1. What makes humans and animals in common?

What evidence is there for the relationship between humans and animals?

Anthropologist: Like all living beings, a person needs food, water, and sleep to maintain life. Like all animals, he grows old and dies. These similarities, as they say, “lie on the surface.” But there are others, perhaps not so obvious. I have already told you that the structure of the human body is in many ways similar to the structure of the body of other animals. By comparing the skeleton or individual organs that perform the same functions (for example, digestion or respiration), scientists find many similarities. Of course, most of these coincidences are with closely related animals (especially monkeys; everyone who has seen a monkey immediately notices this). But even when we begin to compare the human body with the body of such a different creature as a fish, many common features are quickly revealed (fish, like people, have a spine, heart, stomach, nervous system, etc. .).

Is there any other evidence for this?

Anthropologist: Without a doubt! The kinship of man with other animals is evidenced by the presence of so-called vestigial organs, that is, organs that have lost their significance in the process of evolution. There are several dozen of them. For example, by studying the structure of the coccyx - the lower part of the human spine, consisting of several fused vertebrae, we can conclude that the distant ancestors of humans once had a tail. There are many small sparse hairs on the human body - these are the remnants of the thick wool of our ancestors. The human cecum has a small appendix, which is not involved in the digestion process. But for many herbivores, this is the most important part of the intestine. What does this mean? Right! Our distant ancestors were herbivores. But when ancient people switched to eating meat, the need for the appendix disappeared, and it eventually turned into a vestigial organ. If you wish, you can find other examples that show that man came out of the animal world and still has much in common with them.

2. Instincts and reason

How is man different from other animals?

Anthropologist: The main difference between man and all other living beings is that he has intelligence. It is thanks to the mind that a person is able to quickly navigate the environment and make decisions that are most appropriate for the present moment.

Well, that's not a fact yet! Aren't other animals capable of this? Let's just remember bees, ants and other insects.

Anthropologist: Yes, at first glance their behavior may seem meaningful. However, scientists have proven that all insect actions are dictated not by reason, but by instincts.
Instinct is an innate form of behavior.
Here's just one example. In order to provide their larvae with food, wasps dig minks and drag insects (for example, grasshoppers) paralyzed by poison into them. Having placed the prey at the hole of the burrow, the wasp quickly “searches” its room before finally dragging it in. This is advisable, since the prey has to be dragged from afar, and someone could get into the “apartment”. After making sure that everything is in order, the wasp climbs out, takes the prey and hides it in the hole. What will happen if you make minor adjustments to her instinctive actions? When the wasp disappears into the hole, move its prey slightly away from the entrance. In our opinion, nothing has changed, but for the wasp the whole chain of actions begins all over again. She again drags the paralyzed insect to the entrance and again dives into the hole to “check”. One researcher moved the prey away forty times, and each time the wasp “searched” the hole again and again, the entrance to which was clearly visible to her! We can say that she behaved in in this case like an automatic machine. However, this is how it really is. The behavior of insects is “programmed” from their very birth. They behave as they have for many millions of years of evolution. Their every action is dictated by instinct. They are simply not able to “think it over”, change their behavior in accordance with changed circumstances.

Let's say everything is clear with insects. What about dogs or monkeys?

Anthropologist: Indeed, the behavior of highly organized animals (for example, dogs or monkeys) is much more complex than the behavior of insects. They are able to make choices and foresee the consequences of one or another of their actions. However, even in this case, the behavior of animals is instinctive and not rational. Simply, highly organized animals are capable of learning. Monkeys and dogs, unlike insects, can change their behavior depending on the situation. But they are completely incapable of creativity, of creating anything new. This ability is inherent only to man. A person works, and as a result of his labor activity the surrounding world is being transformed. A person can think, analyze, generalize, draw conclusions, accumulate and transmit information. He is the only living being who is capable of knowing the world and himself. This feature of it is called intelligence.
Reason is a person’s ability to understand and comprehend the world and himself, the ability for creativity and cognition.
It was the mind that allowed man to invent many useful things and take a dominant position on our planet. Yes, he does not run as fast as a leopard, not as vigilant as an eagle, he cannot fly like birds, he does not have sharp claws, powerful fangs, or thick skin. But thanks to binoculars, a person sees better than an eagle, thanks to a car he moves faster than a leopard, and thanks to an airplane he flies higher and faster than any bird.

People are akin to animals. So they also have instincts?

Anthropologist: Although man has reason, he also has instincts. For example, a newborn baby, when hungry, greedily sucks milk. Nobody taught him this. A child “knows how to eat” from birth. However, a person gains the ability to speak, read, play, work and much more only through education. That is why they say that instincts play an incomparably smaller role in his life than in the lives of other animals.

3. The brain is the main tool of mental activity

If intelligence is the most important thing that distinguishes humans from other animals, then they must have different brain structures!

Anthropologist: Indeed, the main instrument of human intelligent activity is his brain. But this vital organ is also found in many other living creatures, for example, fish, birds and animals. However, they do not have intelligence! It would be tempting to think that its brain is built completely differently from the brains of other animals. However scientific research this has not been confirmed. In the structure of the human brain, as well as in the structure of its other organs, one can find many common features with the structure of the brain of animals and birds, which once again confirms the fact that man emerged in his development from the animal world, that he is a part of nature. To begin with, in the work of any brain, be it the brain of a bird, a monkey or a human, the leading role is played by special nerve cells - neurons. (For example, in humans, neurons make up one tenth of all cells of the nervous tissue). The complexity of the nervous system is directly dependent on the number of neurons that make it up. For example, worms have only about 100 of them, but humans have more than 10 billion!

It turns out that the larger the brain volume of a creature, the “smarter” it is?

Anthropologist: That's not entirely true. It is known that elephants and dolphins have larger brains than humans. However, only man has intelligence. Scientists believe that, along with the volume of the brain, the number of connections that arise between individual neurons plays an extremely important role. The human brain can be likened to a magical forest: long processes extend from neurons, which intertwine with each other like tree branches. With the help of these processes, individual neurons constantly exchange nerve impulses with each other. The number of such connections of one neuron alone can reach 20 thousand! In no other creature do the neurons of the brain form such complex and numerous connections. And this is precisely where the human brain differs from the animal brain. However, it should be noted that in a newborn baby there are no branched connections between neurons. They are formed only as a result of his communication with other people and learning. The more a person learns, the more he thinks or is creative, the more neural connections are established in his brain. And this shows that intelligence is not given to a person from birth. It is formed, “created” only in the public environment!

"A tiger is also a person, only the shirt is different"

The natives of the island of Kalimantan claim that the Orangutan is also a man, only cunning. He deliberately pretends that he doesn’t know how to talk so that he won’t be forced to work.

Just go to the zoo, Konstantin, and look at the orangutan. It will immediately become clear to you that this is a person.

Below we will get acquainted with phenomenal phenomena in the animal world associated with their spiritual qualities.

Often a person, proud of his superiority over animals, looks with arrogance and even contempt at “insensitive and soulless” creatures, in his opinion. And so he abuses his power over them.

Animals of the same breed can be brave and cowardly, angry and gloomy, affectionate and cheerful.

But they do not have the highest properties of spirituality - moral sense, philosophical and scientific thinking, subtle artistic and musical sensitivity. And love and the beginnings of altruism, as well as aesthetic feelings, are also characteristic of animals.

Compassion and mutual assistance

Some concepts, such as compassion, are usually associated only with humans. However, there is no doubt about the existence of an innate sense of compassion, that is, sympathy for the suffering of one’s own kind, in a number of animals.

Numerous observations by naturalists indicate responsiveness, friendship, loyalty and other amazing feelings exhibited by various animals towards each other during social behavior. Let's consider the most typical cases.

Good feelings of elephants. These animals are distinguished by special spiritual qualities. In their community, they are always ready to help each other, showing rare intelligence.

Wild elephant hunters usually dig a deep hole and carefully cover it with branches and grass. Having fallen into such a trap, the elephant issues a trumpet call for help, and his comrades immediately rush to the rescue. To save the prisoner they use a very ingenious method. The elephants stand at the edge of the hole and begin to carefully dig the ground with their powerful tusks. It gradually collapses and fills the hole, which allows a comrade in trouble to rise higher. Then, using their trunks, they pull their fellow out.

Elephants do not leave their elders without help. They usually leave the herd, feeling that they are no longer able to keep up with the young during quick and long transitions from one pasture to another. And then one or two young elephants remain with them. And the old elephant, in turn, teaches the young bodyguards the ancient elephant wisdom. In case of danger, young elephants warn the person under their care about it and hide it in a shelter. They themselves boldly rush towards the enemy. Often elephants accompany an elder until his death.

Undoubtedly, these instinctive feelings were initially laid at the basis of the behavior of elephants. But doesn’t every person carry within himself the foundations of a kind attitude towards others? Why then do many people lack the same cordial attitude towards their friends, relatives, and especially towards the elderly and seemingly no longer especially needed parents?!

Elephants are courageous and kind animals; they show friendly relations not only with their fellow tribesmen. The story of the great friendship between a circus elephant and a dog is widely known. One day the “jokers” began to tease the dog, amused by its barking. As soon as the elephant, who was in a closed room, heard the voice of his friend, he forcefully knocked out the boards of the wall, rushed towards the tormentors and put them to flight.

About the virtues of birds. “How can I describe to you in detail all the properties of birds regarding the type of life? Just as, for example, cranes take turns keeping night watch, and some eat, while others, walking around, provide them with perfect safety during sleep. Then, when the term of the guard is completed, the guard, crying out, turns to sleep, and another replaces him and partially rewards him for the security that he himself enjoyed.

You will see the same order in their flight. First one, then the other serves as a guide and, having flown ahead for a certain time, flies back and gives the right of leadership along the way to another, and to the next one after him.

But aren’t the affairs of busels [busel - stork] far from reasonable behavior? They all arrive in our countries at the same time, and they all fly away, as it were, under the same banner. They are surrounded and accompanied by our crows, who, it seems to me, give them some help against the hostile birds. The proof of this is, firstly, the fact that around this time not a single crow is visible at all, and secondly, the fact that the crows returning with wounds bear clear signs of their asceticism and warfare.

Who decreed their laws of hospitality? Who threatened them with accusations for leaving the military formation, so that not a single crow remains at home during the escort? Let the inhospitable hear this, who lock their doors, and even in winter and at night do not want to accept strangers under their roof.

Or the beads, having circled around their father, whose feathers have faded from old age, warm him with their wings and, abundantly delivering him food, even provide strong assistance in flying, slightly supporting him on both sides with their wings” (according to Basil the Great).

Indeed, even the ancient Greeks drew attention to the innate care they have for their elderly parents. young storks. They very diligently care for weak birds, feed them and do not allow their parents to need anything. People even developed the concept of the “law of storks”, according to which children were obliged to take care of their parents. Those who did not comply with this law were considered disgraced.

Other birds, such as canaries, also take care of elderly loved ones. An observation was recorded of a family of canaries, in which the grandchildren carefully fed their grandmother, who was weak from old age. She was the ancestor of a large flock of canaries that lived in the attic of the naturalist who described their behavior. When it became difficult for an old canary to fly up to a common feeding trough, two young descendants came to her aid. For two years, until her death, they fed the bird, weakened over the years, from its own beak, like a small one. What is especially curious: the grandmother, as if “returning to childhood,” often flapped her wings when meeting the breadwinners, as chicks usually do.

Such family affection between grandchildren and children for aged loved ones is not always found even among people.

This is how these animals manifest the feeling that we call “humanity”! Maybe we humans should look at ourselves through the eyes of birds?

Feeling of compassion. The hereditary ability for compassion in birds is also manifested in the feeding of orphan chicks, not only their own, but also those of others. The birds also provide assistance to blind, sick and injured birds that have lost the ability to fly.

Crows and magpies are especially distinguished here. Hearing a cry of pain emitted by a fellow bird, these birds gather the entire flock with a special cry and fly to the aid of the victim. And then in the colony they feed their crippled comrades, as well as their chicks.

Known story blind pelican, who himself could not fish, but lived safely in the colony, as his relatives fed him.

The innate kindness of pelicans is widely used by the inhabitants of Mexico, saving themselves from the hassle of fishing. They tie the caught pelican to a tree, and the unfortunate bird lets its comrades know about the trouble with a desperate cry. After some time, a whole flock of fellow pelicans gathers around the captive pelican. Their sympathy is expressed not only by sad cries, but also in the most significant way - pelicans bring fish in their bucket bags to feed their comrade. But people take almost all of it from him...

Manifestations of altruism

The concept of altruism as applied to a person means a system of moral principles, which is based on selfless concern for people. It aims to promote the well-being, interests, and even survival of others while putting oneself at risk. Altruism is different from helping, which involves no risk. There is also the concept of reciprocal altruism, when people act towards others in the same way as they would like others to act towards them.

Altruism, as an innate feeling, occupies a special place in the relationships of animals. Ethologists, not without surprise, revealed this ability of theirs in the process of studying the abstract thinking of animals. Not without surprise - because in understanding the basics of animal behavior, the presence of an altruistic feeling was not recognized for a long time. After all, the basic law of life is the need to survive at any cost. And altruism is beneficial not to the individuals who manifest it, but to those towards whom it is directed.

However, despite the doubts of scientists, cases of altruistic behavior in animals confirm reliable observations.

Thus, video recording recorded the fact that a rhinoceros actively helped a wounded antelope that had suffered from the teeth of a crocodile. At the same time, the threat of attack from this predator remained no less for the savior. Or there are videos of the altruistic behavior of some monkeys. They risked their own lives to protect unrelated pack members.

So these observations suggest the possibility of altruism in animals. Even if not for all, but only for certain types, the facts do not allow us to deny this form of selfless behavior.

These amazing dolphins. Just recently, when asked which animal can be considered the most intelligent, friendly, merciful, sympathetic and deserving of the greatest respect, many would answer - a dog. But today, most likely, they would also call it a dolphin.

Dolphins are animals with an incomprehensibly complex social behavior. They tend to help each other, report the location of prey or danger threatening their fellow creatures, emitting high-frequency sounds. A dolphin will never swim past a fellow dolphin in trouble or even someone else. Understanding of other people's pain and the instinct of empathy are initially embedded in their minds. Therefore, the sight of a suffering animal generates an instant response in the dolphin’s brain. And he will do everything to help.

Pilot whales most often exhibit an innate sense of camaraderie. There is a known case when they died trying to rescue a fellow fish stuck in shallow water during low tide.

Dolphins rescue their drowning comrades and fight them off from sharks. They provide assistance to the weak or wounded, regardless of their gender and age. By lifting their fellow dolphins from the depths and supporting them at the surface of the water, rescue dolphins instinctively act in the same way as dolphins who push up their newborn child so that it takes its first breath.

There are many cases where dolphins saved drowning people in this way, keeping them afloat so that they did not suffocate.

Dolphins are also able to help their sick brothers. Thus, in one of the dolphinariums there lives a paralyzed dolphin, who is cared for by a young bottlenose dolphin. He is constantly next to his weak friend, brings him fish and plays with him.

Walrus solidarity. From youth to old age, walruses are extremely sociable and loyal animals to each other. They often unite in large herds, so that up to two hundred individuals can be seen on floating ice floes.

The walrus society has a special organization. Each of their herds usually appoints several guards. They are very vigilant and with a powerful roar they notify their relatives in time of impending danger.

In friendly cohesion, walruses fight back not only such a strong beast as polar bear, but also to an armed man. And they always help their brothers out of trouble, often at the risk of their own lives. When attacked by people, walruses call the herd with an alarming roar to protect their comrades. If a boat with hunters chases a wounded walrus, its brothers surround it and break through the walls with their tusks. And this - despite the shots! In such a collective battle, even young walruses attack the enemy. Being still without tusks, they smashed the bottom of the boat with their heads!

Healthy walruses take wounded animals to a safe place, demonstrating intelligence and intelligence. They either lift the wounded out of the water to let them breathe, or, escaping from bullets, again descend with them to a safe depth. Walruses also do not abandon the dead, but keep them afloat until the last possible opportunity.

The same dedication is observed here as in the dolphins. You might think that walruses live by the motto of the musketeers: “one for all and all for one.”

What a pity that people have been mercilessly killing these noble animals for centuries. But perhaps walruses were not completely exterminated only because they always courageously fought for each other’s lives, and hunting them was unsafe.

Devotion and dedication of parents

What is this feeling? Many facts indicate the existence of very strong parental feelings in the animal world, and indeed feelings between relatives in general. They are the result of observations of animals and the subject of close attention of scientists. Moreover, surprisingly, these mysterious sensory (from lat. sensus- feeling, sensation, perception) the properties of animals are actively studied by computer scientists and military signalmen.

Prosaic? Yes! But it was they who proved that the sensory relationship between animals is so strong that it can be recorded by instruments. And no distances interfere with this!

Research began with work being carried out in many countries around the world to create biological communication systems. In them, living beings were transmitting and receiving information “devices”. Navy specialists were the first to use biological communications to transmit classified information to a submarine.

Such an experiment was carried out. The snails were released into the pen, where they naturally formed mating pairs. After this, the snails were separated - some were left in place, while others were sent across the ocean.

And if each of the snails was irritated with a weak electric current, then it would sharply shrink under its influence. This was surprisingly felt not by any of those snails that were on the other side of the ocean, but by its pair. She also contracted, instantly and synchronously with the first.

Convincing confirmation of the existence of such a communication channel was obtained through experiments with rabbits. A female rabbit was placed on one submarine, and her babies were placed on the other. At a strictly defined astronomical time, the skin of the rabbits was irritated with weak pulses of electric current. And simultaneously with this, the skin of the rabbit, who was at a very great distance from her children, twitched!

Scientists, using living beings with unique sensory abilities, create devices that work like a Morse code telegraph. But for this purpose they use the principle of transmitting “live” information described above and not yet discovered by science.

Such communication channels can be used in situations where traditional methods of obtaining information are either impossible or undesirable. After all, such information cannot be overheard with the most modern devices, since the channel of such biological communication exists outside the sphere of influence of all known fields.

Thus, it has been experimentally proven that both the mother rabbit and the snails, separated from their pairs, react sensitively to the unpleasant sensations of living beings close to them.

The transmission and reception of these signals are not hampered by either the distance between them or the thickness of the water.

Caring for offspring. Among the spiritual manifestations of animals, it is parental feeling, especially maternal, and care for their children that constitute a long-known trait of their character.

Of course, not all representatives of the living world are burdened with marriage ties and caring for the young. However, those of them who have genetically fixed parental dedication sincerely surprise us with the manifestations of this feeling. A variety of animals have it: mammals - monkeys and elephants, tigers and rhinoceroses, bears and wolves, beavers and foxes, dogs and cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians and mollusks.

Many, even very small and seemingly weak animals, protect their young with desperate courage. Thus, the timid birds of our forests, when their nest is attacked by a stronger enemy, fearlessly enter into an unequal battle with him to save their chicks. Even domestic animals, distinguished by good nature, and those, under the influence of innate maternal love, become angry not only towards “uninvited guests”, but also towards their owners.

However, no matter how strong the love of animals for their young is, it distinguishing feature- short duration. It continues only until the younger generation is able to take care of itself. And from this time on, parents and children for the most part become strangers.

But this rule sometimes has exceptions. Thus, some species of dolphins maintain a connection with their parents for many years. During this time, the young animals are not only under their supervision and protection, but also acquire various skills necessary for adult animals.

Why are these representatives of the living world endowed with care for their offspring, passed on from generation to generation? They need it because, due to illness, persecution of enemies and other unfavorable living conditions, only a small part of the offspring is capable of procreation. And if it were not for this feeling of attachment to their children, then many species of animals could disappear forever from the face of the Earth.

It is also worthy of attention that, according to the observations of scientists and naturalists, the caring behavior of females of many animals is not limited only to their own offspring. Such a wonderful instinctive feeling often extends to other people's cubs, belonging to a different breed or even to a different class of animals.

Let's meet some especially dedicated animal parents.

The teachers are the mother bear and the older brothers. A mother bear gives birth to one or two tiny cubs in winter. Their rapid growth occurs only in the spring, when the children begin to emerge from the den along with the mother bear into the sunlight, eating plentifully and variedly.

And here the mother has a lot of worries to feed and protect her offspring. In addition, a lot of time is spent training bear cubs. The she-bear does not teach them to walk and run, as they easily learn this on their own. She teaches her children how to fight and climb trees or steep but low cliffs by holding onto the cracks with their claws. Those cubs who are not quite dexterous will fall down, get hurt, she will take pity on them and force them to climb up again. If the cub easily climbs the cliff, then he receives a tasty morsel from his mother as a reward.

She also shows children how to get ants or find a hollow to enjoy fragrant honey. Or where in the forest to find tasty and medicinal herbs, how to get to the other side along the trunk of a fallen tree. And older children learn to hunt.

The she-bear raises the slightly grown young not alone, but with helpers - cubs from last year's litter. The mother leaves the babies in the care of these older children, taking care of the prey. The elders do not force the brothers to study, but simply go about their business. And they, looking at them, repeat all their actions and thus learn. What complex behavior these animals are endowed with!

Bears are also capable of demonstrating their wonderful spiritual qualities while selflessly protecting their offspring. Thus, sailors and polar explorers have touching stories about the love of a polar bear for her children.

One cannot read without emotion how a dying female, not paying attention to the hunters and the wounds she received, courageously covered the helpless bear cub with herself. She protected him from attacks by Eskimo dogs and licked and caressed her child until his last breath.

Feathered parents. Parent birds, like mammals, are endowed with a variety of ways to guard and protect chicks and eggs.

Some birds can violently attack enemies approaching the nest. Such protection of offspring is characteristic of many birds of prey, using their claws and beaks. And other birds, such as terns, gulls, and fieldfare thrushes, are endowed with the ability to unite in a flock in order to jointly drive away stronger birds of prey and animals. And with bold strikes from a raid, they usually put the enemy to flight.

There are birds that protect their offspring with a so-called “distractive display.” For example, a female sandpiper, precisely following the hereditary program of protective parental behavior, distracts a predator by running away from a nest with eggs or from a brood. Skillfully, ruffling the feathers of her back, she runs along the ground with her neck outstretched and her tail lowered to the ground, so that she cannot be distinguished from an animal. Or the mother appears as a chick with fluttering wings and a loud, thin squeak. It can also depict a wounded bird with short flights and falls to the ground. Thus, with her play, the mother saves the life of her offspring.

Kulik is not the only “artist”. Such forms of defense are also known in other bird species that nest on the ground or low above the ground. An example is the distracting technique of a “wounded” bird from a female hazel grouse, leading the enemy away from the protected brood.

And hollow-nesting birds instinctively defend their nests without moving from their spot. The mother in the hollow makes certain sneezing or hissing sounds. Thus, the whirligig and great tit, bending their necks and rotating their heads, very skillfully reproduce the hiss of a snake.

Some birds do not know how to actively defend their nests, but they emit characteristic alarm calls as they fly from branch to branch. Moreover, they serve as danger signals not only for birds of this species. I had to observe that a variety of birds - tits, warblers, bullfinches - flocked to such alarming cries to establish the cause of the alarm.

Devoted octopus mother. The female octopus demonstrates amazingly beautiful instinctive parental behavior.

During the incubation of the eggs, until the baby octopuses hatch, the female does not move away from the egg cords, which form entire clusters. It cleans the eggs from any sand and anything that could lead to a fungal or other infection. The caring mother also continuously shakes the clusters with the tips of her tentacle arms to refresh the water around them, and sometimes washes them with streams of water. In addition, she constantly drives away approaching crabs and shellfish. And all this time she eats practically nothing - for a month, and two, and even four months.

Only a few octopuses decide to move a little away from the eggs in order to take a little food. A devoted mother who protects her offspring and refuses food for this may even die soon after the birth of her babies.

Those who think octopuses are unattractive creatures may change their minds after learning what caring and selfless mothers they are.

Caring for insect larvae. Females of some species of earwigs demonstrate active care of insects for their clutches.

Thus, having laid eggs in a specially prepared burrow at the beginning of autumn, a caring mother remains there to spend the winter with them. It protects future offspring not only from external enemies. After all, sometimes even the male, and even other females, are not averse to eating eggs. The female is positioned in the nest in such a way as to cover the laid pile of eggs with her head and front legs.

It is interesting that even after the larvae, which look like their parents, hatch, the female remains with her babies for some time.

The instinctive parental behavior of another species of earwig also has its own characteristics. The female begins to lay eggs when they contain larvae that are ready to hatch. Babies cannot break through the egg membrane themselves to get out of the egg. Then the mother, after laying the egg, turns her head towards it and uses her jaws to remove the shell. Having freed the larva, she licks it until it straightens and begins to move. After this, the female lays a new egg and assists the next larva.

This continues for eight to nine hours, but the female’s functions do not end there. For several days she continues to care for the sedentary babies, who stay close to their mother, huddled closely together. The female guards them and licks them from time to time.

The maternal behavior of these small and, perhaps, outwardly inconspicuous living creatures is amazing and touching!

Feeding beetles to your offspring. Representatives of some species of wood-eating beetles feed their helpless larvae with pulp from wood, having previously crushed it and treated it with secretions of special glands. And, for example, in some species of flies, not only viviparity of larvae is observed, but also feeding them with secretions of special glands. This happens when the grown larva leaves the mother's body.

But usually it is not adult flies that feed their children, but, on the contrary, it is the larvae that are able to store all the nutrients necessary for their life in the adult phase. Therefore, some adult dipterans do not feed at all, while others only need water, nectar and plant juice.

Care of offspring in social insects. The most complex collective behavior associated with the protection of the family, its selfless defense and care for the offspring is endowed with social insects - bees, wasps, ants and termites.

Firstly, thanks to the construction activity that is quite advanced for the animal world, special rooms are provided in their nests for keeping larvae. These are honeycombs, cameras, beautifully equipped “children’s rooms”.

Secondly, they have “nurses” and “nannies”. The hereditary program embedded in their body takes into account all their responsibilities. Therefore, insects conscientiously care for their offspring, feed them and protect them until they reach maturity.

For example, the offspring of ants are perfectly protected from enemies and surrounded by care. Attendants constantly clean, sort by age, and transfer eggs, larvae, and pupae to areas with more favorable temperature and humidity.

According to scientists, ant eggs are capable of growing. The worker ants constantly lick them, and if these worker ants are removed, the eggs will dry out and die. And when the time comes for the ant to leave the cocoon, the “nanny” helps to break it. When babies are born, they are immediately taken to a specially built room intended exclusively for newborns. There they are carefully looked after, fed well and taken for walks.

Children's rooms are provided in the depths of the anthill, where it is warmest. “Nanny” ants ensure the cleanliness of children's premises, create the necessary microclimatic conditions and, as necessary, transfer larvae or pupae to places with an optimal environment for them. On cloudy days and at night they are kept in warm rooms. And when the bright sun shines, the “nannies” carry the future babies upstairs to warm themselves through specially constructed spacious corridors. But with the onset of heat, the babies are moved to the lower floor of the nest, to cool underground galleries.

Caring for the nest and areas with offspring. Red forest ants demonstrate active regulation of the environment in the anthill. Their nest is pierced by many passages, the entrance holes of which are widened by working ants on hot days, and when it gets colder they are carefully sealed to retain heat. Thanks to the special design of the anthill-dome, rays are captured and heat is accumulated, and in summer the temperature in the center of the dome is almost constantly 26-29 °C. In the morning and evening, when the sun is low above the horizon, ant heaps absorb more heat than the plane of the earth.

This targeted use of solar energy is especially important in shaded spruce thickets. That is why the anthills in them are higher than in lighter pine forests.

Ants also have an expedient way of increasing the temperature in rooms with larvae. Working ants, almost their entire mass, are located on the surface of the dome, receiving “sunbathing”. Then they quickly run deeper into the nest to release the accumulated heat. It would seem that this method is unproductive. However, calculations have shown that with the mass movement of heated ants, small chambers with larvae heat up quite quickly.

Feeding the larvae. Some species of ants are endowed with a surprisingly rational way of feeding larvae. The process is carried out by “trial and error”. The “nurse” does not know in advance which of the larvae are currently hungry and which are not. She receives the necessary information only by interacting with the babies - she touches them with her antennae, licks the larva in the mouth area with her tongue. If the larva “responds” by moving its mouth, head or bending, the ant begins to feed it with food from the crop or anterior ventricle.

This is how signal information is exchanged, which allows the nurse to determine the readiness of the larva to eat. And if the larva does not respond to the signal, then it means that it is not hungry, and the ant moves on to the next baby.

Protection of family and offspring. To protect against enemy invasion, ants of all types close their entrances. And they open them only when it is needed for work and when males and females emerge.

Some ants have entrances guarded by special guards - cork-headed ants. They plug the entrance with their own heads, thus fulfilling their purpose - to protect the nest from invading invaders.

In other species of ants, sentries stand in the openings of the nest and, at the slightest danger, jump out to meet the enemy. It is interesting to observe how quickly anxiety spreads throughout the nest and its inhabitants pour out in “crowds” to repel the attack. They usually bravely defend their large nests. But if the forces are unequal, the worker ants are forced to leave the nest, taking the larvae and queens. To let them escape and save their offspring, the soldiers engage in a real barricade battle. Gallery after gallery is sealed and defended to the last, so the attackers advance slowly, step by step. And if they do not outnumber the besieged ants too much, the fight thanks to such tactics can drag on for a very long time.

Meanwhile, workers are making new retreats deeper into the depths. But in most cases these moves are prepared in advance. And often, even during the struggle, a new dome is erected at some distance from the besieged anthill. Given the abundance of underground passages, this does not present much difficulty for workers. The rescued larvae are transferred to the new anthill, females, young ants and all the “service personnel” are transferred. This is especially true for nurses and nannies. After all, life goes on, and the new generation still needs care and attention.

Compassion for orphans

Cat adoptions. A cat, as a rule, is a wonderful mother, faithfully protecting her children from a variety of dangers. And although there is an opinion that cats are far from sociable animals and are not known for their kindness towards any living beings, they have repeatedly demonstrated the opposite.

There are many known cases when a mother cat fed and unselfishly raised not only her kittens, but also foundlings, orphaned babies - squirrels, hares, foxes, chickens and even baby rats! Moreover, the cats became attached to them with all their hearts and protected them from enemies as if they were their children.

Nurse dogs. A dog is able to treat other people's children like a true dog birth mother. At the same time, she easily adopts not only orphaned puppies, but also feeds the babies of other animals. Sometimes completely excellent.

So, on one farm a sheep died, leaving a newborn lamb. At the same time, a dog whelped there. And she adopted an orphan.

From the very first days, the dog fed the lamb and licked it like its own puppy. The affection of these animals for each other increased every day. And when the lamb grew a little older, the dog was still keenly interested in his adopted son. She often caressed her owner, asking him to open the door leading to the barn.

Seeing the dog, the lamb also expressed its pleasure by bleating joyfully. After this, a tender family scene followed: the dog lay on his back, and the young, but already tall lamb knelt down and drank “mother’s” milk with pleasure.

Or here's another one of the stories. In the zoological garden, a polar bear gave birth to two cubs. But she turned out to be an unreliable nurse. And then her children were given to a dog of the Great Dane breed, which had recently given birth and unquestioningly agreed to become the nurse of these babies. The dog fed the cubs and nursed them as if they were her own puppies.

Kind dogs are able to feed kittens, despite their innate dislike of cats. And if a dog accepted a small kitten that was given to her and fed him with her milk, subsequently she lives with him in great friendship.

Caring for other people's offspring in birds. Maternal love among the females of the feathered kingdom is not limited to caring for their own children; quite often it extends to the young of other animals, especially orphaned ones. This act of compassion is noted in many animals. In the event of the death of parents, virtuous neighbors become guardians of the children of the deceased spouses and take upon themselves all the care of feeding and raising poor orphans.

Very often you can find a mother hen with a large brood of ducklings. In some waterfowl, the maternal instinct is developed so strongly that they sometimes forcibly take eggs from their neighbors and roll them into their own nests for incubation.

What a reproach this should serve to bad mothers who do not even care about their children!

Association with relatives. Many animals unite with relatives to raise offspring. Thus, ostriches willingly accept other people's children into their family. Often the old male leads and protects " kindergarten"from grown-up ostrich chicks. There are many adopted people there. So they walk around - several females with ostrich chicks, and with them one male.

Collective rearing of offspring and their protection are also observed in alligators. Having laid their eggs, female alligators take turns guarding them for two months, and then for the next two months they guard the babies, arranging for them something like a “kindergarten.”

Some species of salamanders have a form of caring for babies called collective laying. And one of the females guards the nest.

Interesting fact: if a brown brook salamander finds someone else's (but of its own species) unprotected clutch, the maternal instinct immediately awakens in it. The female protects the find, and if it is moved to another place, she hurries back, looking for the right path along landmarks known only to her.

All these are just a few examples of the many behavioral phenomena that abound in the animal world.

So

The living world is represented by many millions of species. And this incomprehensible diversity is reflected both in the appearance of living beings and in the functioning of their organisms, as well as in behavioral manifestations. There are no two species whose representatives behave the same way. Any animal of a certain species can be recognized by its innate strategy for obtaining food, construction activity, by those postures, sounds, and secreted chemical substances that are inherent in it during food, reproductive, protective, social and other forms of their multifaceted behavior.

Even the behavior of newborns is no less unique, complex and expedient than that of adult animals. To grow up, kids need a lot of skills - to avoid danger, find their parents, distinguish edible from inedible, and also learn a lot, gradually improving their behavior and skills.

With all this, animals received exactly as many behavioral opportunities and abilities as they needed in order to live a full life and fulfill their special purpose on the planet.

Despite the great variety of animal species, there are still some general criteria that allow us to combine all forms of animal behavior into three main groups: individual, reproductive and social (public) behavior. This allows us to generalize the results when studying the individual behavioral characteristics of a wide variety of animals, as well as the relationships between parents and children, members of their own and other communities.

This once again tells us that there is no chaos in nature. All the diversity of living things is subject to certain laws of life.

PARADIGM OF IMAGES OF MAN – ANIMAL IN COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Krylova Maria Nikolaevna
Azov-Black Sea State Agricultural Engineering Academy
Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages

Annotation
The article examines the paradigm of human-animal images as a stable relationship of concepts representing the subject of comparison associated with a person and the object associated with an animal. Motivations for comparison within this paradigm, the most used animal images, individual and clichéd imagery paradigms are analyzed. Man's desire to relate himself to the animal world is explained by animalization, as well as ancient totemic beliefs, reflecting the deep connection of all life on earth.

PARADIGM OF IMAGES MAN – ANIMAL IN THE COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Krylova Maria Nikolaevna
Azov-Black Sea State Agroengineering Academy
PhD in Philological Science, Assistant Professor of the Professional Pedagogy and Foreign Languages ​​Department,

Abstract
The article considers the paradigm of images of man - animal as a sustainable relationship between the concepts representing the subject of comparisons associated with a person and an object associated with an animal. The motivation for comparison within this paradigm, the most commonly used images of animals, individual and cliched paradigms of images are analyzed. The human tendency of correlating with the world of animals is explained by animalization and ancient totem beliefs that reflect a deep connection of all life on earth.

Bibliographic link to the article:
Krylova M.N. The paradigm of human-animal images in comparative constructions of the modern Russian language // Modern scientific research and innovation. 2013. No. 10 [Electronic resource]..03.2019).

Comparison, as the most ancient type of intellectual activity, as a mental stereotype and a means of artistic expression, has long attracted the attention of philosophers, psychologists, and philologists.

Comparison is a way of figuratively representing the real world through the prism of the worldview and worldview of the creator of the statement. The idea of ​​the world, the understanding of the essence of what is happening is reflected in the creation of a speech work through the paradigm of images that the author uses. The creator of the term, N.V. Pavlovich gives it the following definition: “The paradigm of images is an invariant of a number of images similar to it, which consists of two stable meanings connected by the relation of identification.” The purpose of the image is to most fully reveal the phenomenon of reality described by the author (speaker). We understand the paradigm of images as a stable relationship of concepts representing the subject and object of comparison. The subject is what is compared in a given comparative construction, the object is what it is compared with.

The figurative paradigm represents comparison as a linear act of comparison, in which what is being compared (the subject) and what is being compared with (the object) are in close mental and emotional connection, conditioning each other, demonstrating a stable nature of interaction based on semantic commonality.

The material for this study is more than 6,100 comparative constructions, selected by us from various oral and written texts in modern Russian: literary works various genres; media; advertising; lyrics of popular songs; language of feature films and television series, etc.

Considering the figurative paradigm man - animal, implemented in comparative constructions, we see that the linguistic personality uses it in more than 20% of cases.

Motivations for comparison within a given figurative paradigm can be different. The most common basis of comparison is external resemblance. Comparative constructions are actively used when describing the appearance of characters, while ironic banter and sometimes ridicule of the character are constant: Captain Singh, deputy commander for personnel affairs, resembled a dark-skinned toad (D. Kazakov. Demons of Valhalla), and the creation of a reverent attitude towards the character through the depiction of his insecurity, so characteristic of animals: The molestation victim had a skinny knee, How frog leg (B. Akunin. Diamond chariot).

A person can be like an animal in behavior, impulses and actions: Bullfinch is frisky as a foal rushed ahead(B. Akunin. State Councilor); I'll be calm, silent, cool, How carp (TV series “Who’s the Boss?”); Men's activity numbers are seasonal, like insects (feature film “Love-Carrots”).

Character's feelings, his feelings can also become the basis for creating a comparison in the paradigm man - animal: – How are you feeling, Alexander? - How fly in a gilded snuffbox(TV series "Shifted").

Often compared internal qualities man and animal, and here there are especially many clichéd comparisons, based on the generally accepted idea of ​​the character of an animal: He's stubborn like ram, if he doesn’t want to, he won’t budge(TV series "Shifted"). The qualities of animals chosen as the basis for comparison are, as a rule, typified, associated with stereotypes, folklore, fairy tales, etc. If a person is compared to a hare, it is usually because he has shown cowardice, a pike symbolizes predation, a chicken - stupidity, etc. . p. For example: What is a femme fatale? How is that pike in the pond(TV show “Let Them Talk”).

Comparisons in which the objects are the names of exotic animals that are not associated in our minds with fairy-tale allegorical parallels (monkeys, crocodiles, anacondas, monitor lizards) are not so rare. Here the basis of comparison is observations of the behavior of these animals and how people treat them: About five years ago it was fashionable to take a girl from the suburbs and, as monkey, lead and show on a leash(TV show “Extra”) or impressions of feature films, TV shows in which these animals appear: Lev Ilyich Izmailov thought quickly and mercilessly, like a spring anaconda This withered, ugly face of a chronic alcoholic, this wrinkled, like monitor lizard, neck(V. Platova. Scaffold of Oblivion); Unshaven kid, healthy as grizzly… (Seryoga's song).

Although sometimes an exotic image is clearly chosen by chance, used without any reason, only to draw attention to the phrase, the events described, to make the picture more vivid, to exaggerate what is depicted: Fraser yelled like being stung in the heel gibbon (D. Kazakov. Demons of Valhalla); - Is your mug impudent? -Like a drunk monkeys (film "Antiboomer"); And outside the door they were already roaring, like being castrated rhinoceroses (O. Markeev. Black Moon). It seems that hardly anyone has seen how a gibbon, stung in the heel, jumps, what a drunken monkey looks like, etc. The groundlessness of the image chosen in this case can be considered as an element of the author’s incompetence, his desire to sacrifice verisimilitude for the sake of brightness, but, most likely , we are dealing with one of the manifestations of humorous world transformation, a demonstration of the imagination of a native speaker.

In general, behind comparisons between humans and animals, we often see certain typical life situations, animated and conveyed through the figurative paradigm: I never thought that you would want to kill me, poison me, like rat (TV show “Federal Judge”) - the fight against rats is relevant for modern cities; When he's drunk, he likes you partridge, will shoot you or give you to his thugs to tear to pieces(Yu. Shilova. Punishment by beauty) - the picture of hunting according to one source or another is familiar to everyone.

The names of some animals sound vulgar in the text, they look like elements inserted for the purpose of shocking, attracting special attention, and sometimes insulting: Stop, stop, why are you wobbling around like that? worm Which?(TV series "Big Girls"); You need to be pressed like nits… (L. Soboleva. There will be night - she will return...); There are men staring at you, How males (Yu. Shilova. Punishment with beauty). In the general context of modern word usage, the use of such images in oral speech or when simulating it, it does not seem like something unusual, out of the general picture. On the contrary, in works of art, authors, introducing vulgarized comparisons into the speech of characters, strive to follow the principle of life-like verisimilitude. The chosen image is intended to directly influence the feelings of the person receiving the statement, and in this case the impact is extremely strong.

Quantitative analysis of comparisons with the imagery paradigm man - animal shows that most often native speakers compare a person:

– with chicken (14 examples in the analyzed material): And you seem to be wet chicken, / Walking barefoot down the street(group "Brothers Grim");

– with a monkey (16 examples): The thimble was old and wrinkled, looking like a dying monkey (V. Pelevin. Yellow Arrow);

– with a pig (16): Drunk every night like a pig

– with a hare (18): I've been running since nine in the morning hare ... (advertising);

– with a cow (18): This skier, like that very sacred cow, no one will take pictures from the distance(sports commentary);

– with a snake (21): Streams of water sliding along wet slopes seemed silvery snakes (O. Markeev. Black Moon);

– with a wolf (23): They surrounded us, like those wolves (O. Tarugin. The secret of the seventh level);

– with mouse (27): But for now we must sit quietly, like mice (O. Markeev. Black Moon);

– with a fly (30): Azerbaijani hijackers flies stick to traffic cops near Moscow(newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, A. Gracheva);

– with fish (32): I'll be silent until ten How fish (B. Akunin. Turkish Gambit);

– with bird (46): Where is my darling? bird come over(group "Umaturman");

– with the beast (53): He was yelling something, baring his teeth., How beast (Yu. Nikitin. Hyperborea);

– with a dog (78): Sleeping like dog, - I lied optimistically(O. Tarugin. The secret of the seventh level).

The absolute record holder is the image of a cat, cat, kitten (100): At least they would have told me, otherwise they would have abandoned me, like blind people kittens (TV series "Storm Gates").

The figurative paradigm can be individual and clichéd. The latter is observed in the functioning of stable comparisons of varying degrees of repetition, up to phraseological units. The following stable paradigms can be identified:

– man is a fish: I feel very pleasant here, comfortable, I feel like fish in the water(TV series “Alibi Agency”);

– elephant man: I'm healthy as elephant (TV show “Let Them Talk”);

– Human(usually a woman)– horse: He had problems with work, and I worked like hell horse (TV show “Without Complexes”);

– man - squirrel: Since the morning I've been spinning like squirrel in the wheel(advertising);

– man - ox: The girl believed us, she works like ox (TV series “Silver Lily of the Valley”);

– Human– donkey: Well, how stubborn are you? donkey? (TV series “Secrets of the Investigation”);

– Human– pig: Every evening I'm drunk pig, threw dart arrows at me and the cook(D. Dontsova. Fig leaf couture).

We also observe a comparison of human and animal body parts, while the body parts can be different:

– ears - tail: And the ears stick out like a tail peacock (TV series “Happy Together”);

– mouth - mouth: Yes, your Roberts has a mouth like that sharks (D. Dontsova. Fig leaf couture);

– lips– chicken tail: Pursed lips chicken tail, the secretary took the cake from the tray(T. Ustinova. The myth of the ideal man);

– hands– wings: In the blue sky these hands / As if outstretched wings (S. Vdovikina).

A particularly vivid figurative connection appears in a chain of comparisons, when constructions are strung on top of each other, both related to different figurative paradigms and within one. For example: I live in anticipation of a miracle, like a Mauser in a holster, / As if spiderin a web, / Like a tree in the desert, / Like a black foxin the hole(song of the group “Splin”).

As you can see, the names of domestic animals are used more often in comparisons, which is no coincidence. According to V.M. Shakleina, “domestic animals are reflected in the figurative picture of the world and are widely represented in both positive and negative stable associations of peoples.”

Observations of animals have long been of particular interest to humans, since animals are the only community on earth united with humans by the criterion of “living, feeling.” Therefore, comparing something, and especially oneself, with animals is natural, initially, expected and predictable for humans. The desire to relate oneself to the animal world is called animalization(from the word animal - animal). A. Mashevsky says that when animalizing, “the main thing is to find your social (ecological) niche and merge with it,” that is, by putting forward an animal as an image, a person demonstrates a desire to ecologize his life, to be closer to nature or society, connect with them. But unity with nature should not take place in isolation from culture.

Mashevsky A. About dehumanization[Electronic resource]// Literary and artistic project FolioVerso [Site]. Access mode: URL: http://www.folioverso.ru/misly/5/1.htm#_4. 04.10.2013.

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Human - a multicellular organism, an intelligent and social being that has a certain consciousness. A person can change not only himself, but also the world around us. The main differences between humans and other animals are a well-developed brain, upright posture, speaking and thinking.

Differences and similarities between humans and mammals:

Similarities:

1. Division of teeth into canines, incisors and molars.
2. The embryo develops in the mother's body (uterus) and is then fed with milk.
3. There is an auricle.
4. Constant body temperature, as well as intense metabolism.
5. The presence of abdominal and thoracic cavities, the same organs in the cavities, glands and rudiments.
6. The same structure, as well as similar organ systems.

Features:

1. Developed tongue muscles, mental activity, increased brain volume.
2. Humans have more developed speech and brain.
3. Development of the hand for various works.
4. A person is capable of being in a vertical position, and animals are capable of being in a horizontal position. Animals have more developed neck muscles, while humans have more developed limb muscles and facial muscles.

Similarities between humans and animals

1. Man, like other animals, is a heterotrophic organism that “eats everything.”

2. Humans belong to the order of primates due to their large brain and the arrangement of their limbs.

3. Main features human body inherited from different creatures:

Difference between man and animal

1. In animals, physical strength plays an important role, while in humans, spiritual and mental strength is in the foreground.

2. A person has little hair.

3. Human communication is several times superior to animal speech.

Human organs - video