of elections by voters, refusal to participate in them; passive protest against the existing form of government, political regime, manifestation of indifference to the exercise of one’s rights and obligations. In a broad sense, it is the fact of the population’s indifference to political life, the philistine idea of ​​individuals that nothing depends on them in politics, politics “isn’t my business,” etc.
ABSOLUTISM(from Latin absolutus - unlimited, unconditional) - absolute, unlimited monarchy, autocratic power, a form of government in which supreme power (legislative, executive, judicial) belongs unlimitedly to one person - the monarch.
ADVENTURISMPOLITICAL(fr. adventure - adventure, risk) - the activity of political leaders, individuals, parties, movements, state and other institutions, which is based on the lack of real knowledge about the objective political situation, the absolutization of one’s capabilities and abilities, an ill-considered, unreasonable action.
AUTARKY(from the Greek autarkeia - self-satisfaction) - the policy of economic and cultural isolation of the country, the desire to create a closed economy relying exclusively on one’s own strength.
AUTOCRACY(Greek autokrateia - autocratic) - a form of government with uncontrolled power of one person, autocracy.
AUTONOMY(Greek autonomia - self-government, independence) - internal self-government of a political-national entity within a single state.

AUTHORITARIANISM(from Latin auctoritas - power, influence) - a political regime in which political power is exercised by a specific person (class, party, elite group) with minimal participation of the people, using dictatorial methods of management.

AUTOCHTHONIC NATIONS(gr. autos itself + chthon land) - the original, primordial population of the country, formed within the territory of a given state

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION(Latin agents - active ) – social institutions and factors (family, educational institutions, church, media, public and political institutions, processes of social and political life, etc.) involved in the process of socialization of the individual.

AGITATION (lat. agitatio - setting in motion) - oral, printed, visual political activity that influences the consciousness and mood of the masses in order to motivate them to activity. As means of propaganda - rallies, publications, speeches, posters, stands, etc.

AGGREGATION– technology for coordinating various microgroup positions within the framework of developing common political demands of a particular group

AGGRESSION(Latin agregsio - attack) - illegal, from the point of view of international law, the use of force by one or more states against the political independence and sovereignty of any state or people with the aim of seizing territory, changing the political or social system.
ADAPTATION(Middle century Latin adaptatio - adaptation) – 1) adaptation of existing domestic legal norms to the new international obligations of the state without making any changes to its legislation. 2) (from Latin adaptare - to adapt) - the process of interaction of an individual (group) with the social environment, during which the prevailing norms and values ​​of a given society, class, group are learned, and the environment is changed in accordance with new conditions and goals of activity, eg in connection with industrialization, urbanization, scientific and technological revolution. 3) Adaptation of political mechanisms (institutions of power, political parties, government systems) to the changing conditions of their existence.

ACCULTURATION – education, development)- the process of acquisition by one people of certain forms of culture of another people, occurring as a result of communication between these peoples; mastery by the subject of new values ​​and ideas.

POLITICAL ACTIVITY - active expression of the interests of an individual, group, party, social movement in the sphere of power relations.
DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES in politics - new political, social ideas and social movements, which represent an attempt to go beyond traditional ideas about the problems and conflicts that arose at the end of the 20th century.
ALLIANCE ( fr. alliance) - an alliance, an association of states, political parties, individuals on the basis of contractual obligations to achieve common goals.
ANARCHISM(Greek anarchia - lack of command, anarchy) - a set of heterogeneous political movements, characteristic feature which is the denial of all state power. Anarchists have a negative attitude towards political means struggle - to parties and organizations, since their activities are concentrated around the problems of influencing state power or conquering it.
ANNEXATION(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community. It acts as part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (for example, the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany).

ANOMY (gr. anomie – lack of law, organization) - a state of society characterized by the collapse of leading values ​​and attitudes, the disappearance of normative standards of behavior, widely shared judgments and, as a consequence, the growth of deviant behavior (including radicalism and extremism in politics). The term was introduced by E. Durkheim, who considered anomie to be the result of modernization and industrialization, which destroyed traditional society, which supported its system of social roles, connections, norms and values.

ANTAGONISM(gr. antagonisma - struggle) - a form of contradiction, characterized by the irreconcilability of opposing forces and public interests.

ANTI-SEMITISM - one of the forms of national and religious intolerance, expressed in hostility towards Jews.

APARTHEID (Afrikaans apartheid – separation) – a policy of restricting or depriving political, civil, socio-economic and other rights of any group of the population; the policy of racial discrimination pursued by the South African authorities until 1993-1994.

APOLITISM – indifferent attitude towards politics and participation in public life.
STATE APPARATUS – a set of institutions, organizations, their employees providing services to the sphere public administration all levels. There are central, federal apparatus and apparatus of the subjects of the federation. There are apparatuses of non-state bodies governing social and political life: apparatuses of political parties, public organizations and movements, as well as local government bodies.
ARISTOCRACY(from the Greek aristos - best and kratos - power) - the form of government in the state and the social stratum that exercises power in it. In antiquity, the rule of the aristocracy was considered the best as the rule of worthy, competent people (scientists, philosophers, etc.). An aristocratic republic existed in ancient Sparta, medieval Genoa, Venice, Pskov, Novgorod.
ARTICULATION– the process during which social objects become aware of their needs and transform them into certain social claims; technology for transforming feelings of protest into a clear subjective form of expression of interests
ARCHETYPE(gr. arche - beginning, typos - image) – standards and stereotypes of group thinking uncritically perceived by a person.
ATTITUDE(French attitude-position, attitude) - a sharp, qualitative change in the worldview of society and the individual as a result of polyvalent reformation in the socio-economic, political and spiritual-moral systems of society.

B
BALANCE OF POLITICAL POWERS(French Balance - scales) - a system of indicators that characterize the relationship or balancing of political forces in the rapidly changing political life of society and the state

RUNNING(French ballotter - initially to decide something by voting by dropping balls into a ballot box) - to nominate, nominate oneself in elections, act as a contender for any elective position.
POLITICAL BANKRUPTCY - failure of the government, state, political party, politician, inability to fulfill promises made to supporters and voters.
BEHAVIORISM (English) behavior - behavior) is one of the leading trends in American psychology of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, the science of behavior. Behaviorism is based on the understanding of human behavior as a set of motor and verbal reactions to the influence of the external environment.
BLANQUISM- a political movement associated with the name of the French utopian Louis Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881), a supporter of conspiratorial tactics in the revolutionary movement; in a broad sense - conspiratorial tactics (and the corresponding theory) in the activities of a party or movement.
NEAR (NEW) ABROAD- former members (republics) of the USSR, now sovereign states (sometimes used in relation to all former socialist countries).
BOYCOTT(English boycott) -1) a method of political and economic struggle, consisting of refusal to maintain relations with an individual, organization, state in order to force them to satisfy economic and political demands; 2) refusal to perform their functions for the same purposes; 3) termination of relations as a sign of protest.
POLITICAL STRUGGLE- a state of opposition of interests of political subjects in order to achieve certain political results.
BUDDHISM – one of the world religions that arose in the 6th century. BC in India. Distributed in China, Japan, Burma and other Eastern countries. The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama (623-544 BC), who, according to legend, came from the royal family of the Shakya tribe in North India. Main directions: Hinayana and Mahayana. At the center of Buddhism is the teaching of the “4 Noble Truths”: there is suffering, its cause, the state of liberation and the path to it.
BUREAUCRACY(French bureau - bureau, office and Greek kratos - power; lit. - dominion of the office) - 1) a privileged caste of officials united by a common corporate interest; 2) type of organization, which is characterized by a clear management hierarchy, strict rules and standards of activity, and specialized distribution of labor.
IN
VASSALITY(French vassalite) - in Western Europe in the Middle Ages - a system of relations of personal dependence of some feudal lords (vassals) on others (lords). A vassal state is a state dependent on another, stronger state (suzerain).
WAHABITS- followers of one of the movements in Islam that arose in the 18th century. in Central Arabia. They demanded to return to original Islam, to abandon luxury, songs, dances, and the use of wine and tobacco; they fought against rich feudal lords. At the beginning of the 20th century. formed the state of Saudi Arabia.
WESTERNIZATION(from the English west - west) mechanical copying of Western experience.
VETO(from Latin veto - prohibit) - 1) prohibition; refusal of the head of state to sign and enact the bill adopted parliament; 2) lack of unanimity, preventing the adoption of any decision.
POWER- a form of organization of social relations in which one element of these relations is able to influence the behavior of another with the help of authority, law or violence. Political power is associated with the ability of individuals, groups and their organizations to realize their interests and will through the means of political and state management and control.
POWERPOLITICAL- the central concept of the emerging political science as a branch of knowledge, an academic discipline.
FOREIGN POLICY – policies governing relationships between states and peoples in the international arena.
INTERNAL POLITICS- activities of the state and its institutions aimed at preserving or reforming the existing socio-political system.
LEADISM- a political concept based on the recognition of the decisive role of a political person, endowed with the rights of the highest judge, the arbiter of human destinies.
WAR- one of the types of armed conflicts, organized armed struggle between states, nations, and social groups. Continuation of politics by violent means. Theater of military operations (TVD).
CIVIL WAR- a phase of development of political contradictions, a political process within a particular state, which is characterized by an organized armed struggle for power between various social forces and groups of people. The causes of the civil war should be sought in the social crises of society and the state, which can cover all major spheres of people’s life.
WARRELIGIOUS- an armed conflict that occurs for various reasons under the banner of protecting religious ideas.
VOLUNTARISM(from Latin voluntas - will) - 1) policy carried out depending on the arbitrary decisions of political leaders, not taking into account the objective conditions of public life; 2) a philosophical concept that elevates the will of the individual to the decisive factor in the development of the world.
POLITICAL WILL- the active side of political consciousness, ensuring the translation of ideas into actions.
POLITICAL EDUCATION - influence on the political consciousness of the population (individuals, groups, classes, people) in order to form a political culture adequate to the interests of the political elite.
VOTE(lat. votum) - an opinion or resolution expressed or adopted by a majority vote of voters or members of a representative body.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS - official international document adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Proclaims individual rights, civil and political rights and freedoms (equality of all before the law, the right of everyone to freedom and personal integrity, freedom of conscience, etc.), as well as socio-economic rights (for work, social security, rest, etc.).
ELECTIONS- the most important component modern politics, represent a way of forming authorities and management through the expression of the political will of citizens in accordance with electoral system.

G
GEGEMONY(from Greek hegemonfa - dominance) - the dominant position of a political force in relation to another political force.
GENOCIDE(from Greek genos - genus and lat. caedere - kill; lit. - destruction of gens) - actions committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such, a grave criminal offense.
GEOPOLITICS- a concept that characterizes the theory and practice of international relations based on the interconnection of geographical, geostrategic, socio-political, military, demographic, economic and other factors.
COAT OF ARMS- emblem, symbol noble family, city, individual person etc. State coat of arms - the official emblem of the state, placed on letterheads, seals, banknotes, coins, official documents, sometimes on state flag.
GERONTOCRACY(from the Greek geron - elder and kratos - power) - the predominance of elderly people in the ruling elite, the principle of management in which power belongs to the elders.
HYMN(Greek hymnos - solemn song) - a poetic and musical work glorifying the fatherland, the state, the most important historical events, and national heroes.
HEAD OF STATE- an official who occupies the highest place in the system of state bodies, ensuring the unity and stability of state power, personifying the state in domestic and foreign policy.
GLOBAL PROBLEMS modernity (Latin globus - ball) - the main, key problems on the solution of which the very existence, preservation and development of civilization depends. These problems include: the growth of weapons, unreasonable spending natural resources, disease, hunger, poverty, etc.
HUNGER STRIKE- refusal to eat as a sign of protest against the actions of the authorities or in support of demands made against them; one of the forms of struggle between prisoners and strikers.
STATE- the main institution of the political system that manages society; a set of organizations and institutions that exercise power functions within a certain territory, defining the basis of economic, political and other relations.
STATENATIONAL- one of the most important principles of the organization of modern statehood, which arose as a result of the collapse of traditional social ties and a sharp increase in population mobility in the process of development of commodity-capitalist relations.
POLICE STATE - a term indicating the type of state and characterizing the political regime in it. As a rule, a police state is an implementation of one of the “strong state” paradigms.
STATE LEGAL - this is a form of organization and activity of state power, in which the state itself, all social communities, and the individual respect the law and are in the same relationship to it. Law acts as a way of interconnection between the state, society and the individual.
SOCIAL STATE- is a form of organization of state power, which is characterized by concern for the welfare of citizens, the creation of decent living conditions, equal opportunities for the realization of their talents and abilities, and a favorable living environment.
CIVIL SOCIETY- a social system in which a multi-structured economy, the rule of law, the democracy of the political system, and the operation of moral norms provide each citizen with a free choice of forms of economic and political activity. G. o. creates a self-regulating political system where the state exists for people, to satisfy their interests and needs.
CIVIL CONSENT - the presence of consensus, unanimity, coherence between the various social forces of civil society (or the majority of them) on the cardinal problems of public life, which determines the coordinated actions of citizens to resolve them
PRESSURE GROUPS- a unique element of the civil-political structure of society, representing people specially selected and trained to exert influence (pressure) on government decision-makers.
INTEREST GROUPS – these are voluntary organizations that express and represent the interests (political, economic, cultural, religious, leisure, etc.) of their members in relations with political institutions and organizations, as well as with other groups. Interest groups do not participate in elections and do not seek to participate in government.
HUMANISM(from Latin humanus - humane) - originally a social and cultural movement of the Renaissance; a worldview based on recognition of the dignity and freedom of the individual, his right to life, comprehensive development, the humanity of social relations, and concern for the welfare of people.
D
POLITICAL MOVEMENT– form, way of existence of politics.
DEBATE(French debates) - debate, discussion, exchange of opinions at any meeting or meeting. Parliamentary debates are an officially established procedure for the exchange of opinions between deputies on issues of legislation or government activities.
DISINFORMATION- dissemination of distorted or deliberately false information to achieve propaganda or other goals.
DEIDEOLOGIZATION- 1) a direction of political thought that involves exclusion ideology as a system of ideas and values ​​from the life of society and the institutions that form it; 2) activities aimed at eliminating ideological influence on the work of state or public structures.
DECLARATION(from Latin declaratio - announcement, proclamation) - a political statement on behalf of the state, government, party, organization.
DEMAGOGY(Greek demagogfa) - influencing people with flattery, false promises to achieve selfish goals.
DEMILITARIZATION- disarmament; prohibiting any state from building fortifications, having a military industry, or maintaining armed forces.
POPULATION POLICY - state or regional policy stimulating or inhibiting the growth of the country's population.
DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM - the guiding principle of the organizational structure of communist and workers' parties. Denotes the election of governing bodies from bottom to top, their periodic reporting to their party organizations and higher authorities, the subordination of the minority to the majority, etc. It was the basis for the organization of the state apparatus of the former socialist countries.
DEMOCRACY(Greek demos - people and kratos - power) - democracy in the state, a political regime in which methods and forms of participation of the people in government are established and put into practice; freedoms and equality of citizens enshrined in laws.
DEMOCRACY FORMAL- a form of state-political structure, when all the principles of democracy are formally present, but the fullness of power (means of production and political power) remains with a certain class (feudal democracy, proletarian democracy, etc.).
DEMONSTRATION(Latin demonstratio - showing) – public display of something; a mass procession with the aim of expressing socio-political sentiments, protest, demands, solidarity.
DENATURALIZATION(Latin de ... - abolition + naturalis - natural) - loss of a person’s status as a citizen or subject of the relevant state.
DENATIONALIZATION(Latin de ... - abolition + nationalization ) – return by the state of nationalized property to the previous owners.
DENUNCIATION(French denonciation, from Latin denuntiatio - notification) - in international law, the refusal of one of the parties to an international treaty to fulfill it; is carried out in the manner and within the terms usually provided for in the contract itself.
DEPORTATION(lat. deportatio) - expulsion, expulsion from the state. As a rule, it applies to foreigners and stateless persons during their illegal stay on the territory of the state.
DEPUTY(lat . deputatus - sent) - a person elected to a legislative or other representative body.
DESPOTISM(Greek despot - ruler) - a form of autocratic power, an unlimited monarchy, characterized by complete arbitrariness of power and lack of rights for its subjects; autocracy and tyranny in relation to others.
POLITICAL DESTABILIZATION - a process aimed at destroying the stability of a political system.
DIAGNOSTICS POLITICAL (Greek diagnostics - ability to recognize) - the doctrine of political science methods and principles of knowledge of political phenomena and processes leading to a “diagnosis”, a qualified assessment of the political situation. Political diagnostics is, firstly, an analysis of the state of subjects and policy processes, identifying problems in their functioning and development trends. Secondly, it is a set of principles) and methods for establishing a political diagnosis and studying political processes.
DIALOGUE POLITICAL(Greek dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a way of publicly expressing political views, opinions, assessments, styles of political thinking of subjects.
DIVERGENCE(Latin divergere - to detect divergence) - an increase in the quantitative and qualitative diversity of political systems, processes, cultures.
DICTATOR(lat. dictator) - a ruler who has unlimited power, flouts laws and exercises sole control of the state with the help of violence.
DICTATORSHIP(lat. dictatura) - unlimited power of one person, small group, class. Historical types of dictatorship: tyranny, despotism, Caesarism, fascism, national socialism, dictatorship of the proletariat, authoritarianism, etc.
DYNASTY(Greek - dynasteia - power, domination) - a series of monarchs from the same family, succeeding each other on the throne.
DISCRIMINATION (lat. discriminatio - distinction) - restriction or deprivation of rights on political, racial, religious, social grounds.
DISSIDENT(Latin dissidens - dissenter) - a dissident person who does not agree with the dominant ideology.
DOGMATISM(from the Greek dogma) - a way of thinking that operates with unchanging concepts without taking into account new data from practice and science, specific conditions.
E
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT- advisory body of the European Communities (1957). Parliament elects the president, a presidium of 12 people and 5 assistants to the president.
EUROPEAN COUNCIL- a consultative political organization uniting 21 states of Western Europe.
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY(EEC)- the largest integration group uniting 12 countries of Western Europe (1957).
POLITICAL UNITY- a state of society in which different social groups reach agreement on political issues.
Z
STRIKE (STRIKE)- a means of struggle for the satisfaction of political and economic demands, which consists in an organized collective cessation of work.
LAW- normative act adopted by the highest representative body of state power or by the direct expression of the will of the people (referendum) and regulating the most important social relations. According to the significance of the norms contained in the Law, they are divided into constitutional, organic and ordinary. The latter are for codification and current. In federal states, one can also distinguish federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Federation.
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH - one of the main types of state power, which, together with the executive and judicial, is the mechanism for the functioning of democracy.
BANNER- a cloth of a certain color, mounted on a pole and serving as an official symbol of the state, a sign of distinction of the state or affiliation with any organization, as well as a symbol of military valor (battle flag of the unit).

AND
IDENTIFICATION(Latin identificare - to identify) - the subject’s understanding of his belonging to a particular group community.
IDEOLOGY(gr. idea - thought) - a system of views, ideas and values ​​expressing the attitude of social groups, movements and parties to reality; usually exists in the form of concepts, doctrines, teachings that serve as the basis for political action. The way political elites influence public consciousness. IN in this case Ideology may not be reflected upon by the broad masses.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM- a set of rules and techniques regulating the process of forming government bodies through voting during elections.
IMMIGRANTS(from lat. immigrans - moving in) - citizens of one state, settling permanently or for long time on the territory of another state for political, religious and other reasons.
EMPIRE(lat. imperiura - having power, powerful) - originally the highest political power in Ancient Rome; a state headed by a monarch who has the title of emperor. Over time, the concept of “empire” has changed somewhat. An empire denotes a large state entity that unites several countries and peoples around a single political center under the auspices of a universal idea of ​​a civilizational, religious, ideological, and sometimes economic nature. Empire is one of the first forms of state organization of society, which has not lost its relevance in the modern world.
IMPEACHMENT(English impeachment) - a procedure for bringing to justice or removing from office senior government officials.
INAUGURATION(Latin inauguratio - beginning) - a solemn act during coronation or entry into a high public position.
INNOVATION(from Latin innovatio - renewal, change) - innovation, renewal.
POLITICAL INSTITUTE(from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) - a component of the political life of society, existing in the form of organizations, institutions, associations of citizens vested with special powers and performing special socio-political functions. The activities of institutes are legalized and regulated by regulations.
POLITICAL INTEGRATION(from Latin integratio - restoration, replenishment of the whole) - unification, merging of political forces within state or interstate structures, political institutions in order to achieve a certain political community, stability of development of states and societies.
INTERNATIONALISM(6th Latin inter - between and natio - people) - 1) the concept of a supranational community of interests; 2) politics based on the unification of the interests of states, nations, peoples or classes, social strata and groups.
ISLAM(Arabic lit. - submission) - one of the world religions. Originated in the 7th century. in Arabia under the significant influence of Christianity and Judaism. The founder is the prophet Muhammad. The creed of Islam is set out in the Koran; Islam is widespread mainly in the countries of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Islamism in politics is determined by such important principles for the Islamic religion as unconditional monotheism, absolute submission to Allah, unquestioning submission of believers to the religious community and religious authorities, and the division of all people into “faithful” and “infidel.” Already in early Islam, the doctrine of “war for faith” - jihad - appeared.

Among the currents of Islam that influence the policies of Islamic states and parties, one should highlight the orthodox, liberal reformist, and radical extremist trends. The first is characterized by strict observance of the commandments of the Koran, submission social life religious principles, but at the same time a tolerant attitude towards non-Muslims. The reformist wing strives to separate secular power from the power of the clergy and to recognize the universal significance of human rights. Extremism is the most radical manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism.
EXECUTIVE POWER- one of the main types of state power and local government, ensuring the implementation of newly adopted legislative acts and other regulatory legal acts throughout the country or local territorial community of people.
ESTABLISHMENT(English establishment - influential circles, elite) - the ruling and privileged groups of society and the system of power subordinate to them.
TO
TOASUAL(lat. causalis from casus - case) - random, isolated, not generalizable.
Canton – 1) Federal unit (land) in Switzerland. 2) Small administrative-territorial unit in Belgium. 3) Electoral district in France.
CARTE BLANCHE(French carte blanche) – unlimited powers, complete freedom of action.
CATHOLICISM(Greek katholikos - universal) - one of the three main directions of Christianity (along with Orthodoxy and Protestantism), which took shape as a result of the split of Christian churches in the 11th century. Catholicism is widespread in Italy, Portugal, France, Belgium, Austria, Poland, Hungary, and Latin American countries. Based on the same Creed as Orthodoxy, Catholicism added the filioque to it (the origin of the holy spirit not only from God the father, but also from the son). The sources of doctrine are the Holy Scriptures and Holy Traditions. The organization of the Catholic Church is distinguished by its strict centralization and hierarchical nature. The head is the Pope, whose residence is the Vatican. In addition, Catholicism contains dogmas about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, her bodily ascension, the infallibility of the pope, a sharp distinction between the clergy and the laity, and celibacy.
CLASS(from Latin classis - rank) - a large group of people. Relations between classes are built on the principle of differences in their relationship to the means of production, enshrined in laws, their role in public organization labor, methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have.
CLERICALISM(from Latin clericalis - church) - a socio-political movement that requires strengthening the role of the church in the political and spiritual life of society.
COALITION(from Latin coalesce - to unite) - association, union, agreement of states, political parties, trade unions and other organizations to achieve common (political, economic, military) goals.
COMMUNISM(from Latin communis - common) - the general name of a number of socialist concepts. IN Marxism- a socio-economic formation that replaces capitalism and is based on public ownership of the means of production, socio-economic equality and the free development of individuals.
COMPROMISE(lat. compromissum) - 1) settlement of disagreements through mutual concessions; 2) a method of resolving political conflicts, achieved through agreement between opposing parties; is ensured subject to a clear definition of the subjects of the dispute, awareness of the limits of concessions, and formalization of the results of the agreement reached.
COMPROMISE IN POLITICS(Latin compromissum - agreement) - a consciously concluded political agreement between opposing political forces (parties, organizations, states) expressing the interests of various layers and groups of society.
CONVERGENCE(from Latin convergere - to approach, converge) - a concept that substantiates the rapprochement of societies with different social systems and their merging into a kind of “mixed society”.
CONVERSION(Latin – transformation, change) – a policy of fundamental change in the military, militarized structure of society. Types: political, economic, educational, social, cultural, consumer, etc.

CONSENSUS(Latin consensus - agreement, unanimity) - decision-making on the basis of voluntary compromises, mutual equality, recognition of the interests of each party; the presence of unity of views and similar positions, expressed in unity of actions; general agreement on controversial issues.
CONSERVATIVE PARTIES - political organizations located on the right flank of the political spectrum, seeking to preserve the traditional social order in the face of transformations occurring under the influence of industrialization and revolutionary movements.
CONSERVATISM(lat. conservate - preserve, protect, "take care of preservation) - a political ideology advocating the preservation of the existing social order, primarily moral and legal relations embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property
CONSTITUTIONALISM- a form of government based on the subordination of the state and civil society to legal norms, as well as on the principle of separation of powers.
CONSTITUTION(from Latin constitutio - construction) - the fundamental law of the state, which has the highest legal force, enshrining its political and economic system, establishing the principles of organization and activity of public authorities, management, courts, fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens.
COUNTER-REVOLUTION(fr. centre-revolution) is a political process that is the opposite of revolution.
Confederation (lat. Confoederatio-union, association) – 1) A form of interstate union, the basis of which is common political interests related to the coordination and implementation of joint actions of these states. 2) Union, association of any organizations, for example, the confederation of trade unions of Latin America. 3) A union of states that maintain an independent existence and unite only to coordinate some of their actions, usually foreign policy and military.
CONFLICT POLITICAL(from Latin conflictus - collision) - an acute clash of multidirectional political forces that arises as a result of opposing political interests; a way to resolve political contradictions.
CONFORMISM(Latin conformis - similar, similar) - passive acceptance of the existing order of things, prevailing opinions, etc.
CONFORMISM IN POLITICS(lit. conformis - similar, similar) - a method of political opportunism, which is characterized by passive acceptance of the existing order, the absence of one’s own political positions, principles, and “blind” imitation of any behavioral stereotypes dominant in a given political system.
CONFRONTATION(from Latin con - against and frons - forehead, front) - confrontation, confrontation, opposition of socio-political systems, military-political alliances, individual states, parties, socio-political movements, ideological concepts.
POLITICAL CONCEPT(lat. conceptio - understanding) - a form or level of political consciousness in which a metaphysical justification for any process of political life is given.
CORRUPTION(lat. corruptio) - bribery, corruption of public and political figures, officials, criminalization of the sphere of power and management.
CRATOLOGY(Greek kratos - power and logos - doctrine) is a science that studies numerous social phenomena related to power, comprehended through public institutions of power.
POLITICAL CRISIS- this is the state of the political system of society, expressed in the deepening and aggravation of existing conflicts, in a sharp increase in political tension.
XENOPHOBIA(gr. xenos - stranger + phobos - fear) - fear, hostility towards strangers.
POLITICAL CULT there is an anthropological phenomenon of politics, expressed in the deification of political leaders. The political cult is not an exclusive feature of Eastern societies, but is found in all societies (including Western ones) and in all periods of their development.
POLITICAL CULTURE- component social culture, which includes ideas, values ​​and norms that determine the characteristics of political institutions and processes of a given society, its political system.

L
LABILE(from lat. labilis) - unstable, weak, changeable.
LATENT(lat. latens - hidden) - hidden, not externally manifested.
LEGALITY(from lat. legalis - legal, legal) - a way of legitimizing the political order, which is based on legal documents and social norms.
LEGITIMACY OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY(lot. legitimus - legal) - recognition by the people and political forces of the legitimacy, legality of political power, its instruments, mechanisms of activity, as well as the methods of its election.
LIBERALISM(from Latin liberalis - free) - 1) a doctrine based on the principle of complete personal freedom. Based on the concepts of private entrepreneurship, competition, market, decentralized economic management; 2) a worldview based on the priority of individualism, tolerance, humanism, and the enduring value of the individual; 3) political orientation associated with the concepts of the rule of law, human rights, parliamentarism, and reformism.
LIBERAL PARTIES- political organizations that occupy right-of-center positions on the political scale of modern states, defending the idea of ​​individual freedom as the most important component of their program settings.
LEADER(English leader - leader) - a person who is able to influence other people, organize their joint activities to achieve certain goals.
LOBBYING(from the English lobby - on the sidelines) - pressure on legislators and government officials in order to adopt laws or decisions that meet the interests of individual parties, corporations, movements, organizations, individuals. Carried out by lobbyists - representatives of interested parties.
LOCAL WAR- a war involving a relatively small number of states and a limited geographical area.
LOCKOUT(from the English lock out - to lock the doors in front of someone, not to let them out) - one of the ways to resolve a labor conflict, which consists in the closure of the enterprise by the owners and the mass dismissal of workers.
M
majoritarian electoral system(fr. majoritaire from majorite - majority) - a procedure for determining the voting results, in which the candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered elected
MACHIAVEELLISM - an image, a pattern of political behavior that disregards moral norms in order to achieve political goals. The term is associated with the name of the Italian politician and writer N. Machiavelli (1469-1527).
POLITICAL MANIPULATION(French manipulation - fraud) - a system of methods of psychological influence on the masses, which political authorities use with the aim of introducing illusory ideas about political life into the consciousness of the people.
MARGINAL(Latin margo - edge) - 1) secondary, not primary; 2) intermediate. A marginal personality does not have its own system of values ​​and assessments, imitates someone else’s, and is characterized by social anomie.
MARKETING POLITICAL (English marketing - market, sales) is a system of targeted influence on the consciousness and behavior of people, their associations and organizations, which allows, in conditions of political and civil freedoms, to form in them such interests and needs that are beneficial to the current subject of political relations.
MARXISM- philosophical, economic and socio-political doctrine created by Marx and Engels in the 40s. XIX century based on new European rationalist theories (English political economy of Smith, Ricardo, etc., French utopian socialism of Saint-Simon, Fourier, etc.), as well as German classical philosophy of Hegel and Feuerbach. The methodology of Marxism is close to structural-functional analysis. Marxism has three components: philosophy, political economy and the doctrine of socialism (communism). Marxism is aimed at expressing and protecting the interests of the proletariat and has actually become theoretical basis programs of social democratic and then communist parties around the world.
MAFIA (it.maf(f) ia) - a secret criminal organization operating by methods of blackmail, violence, and murder. Originated on about. Sicily as an organized self-defense of the population. Sometimes the term Mafia refers to organized crime in general.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) - UN specialized agency. Created in 1919 under LeagueNations as an International Commission for the development and improvement of working conditions. Unites 150 states; the headquarters is in Geneva.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONCITS (INTERPOL). Created in 1923 to jointly combat common crimes. 154 states are members of Interpol; headquarters - in Paris.
INTERNATIONAL LAW- a set of legal norms and principles governing relations between states (includes maritime, air, space law, law of armed conflicts, etc.).
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – a system of political, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, military, diplomatic relations between various subjects of international law.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – interaction and mutual influence of various socio-ethnic communities, during which relations between people of different nationalities are regulated.
MENTALITY (MENTALITY)(from Latin mentalis - mental) - 1) direction of thoughts, state of mind, mindset; 2) the way of thinking inherent in an individual, a social group, a political party, or a people; 3) a feature of spiritual life.
MENTALITYPOLITICAL(fr. mentalite - mentality, attitude) - a single, syncretic form of awareness of the socio-political system, which is formed as a result of the comprehension of political experience by individual and collective political consciousness; it expresses the values ​​that are relevant for a given political collective.
MERITOCRACY(Latin - worthy and Greek - power; lit. - power of the most gifted) - a theory that proves that traditional democracy in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution develops into government, the exercise of power by the most talented, gifted people, qualified specialists.
POLITICAL MYTHS(Greek mythos - legend, fiction, fiction) - political consciousness that inadequately interprets the real political system.
Multi-party system – 1) the presence in the country of several or many political parties actually participating in the political process. The basis of a multi-party system is the constitutional principle of freedom of formation and activity of political parties. 2) the constitutional principle of organizing political life in democratic states; is an expression of more general principle political and ideological pluralism. According to the principle of multipartyism, the state recognizes and guarantees the right of citizens to unite in political parties in accordance with their political views, the equality of all political parties before the law, and the freedom of their activities.
MODERNIZATION(French moderne - modern) - the desire of the state, the political system of society to bring less developed countries closer to the leaders. Modernization is carried out using the experience accumulated by advanced countries, with their technological, political and financial support.
MONARCHY(Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person - the monarch and is inherited. There are absolute (unlimited) and limited monarchies.
POLITICAL MONOPOLY(Greek monos - one and poleo - I sell) - a form of political organization of society, political power, in which all complete control belongs to a single subject of politics.
N
PEOPLE– the most important category of political science, the content of which varies significantly depending on the interests and political positions of the determining subject. In a broad sense, the entire population of a state or country.
NATIONALISM(Latin nation - nation, people) - an ideology based on the propaganda of national exclusivity and national superiority, as well as a policy that implements nationalist ideology.
NATIONAL POLITICS– a comprehensively justified system of measures carried out by the state in the sphere of national relations, aimed at realizing national interests and resolving national contradictions.
NATIONAL IDENTITY- a set of ideas, traditions and concepts of a nation or ethnic group, which makes it possible to reproduce this community of people as a whole and classify each individual as a given social integrity.
NATIONALITY is a political and legal category that denotes a set of characteristics formalized by law, the possession of which makes a person a full member of the national state.
NATIONAL RELATIONS- these are relations between subjects of national-ethnic development - nations, nationalities, national groups and their state entities.
NATIONAL QUESTION– the question of relationships (economic, territorial, political, state-legal, cultural and linguistic) between nations, national groups and nationalities, the question of the reasons for the emergence of contradictions between them.
NATION(Latin nation - nation, people) - a stable community of people living in the same territory, historically formed in the process of development, having a common culture, language, and identity. It is characterized by economic community and a single, diverse system of political life, complex ethnopsychological character. A nation has a special way of thinking, mentality, and self-esteem.
NEUTRALITY(German: Netralitet; Latin: Neuter - neither one nor the other) - the principle of the foreign policy of a state, which presupposes its non-participation in armed conflicts, and in peacetime - refusal to participate in military alliances and blocs.
NEOCONSERVATISM– an ideology that combines the ideas of classical conservatism and liberalism: they are more tolerant of the state and recognize the need for its minimal intervention.
NEOLIBERALISM- a movement that arose on the basis of classical liberalism and received further development in the 50-60s. XX century, recognizing that along with the absolute value of private property, the rights and freedoms of citizens, one cannot deny the need to take into account public interests and state participation not only in the economy, but also in various social programs.
NOMENCLATURE– (lat.Nomenklatura – painting of names). A set of names and terms used in any branch of knowledge, art and technical production; in administrative and managerial practice, a hierarchical system of positions located by levels of subordination.
NONCONFORMISM(French non conformisme) - rejection of the prevailing views and traditions in society. In politics - rejection of the existing political system, the current political course and the persons implementing it.
ABOUT
OBSTRUCTION(Latin obstructio - obstacle, hindrance) - a way of expressing protest, one of the methods of conducting parliamentary struggle aimed at disrupting the discussion and adoption by parliament of a bill that is unacceptable to the opposition group carrying out the obstruction.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENT- a voluntary, self-governing formation created on the initiative of people from below, united on the basis of common interests to achieve common goals.
SOCIAL CONTRACT- the main regulator of public life, giving legitimacy to connections and institutions within civil society, as well as its relations with the state. Involves an agreement between two or more parties that defines the exchange of rights and obligations, the procedure for their modification and termination.
SOCIAL ORDER- a complex social system based on relationships characteristic of a given society in a specific historical period. The legal basis of the social system, as a rule, is the foundations of the constitutional system and the constitutional system itself.
OLIGARCHY(Greek Oligarchia - power of the few) - a form of government in which the state apparatus is openly or covertly subordinated to a small group of people who have dominant influence based on ownership of the means of production, finances, etc.; the dominant group itself.
POLITICAL OLIGOPOLY(Greek oligos - few and poleo - sell) - a form of power exercised in the interests of a small, private group of people in the state in relation to the people.
OMBUDSMAN(Swedish ombudsman - a representative of someone's interests) - a person authorized by parliament to monitor compliance with the legal rights and interests of citizens in the activities of executive authorities and officials. Ombudsman institutions exist in several dozen countries, with different names.
OPPOSITION(from Latin opositio - opposition) - the opposition of some views and actions to others; political leaders, parties, movements opposing the ruling elite; denial of power in general, of any specific bearer or form, expressed in open or hidden resistance, counter-movement towards power with the aim of replacing or seizing it.
OPPORTUNISM(Latin opportunus - convenient, profitable) - opportunism, compromise, unprincipledness; a policy of compromise with ideological and political opponents.
UNITED NATIONS (UN)– an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary unification of efforts of sovereign states in order to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, as well as develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by the states participating in the founding San Francisco UN Conference.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION- a type of public organization created on the basis joint activities people in order to realize political and government goals and political interests. Characterized by stable membership, structure, discipline, and the use of diverse means to achieve a common goal.
OSTRACISM(Greek ostrakimos from ostrakon - crock) - practiced by the state authorities of the country, in extreme cases, the physical destruction of outstanding people, undermining with their popularity, talent, wealth, influence, etc. the power of the existing state system.
ALIENATION– rejection from a person of the products of his activity.
OCHLOCRACY(from the Greek Ochlos - crowd, mob and kratos - power) - in letters. sense - the unbridled power of the crowd, the power of socio-political groups that use populist sentiments and orientations of the population in extremely primitive forms, which creates conditions for arbitrariness and unrest, riots, pogroms, inducing base aspirations, senseless destruction, reckless murders and tyranny, violation of all guarantees human life.
P
PUBLIC RELATIONS(English: Public relations - public relations) - the area of ​​​​action of various government and other organizations to achieve mutual understanding between them and the public. Public relations (hereinafter referred to as PR) is nothing more than the establishment of two-way communication to identify general ideas or common interests and achievements, mutual understanding based on certain principles.
PARLIAMENT(French parler - to speak) is the highest representative and legislative body of the state, carrying out the functions of representing the main socio-political forces of the country, legislative activity.
PARTY SYSTEM– a set of parties (ruling and opposition) taking part in the struggle for power and its implementation.
PARTY IN POWER(Latin Pars, parties - part) - a set of institutions, structures and associations grouped around the head of state that carry out official rate, as well as those participating in determining the goals and development strategy of the state, including its individual regions.

Economic English.

Hegemony(Greek ηγεμονία, “leadership, management, leadership”) - primacy, superiority in strength, influence. Historically, the term was used to designate the primacy of the most powerful city-state from the union of Greek poleis

Honestly, I am not a political person, but the current situation in the economic and political sector of Russia leaves much to be desired. Let's see what Western political scientists think about financial and political forecasts. Is everything so sad? Let's look at the news and the opinion of political scientist George Friedman about forecasts in Russia, Ukraine and our relations with the West. Here I will help you with economic and political terms and expressions from an article in English that is quite easy to understand (Intermediate Level). I will also add some interesting remarks about Mr. Friedman's Russia. Also, I recommend you look at my post

economic expectations - economic expectations

foremost - most important, outstanding

plunge of the ruble - a sharp drop in the ruble

decline in oil prices - decline in oil prices

general slowdown - general decline

effect of Western Sanctions - effect of Western sanctions

decline in the ruble - decline of the ruble

real impact - real impact

inflation - inflation

bluff - bluff

pivot of the conversation - the main topic of the conversation

policy towards Ukraine - policy towards Ukraine

Russians’ strength is that they can endure things that would break other nations.- The strength of the Russians is that they can withstand things that would break other nations.

Interesting thought.

harsh - hard

seizing the assets of Western companies- seizing the assets of Western companies

curtailing agricultural imports- reduction in agricultural imports

cut off natural gas - stopping the gas supply

increased sanctions -increasing sanctions

oil price drops - decrease in oil prices

Economic downturns - economic recession

Opinion:

Russians don’t respond to economic pressure as Westerners do- Russians do not react to economic pressure in the same way as the West.

Interesting note.

propaganda campaign - propaganda activities

invasion - invasion

assertion - statement, statement

high degree of autonomy. - high degree of autonomy

Redrawn map of Serbia - a newly drawn map of Serbia

necessary strategic buffer - necessary strategic buffer zone

significant threat - significant threat

pursuing a single objective - pursuing a single goal

military weakness - military weakness

political disunity - political disagreements

to impinge - to encroach, to encroach

Geopolitical - geopolitical

Immediate issue - urgent question

Attempt to embarrass the president- an attempt to confuse the prizedent

cope with the existing sanctions- cope with existing sanctions

endure economic problems - endure economic problems

affirm significance - affirm significance

Interesting wording:

But obviously, nothing is more dangerous than wounding a bear. Killing him is better, but killing Russia has not proven easy.

But obviously there is nothing more dangerous than injuring a bear. It’s better to kill him, but as it turned out, it’s not so easy.

fundamental strategic importance- fundamental strategic importance

rising power - increasing power

I will also give an excerpt from the article and translate it. Either way, stay positive and look forward.

The United States and Europe have trouble understanding Russia’s fears. Russia has trouble understanding particularly American fears. The fears of both are real and legitimate. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries but of incompatible imperatives. All of the good will in the world - and there is precious little of that - cannot solve the problem of two major countries that are forced to protect their interests and in doing so must make the other feel threatened. I learned much in my visit. I did not learn how to solve this problem, save that at the very least each must understand the fears of the other, even if they can’t calm them.

Europe and the United States have certain difficulties understanding Russia's concerns. Russia has big problems understanding American fears. The fears are equally real and justified. This is not a matter of misunderstanding between countries, but a matter of incompatible political ambitions. All the good will in the world, and there is precious little of it here, cannot solve the problem of two huge mammoths who are forced to defend their interests and thus feel threatened by each other. I learned so much during my visit to Moscow. But I still didn't understand how to solve the problem. The only thing that remains clear is that each country must understand the fears of the other, even if they cannot calm them.

P.S. Anti-whining everyone and have a great day!

Political dictionary

Power - the right and opportunity to dispose of someone, something, to subordinate it to one’s will.

Civil society - this is a set of extra-state social relations and associations that express the diverse interests and needs of members of society, while the individual and organizations of citizens are protected by laws from direct interference by government authorities.

Citizenship - a stable political and legal connection between a person and the state, presupposing certain rights, duties and responsibilities.

Constitution - the fundamental law of the state, a normative act that has the highest legal force, defining the foundations of the state system, the organization of state power, and the relationship of the state with citizens. (adopted by popular referendum on December 12, 1993 )

Policy – the sphere of relationships between social groups for the implementation of common interests with the help of political power.

Political power – the ability and opportunity to pursue a certain policy using political parties, organizations, and the state.

Political life – various forms of interaction between political participants associated with the struggle for power, with the development and adoption of government decisions.

State - an organization of political power that manages society and has sovereignty.

Form of government - This is a way of organizing the supreme state power.

Types of forms of government:

Monarchy ( ogr. monarchia - autocracy, autocracy):

absolute ( Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia);

dualistic (Jordan, Morocco, Nepal);

parliamentary (Great Britain, Norway, Sweden).

Republic ( from lat. res-publica - public matter, state):

presidential (Argentina, Brazil, USA);

semi-presidential (mixed) (Austria, Russia, France);

parliamentary (Germany, India, Italy, Switzerland).

Form of state-territorial structure - this is a way of interconnecting the territorial entities of the state, enshrined in the constitution.

Unitary state – state form device in which its parts are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status of state formation (Japan, Ukraine, Poland

Federation – state form device in which territorial parts are state. entities-subjects of the federation (Russia, Germany, USA, Mexico)

Confederation – state form device, a voluntary association of independent countries or republics that retain sovereignty (European Union, CIS, USA until 1865

Typology of political regimes - the way the political system functions. System of methods for exercising power

Democracy – a political regime that gives citizens the right to participate in political decision-making and elect their representatives to government bodies.

(a political regime in which the people are the source of power)

Principles:

Democracy

Majority principle , the will of the majority is revealed through elections and referendums

Respect for minority rights – the right of the minority to oppose

Parliamentarism - state power in which the leading role belongs to the people's representation - parliament

Political pluralism (diversity) multi-party system, diversity of political ideas, media, etc.

Publicity – openness of the activities of political institutions, accessibility of information, freedom of speechRule of law , the basis of which is the rule of law and the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens

Monopoly on power of one group, one party;

The leader is the national leader;

The role of representative bodies is insignificant;

Political opposition is permitted but is strictly controlled by states

Usage armed forces to maintain power;

Rights and freedoms are declared, but in practice they are often violated;

Freedom of economic activity is maintained;

Power is based on the army and the church, traditions are maintained.

Totalitarianism Total state control;

Mutual surveillance and denunciation;

The special role of the ruling party led by the leader;

There is no opposition;

Power is completely uncontrolled by society;

The official ideology of one party;

Mass terror and repression.

Democracy and its forms

Direct (immediate)

Power is exercised by the people themselves without political intermediaries.

Elections based on universal suffrage

Referendums

Gatherings and meetings of citizens

Citizens' appeals to authorities

Rallies, demonstrations

Representative

Exercising power by representatives of the people - deputies

It is necessary to have a representative legislative body - PARLIAMENT

The process of representative democracy involves professional politiciansiki

Functions of the state

1. Internal :

Economic

Social protection

Taxation

Protective (law and order

2. External : defense, economic cooperation, etc..

Signs of the state

1.Territory

2.Public power

3. System of law

4. Sovereignty of power (supremacy and independence)

5.Exclusive right to collect taxes

6.United monetary system

STATE BY LAW - this is a type of state whose activities are really limitedright, there is a separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial), a guarantee of individual rights and freedoms and control over power by society

Signs of the rule of law

Rule of law in society

Submission to the law of all citizens and the state itself, its bodies and officials

Human rights, their protection and guarantee

Human rights express his freedom, but it cannot be absolute.

The principle of separation of state powers

The principle of mutual responsibility of the state and the individual (responsibility of the government before representative bodies, legal responsibility of public persons before the law, impeachment)

PARTY (parties, pars– part, group) – a group of like-minded people united in a political organization for the purpose of expressing and protecting the interests of a certain social group of society

Political goal PARTS

Common ideology

Expression of interests of certain social groups

The struggle to gain political power - claims to power and participation in power - is the most important feature of the party

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS – solidary (joint) activity of citizens aimed at achieving any significant political goal

Political goal MOVEMENTS

No common ideology

They do not set goals for coming to power

Mass base

After achieving the goal, they may disintegrate, or they may turn into a party

Batch classification Those in power

Rights

Fascists

Monarchists

Clerical (related to religious morality(

Left

Social Democrats

Communists

Anarchists

Center

Liberals

Pro-government parties

Elections - the procedure for electing someone by voting.

Referendum – resolution of the most important issues of public and state life by direct vote of voters.

The electoral process is a set of actions in the election process

Elections : General Equal Secret Direct

Active suffrage

The right of citizens to participate in the political life of the country

All citizens over 18 years of age participate.

Passive suffrage

The right of a citizen to be elected to representative bodies of the state

Electorate From lat. Elector- voter

Absenteeism – election evasion

1. Lobbying (lobby )=pressure groups;

2. Lobbying - the process of promoting the interests of individuals and corporate structures in order to achieve the adoption of a political decision beneficial to them

Election system

Proportional system - voting on party lists. Voters come to vote and are presented with several lists compiled according to the party affiliation of the candidates. The voter marks the list of the party with which he sympathizes. When counting votes, parties receive a number of seats in parliament proportional to the number of votes cast for these parties (in Russia - if parties pass the 7% threshold).

Majoritarian system involves determining the voting results in such a way that the candidate who received the majority (absolute or relative) of votes in a given electoral district is considered elected; Moreover, the electoral districts are single-member, i.e. only one deputy or deputies from only one list can be elected according to them.

Conditions under which a citizen of the Russian Federation does not have the right to vote and be elected

Declaration of his incompetence in court;

being in prison by court verdict.

Impeachment is a procedure for depriving senior officials of their powers who have committed a gross violation of the law.