Over the course of several millennia of human civilization, terrorist methods have been used by various states, religious groups, political organizations, and criminal communities.

One of the first mentions of state terror is found in the history of Rome. To deal with his political rivals and replenish the treasury, dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla used proscriptions - lists of persons declared outlaws on the territory of the Roman Empire. The citizen who killed the person indicated in the proscription received half of the property of the murdered person. The proscription system was popular among the lumpen population, representatives of crime and political swindlers.

In the 1st century AD In the territory now occupied by Israel, the Sicarii organization operated, fighting against the Romans and representatives of the Jewish nobility, who collaborated with Rome for the autonomy of their provinces. The armed uprisings of the Sicarii grew into an uprising, then into the Jewish War (in the 6th century AD), and then followed the defeat of the rebels and innumerable troubles for the civilian population.

INXI - XIII centuries The Muslim Shiite sect of the Ismailis, better known as the Assassins, physically destroyed the representatives of the Syrian authorities, i.e. foreign caliphs. Fidai novices, on the orders of their master, a certain Elder of the Mountain, killed anyone doomed to death, despite any precautions. In 1256, the heart of the sect - the fortress of Alamut - fell under the blows of the Mongols, who completely exterminated the Assassins.

INXII - XIII centuries Against the backdrop of Rome's struggle with the royal dynasties of Europe, the religious authorities of the Catholic Church justified the legality of killing monarchs by subjects - monarchomachy. TO XVI V. the ideas of monarchomachy become unusually relevant. Opponents of militant Catholicism were killed: William of Orange (1584), Henry III(1589) and Henry IV (1610).

Historians of terrorism always mention the so-called “gunpowder plot” (1605) by Guy Fawkes, captain of the English army, against parliament and King James 1. It was supposed to blow up the parliament building, in which the king was supposed to be present, and restore Catholicism in England.

In July 1793, French aristocrat Charlotte Corday stabbed Jean Paul Marat, a member of the Convention and chairman of the Jacobin Club, with a dagger. The reason was the bloody terror unleashed by the Jacobins after the fall of the Girondins.

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars share the background and history of terrorism itself. The classic mass terror of the French Revolution demonstrated the model of managing fear and launched the mechanism for the maturation of terrorist tactics. In the 1820s. In Italy, organizations arise that strive to create a national state. A mafia is born in Sicily to fight the Bourbon monarchy. At the same time, in the south of the country, a brotherhood of Carbonari emerged, spreading its network throughout Italy. Initially, the goal of this brotherhood was to protect peasants and agricultural workers from the tyranny of landowners. The Carbonari warned and then killed the most brutal oppressors. Subsequently, the organization of the Carbonari acquired a political character and set the task of fighting Austrian rule. All organizations used terrorist methods, intimidating jailers, landowners, police officers and government officials.

At the same time, terrorism became widespread in France, Austria, and Germany. There were seven attempts on the life of King Louis Philippe of France. In one of them (1835) 18 people were killed and 22 wounded.

In 1858, the Italian Felice Orsiga attempted to assassinate Napoleon III. The Duke of Parma was killed (1854), attempts were made on Ferdinand III of Naples and the Spanish Queen Isabella (1856).

In 1868, the Serbian prince Mikhail Obrenovic III was killed. Prussian King William I and Chancellor Otto Bismarck survived two assassination attempts each. The circle of political movements resorting to terrorist tactics is expanding. Now these are not only national movements, but also republicans, anarchists and others. The ideology of terrorism is being formed. In the second half of the 19th century. terrorism comes to the Russian Empire.

From the 1880s to the 1890s. Europe and the USA are experiencing the heyday of anarcho-terrorism: in 1894, the President of the French Republic S. Carnot was assassinated, in 1881 the US President J. Garfield was mortally wounded, in 1901 the US President W. McKinley was assassinated. At the same time, less high-profile terrorist acts also occurred - bomb explosions in theaters and restaurants, murders of high- and mid-level officials, etc. Anarcho-terrorism began to decline only from 1910-1920.

Terrorism in the 19th century. has become a significant factor in political life. Past XX century characterized by the widespread growth and qualitative transformation of terrorism. International terrorist ties have developed. Terrorism has gripped Latin America and Asia, and has also become a factor in interstate confrontation. Terrorist movements began to receive support from countries acting as opponents of the state targeted by terrorism.

Terrorism is divided into globally and locally oriented. In the 20th century, political movements emerged that had global interests and claims and actively used terrorist tactics. In order of origin, these are international communist, fascist and Islamic radical movements, consisting of leading state sponsors and organizers of terrorism and a wide belt of terrorist organizations in different countries - objects of political expansion.

At the beginning of the 20th century. National liberation and revolutionary movements operating in the territories of the Russian, Ottoman, and British empires actively resort to terrorism tactics. Some yesterday's terrorists are turning into legitimate political leaders. Support for terrorists at the state level has become an element of the international activities of a number of leading states. During the First World War, Germany supported Irish separatists who fought the British army in Ireland using terror methods (explosions at military installations and in restaurants where British officers dined, etc.); Russia supported the militant organizations of the Armenian Dashnaktsutyun (Unity) party operating in Turkey. The authorities of the Ottoman Empire organized the smuggling of dynamite for Russian terrorists.

Before the First World War, terrorist structures operating in Russia: the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Polish and Georgian nationalists received large sums of money from Japan and Austria.

The First World War began in July 1914 with the shooting of terrorist Gavrilo Princip, who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo. As a result of this war, three empires collapsed. The period between the two world wars of the 20th century. characterized by changes in geography and types of terrorism. Terrorism on the territory of a certain country was increasingly linked to external support. The intelligence services of the interested states are clearly visible behind the terrorist groups. State support for terrorism is becoming one of the main components of the policies of aggressive totalitarian regimes, and the geography of terrorism is significantly expanding. Hotbeds of terrorism are emerging in the East.

During the interwar period, fascist regimes came to power and strengthened in a number of states. At the stage of the struggle for power, these political movements used a combination of legal and illegal forms of activity. Along with parliamentary parties, these movements had underground cadres and militants. The fascists used terrorist tactics on their way to power, and also for some time after formally coming to power - before creating an effective apparatus of state violence. At this stage, militants were brought in to deal with opponents of the new regime. For example, in Germany - the terror of the Röhm stormtroopers from the moment Hitler came to power until the “night of the long knives,” when the stormtroopers were destroyed (1933 - 1934). Having gained a foothold in power and created a system of punitive bodies, the fascists move on to systematic state terror, when the tactics of terrorism are also carried out abroad, turning into one of the tools of political expansion.

Fascist regimes, solving the problems of political expansion, sponsored terrorism. In 1934, during a failed attempt at a fascist coup in Austria, Anschluss supporters assassinated Chancellor E. Dollfuss. That same year, the Ustaše (Croatian nationalists) assassinated the Yugoslav king Alexander I Karadjordjević and the French foreign minister Louis Bartha. The Ustaše, who fought for the independence of Croatia, worked in contact with the intelligence services of Nazi Germany. This terrorist attack undermined one of the instruments that ensured stability in interwar Europe - the military-political alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia under the common name “Little Entente”, created under the patronage of France. The murder, inspired by the Nazis and carried out by nationalists, is one example of how the leadership of Nazi Germany solved its problems.

The interwar period saw the activation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), one of the most famous terrorist societies created in 1864 in the Southern states of the United States to fight the black population, which had received three years earlier as a result of the civil war between the North and the South. freedom from slavery; The KKK positioned itself as a secret society dedicated to protecting the property and interests of white citizens from “black bandits and marauders.” Quite quickly, the KKK turned into a right-wing radical racist organization, the ideology and policies of which are based on the principles of chauvinism, racism, religious intolerance, and sadism. The society killed not only blacks, but also those who provided assistance to blacks; the society enjoyed such support from the population of the southern states of the United States that not a single member of the society was convicted of committing crimes and was punished. Let us note that members of the KKK acted and act almost openly.

In the early 1920s. The KKK was re-established and still consists of many numerous and independent groups.

The Second World War is another stage in the development of terrorism. In the post-war period, terrorism becomes an almost global phenomenon and experiences another qualitative transformation. Before 1939, the targets of terrorism were predominantly government officials, military personnel, and persons collaborating with the regime, but not civilians. Hitlerism, Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 (destruction of civilians as a result of atomic bombing by order of US President Henry Truman) changed the attitude towards the price of human life on a global scale. The theory has been formed and the practice of modern terrorism is taking shape. Now the subject of terrorism is a powerful professional organization, supported by the state sponsor of terrorism. The direct targets of terrorist violence are civilians, foreigners, and diplomats. A terrorist attack is a mechanism of pressure on the authorities through public opinion and the international community. The confrontation between terrorism and the liberal state is a confrontation between two cultures that are radically different in their attitude to the value of human life.

After the war, the focus of national problems finally shifted to the East and South. Fascist regimes that sponsor terrorism are disappearing. In the 1960s An Islamic circle of states sponsoring terrorism is emerging. These states are headed by both secular pan-Arab nationalists of a fascist persuasion and Islamic fundamentalists.

From 1945-1948 One of the superpowers, the United States, the only one of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition that did not suffer damage on its territory during the Second World War and received enormous social and economic dividends practically at the expense of the suffering and blood of the European peoples, moved to a new level of state terrorism. Standing in the way of the United States to complete world domination in these years was the Soviet Union, which bore the main hardships of the fight against fascism, has enormous authority throughout the world, and has enormous resources, both natural and human. In particular, the scientific and intellectual potential of the Soviet Union created the possibility of the peaceful use of atomic energy, human space travel, exploration of the riches of the World Ocean, etc.

In 1948, the founder of the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), A. Dulles, formulated in detail the strategic provisions regarding the main rival of the United States, the USSR, which at the same time possesses the largest reserves of natural resources in the world: “Having sowed chaos there, we will quietly replace their values ​​with false ones.” and make them believe in these false values. How? We will find like-minded people, our allies and helpers in Russia itself. Episode after episode, the grandiose tragedy of the death of the most rebellious people on earth, the final, irreversible extinction of their self-awareness, will play out.

We will in every possible way support and raise the so-called “artists” who will plant and hammer into human consciousness the cult of sex, violence, sadism, betrayal, in a word - all immorality.

We will quietly but actively contribute to the tyranny of officials, bribery, and unscrupulousness. Bureaucracy and red tape will be presented as a virtue...

We will create chaos and confusion in government. Honesty and decency will be ridiculed and will not be needed by anyone; they will turn into a relic of the past. Rudeness and arrogance, lies and deceit, drunkenness and drug addiction, animal fear of each other, shamelessness, betrayal, nationalism and enmity of peoples, above all enmity and hatred of the Russian people, cleverly and imperceptibly cultivated, will bloom in full bloom.

And only a few, very few, will have any idea what is happening. But we will put such people in a helpless state, turn them into a laughing stock, and find a way to slander them. We will take on people from childhood and adolescence, we will always place the main emphasis on youth, we will begin to corrupt, corrupt, and corrupt them. We will make young cynics, vulgarities, and cosmopolitans out of them.” 1

In recent years, the United States has intensified the policy of double standards: Usanaben Laden receives support and weapons from the United States, he carries out the tasks assigned to him by the Americans in Afghanistan, but becomes enemy No. 1 for the United States after he turns weapons against his overseas masters; Shamil Basayev is included in the US list of international terrorists, but leading television channels provide him with their screen (July 2005) to promote terrorism in Russia...

A number of separatist movements have been active in Europe since the war. The largest of them are the Irish Republican Army (IRA) (after Ireland gained independence in 1914, it is fighting for the annexation of Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom; IRA activity has especially increased since 1970 2) and ETA (Euskadi ta Ascatasuna ), created in 1959 in Spain to fight for the complete independence of the Basque region. ETA leaders came to a combination of nationalism and Marxism; ETA activity peaks in the 1960s and 1980s. (one of the most famous actions is the assassination of Spanish Prime Minister Carriero Blanco in 1973). Currently, ETA's activity has been reduced, the organization has experienced a series of defeats and arrests, and its popularity and support among the masses is falling. In addition to the IRA and ETA, we can mention the British and Corsican separatists in France, the Walloon separatists in Belgium.

A striking phenomenon in the history of the post-war West was “leftist” terrorism. It covered Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, USA. The most powerful onslaught of left-wing terrorism was experienced by Spain, Italy and Germany.

In Spain in the mid-1960s. The pro-Maoist Communist Party of Spain was created. As a militant organization of this party in the mid-1970s. The “Revolutionary Patriotic and Popular Front” (FRAP) and the “Group of Patriotic Anti-Fascist Resistance of the First of October” (GRAPO) performed. The peak activity of these structures falls in the second half of the 1970s.

In 1970, the Marxist organization “Red Brigades” emerged in Italy. The peak of its activity occurred in the second half of the 1970s - early 1980s. The most high-profile action was the kidnapping and subsequent murder of the leader of the Christian Democrats Aldo Moro in 1978. Another anarchist organization, Workers' Autonomy, gravitated towards mass actions and sought to unleash urban guerrilla violence (picketing, seizure of enterprises, damage to equipment, etc.) - C early 1980s Italian terrorism is in crisis.

Left-wing terrorism in Germany dates back to the student riots of 1968. The organization “Red Army Faction” (RAF) had the goal of unleashing a proletarian, communist revolution in the country and was exclusively active in 1970-1972. After its defeat, the “July Movement” arose in Germany, taking as its emblem a red star and a machine gun. The maximum activity of this organization falls in 1975. Terrorists took major politicians hostage in 1974 and killed the President of the Supreme Court, Gunther von Drenkmann. The most famous action of West German terrorists is the kidnapping of the chairman of the Union of German Industrialists, Hans Schleier, in 1977. In response to this terrorist attack, the country's government created special units to combat terrorism. In 1981 -1982 The police crushed terrorist organizations. Most of their members were arrested; the survivors emigrated and hid.

In the USA in the late 1960s. The group "Weathermen" appears. Following the peak of its activity in the early 1970s. followed by its defeat. Another organization, the United Liberation Army, declared itself in the early 1970s. The peak of her fame is associated with the kidnapping of Patricia Hearst, the daughter of a newspaper magnate, who then expressed a desire to join the ranks of this organization. In subsequent years, left-wing terrorism in the United States rapidly declined.

Quite a serious onslaught of terrorists since the late 1960s. Japan survived. The largest organization is the Red Army Faction, later the Japanese Red Army. Japanese leftist terrorists were characterized by an authoritarian style, Maoist rhetoric, samurai-like dedication to cause, and contempt for death. They became known after the massacre at Lod airport (in 1975), where 25 people were killed. Soon the organization was defeated and left the territory of Japan, transferring its activity to unleash a world revolution, first to Europe and then to Asian countries.

In the 1960s, a new front of left-wing terrorism opened - Latin America. The Cuban Revolution set the impetus for the development of guerrilla and terrorist movements in Latin American countries. Having come to power, Fidel Castro's supporters began to energetically organize the “export of revolution.”

A specific situation has developed in Turkey, on the border of Europe and Asia. Along with the Kurdish separatists, both “right-wing” and “left-wing” terrorist organizations operated here.

In the 1970s The country was experiencing an acute modernization crisis, expressed, among other things, in the confrontation between right and left extremism. Right-wing organizations are fascist, and left-wing pro-Maoist organizations intensively fought with the government and with each other. Targetless terror was widely practiced - explosions at public places. The peak of activity occurred in the late 1970s. The government managed to localize the Turkish terrorists themselves, and the activity of the separatists from the Kurdish Workers' Party was reduced only recently, which was facilitated by the arrest of its leader Abdullah Ocalan.

It has grown dynamically since the 1960s. until the beginning of the 21st century. area of ​​eastern terrorism. Historically, terrorism of the 20th century. in the East grew out of the Palestinian problem. The terrorist organization Fatah (one of the names of the Palestine National Liberation Movement), which emerged in the 1950s. in Egypt, declared its goal to fight Israel until its destruction and the creation of a Palestinian state. In 1968, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed, and Fatah leader Yasser Arafat became its chairman in 1969; The PLO waged a long, stubborn struggle to achieve Palestinian statehood. The creation of the Palestinian Authority in 1993 became possible on the basis of a political compromise, which provided for the PLO’s renunciation of the elimination of Israeli statehood and the methods of terrorism, which were not recognized by all of its members.

The Palestinians continue to fight for the creation of a fully sovereign state and the acquisition of acceptable borders, using legal and illegal forms. Formally, the PLO and the Palestinian leadership abandoned terrorist methods. However, on the territory of the Autonomy, under the wing of the PLO, the terrorist structures Hamaz, Islamic Jihad, and others operate.

Features of Palestinian terrorism: widespread use of targeted terrorism, preparation and use of suicide bombers on a massive scale, planning and implementation of high-profile actions aimed at world public opinion (airplane hijackings, etc.), flexible use of terrorist acts as an element of politics.

Thus, for more than four decades there has been an almost continuous war, which has long gone beyond the confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians. The growth of terrorism in the East reflects a dual process - the intensification of Islamic extremism and the growth of its opposition to the Western world. The support of Israel from the United States and the solidarity of other states with the people of Palestine drew many countries of the world into this confrontation. The inclusion of countries of the Islamic world in modernization processes destabilizes traditional societies and mobilizes them to resist the source of modernization processes. Factors such as the collapse of the colonial system, gigantic revenues from oil exports, and the growing solidarity of Islamic states associated with the processes of “Islamic revival” contributed to the formation and growth of the terrorist complex.

In the 1970s The Western world was experiencing the peak of the terrorist offensive. At this time, the system of international terrorism was finally formed. The tactical goals of a variety of players coincided in one thing: both terrorist organizations and sponsoring states interacted in the name of a common goal - to destabilize the West. For example, the famous terrorist Venezuelan Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez worked both for groups that broke away from the PLO and for Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.

At the end of the 1970s. In the Islamic world, a turn begins from secular guidelines to Islamic values. The Iranian revolution of 1978 marked the era of the onset of religious fundamentalist radicalism, characterized by extreme passions and global aspirations, and the transition to a sacred, borderless “war on the infidels” - jihad.

The situation in India deserves special mention. Multi-ethnic and multi-confessional Indian society is developing very painfully.

Interethnic clashes and sectarian riots occur regularly. Terror has become a persistent element of Indian reality. Among the most notorious acts were the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1984) by Hindu fundamentalists, the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1991) by members of the Sri Lanka-based Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam. One of the stable centers of terrorism in India is the states of Jammu and Kashmir, adjacent to Pakistan and populated predominantly by Muslims.

The defeat of left-wing terrorism was immediately preceded by the collapse of the communist camp. But the Arab-Muslim, Western-sponsored hotbed of terrorism persists and grows. In addition, traditional separatist terrorism persists in Europe, India, Sri Lanka and other countries.

In recent years, a so-called “arc of instability” has emerged, stretching from Indonesia and the Philippines to Bosnia and Albania. One of the signs of this arc is terrorism directed against carriers of non-Islamic (Christian, Judaic, Hindu) identity or carriers of secular values ​​in traditionally Islamic countries. This allows such major theorists of international relations as Samuel Huntington to talk about the confrontation between the modernization crisis of the Islamic world and the dynamic civilization of the West.

In the 1990s. A new hotbed of terrorism arose on the territory of the collapsed Yugoslavia. Various ethnic and religiously oriented forces resorted to his methods. Recently, as the political situation has stabilized, there has been a decline in terrorist activity here. However, Yugoslav terrorism is alive. The political assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djijic in 2003 shocked the entire country.

In the 1990s. a hotbed of terrorism emerged in Algeria. In 1992, the ruling secular regime overturned the results of elections in which the fundamentalist political organization, the Islamic Salvation Front, had won. The consequence of this was the unleashing of a wave of terrorism. The authorities responded with the most severe repressions. Almost a civil war broke out in the country. The terror of the authorities and the terrorism of religious fanatics led to monstrous casualties. Tens of thousands of people died. Algerian terrorism was characterized by the widespread use of mass, untargeted terror. The situation returned to normal only towards the end of the last century.

In Israel, the pressure of terrorism increased throughout the 1990s. Terrorist attacks occur almost daily. A stalemate has developed: Israel cannot destroy the infrastructure and base of terrorism, and anti-Israeli forces cannot force Israel to comply with their demands.

A sign of the last decade of the 20th century. - endless wars in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Yugoslavia. On these sites, terrorist organizations mature, terrorists become professionalized, and an international community of Jihad warriors takes shape. In 1988, Al-Qaeda was created - an international organization of Islamic fundamentalists, carrying out military operations around the world. Its creation and development was largely facilitated by the United States, which sought to expel the USSR from Afghanistan. According to unofficial data, the CIA allocated about $500 million annually for training and military assistance to the Mujahideen. Among the largest recipients of American weapons was Osama bin Laden, which Americans do not like to remember. Most of those weapons are still in use.

Al-Qaeda's main goal is the overthrow of secular regimes in Islamic states and the establishment of an Islamic order based on Sharia law. In 1998, Bin Laden announced the creation of the international organization “Islamic World Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders,” which, along with Al-Qaeda, included Algerian, Pakistani, Afghan, Kashmiri and other terrorist organizations operating almost throughout the entire Islamic world (in Afghanistan, Algeria, Chechnya, Kosovo, Pakistan, Somalia, Tajikistan, Yemen).

The New York City shopping mall bombing on September 11, 2001 was another milestone in the history of terrorism. The creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, the declaration of terrorism as the leading danger to world civilization, and its elimination from world practice have been elevated to the rank of priority problems facing the world community. Russia, having experienced noticeable blows from terrorism, entered the anti-terrorist coalition. The collapse of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the expulsion of al-Qaeda from the country did not stop terrorist activity. The fight continues.

Terrorism, as well as its consequences, is one of the main and most dangerous problems facing the modern world. This phenomenon, to one degree or another, affects both developed societies and still developing countries. Terrorism increasingly threatens the security of most countries and entails enormous political, economic and moral losses. Any country, any person can become its victims. Over the last century, terrorism has changed significantly as a phenomenon.

Terrorism has developed most since the 60s of the 20th century, when entire regions of the world were covered with zones and centers of activity of terrorist organizations and groups of various orientations. Today there are about 500 illegal terrorist organizations in the world. From 1968 to 1980, they committed about 6,700 terrorist attacks, resulting in 3,668 deaths and 7,474 injuries. In modern conditions, there is an escalation of terrorist activities by extremist individuals, groups and organizations, its nature is becoming more complex, and the sophistication and inhumanity of terrorist acts are increasing. According to studies by a number of Russian scientists and data from foreign research centers, the total budget in the field of terrorism ranges from 5 to 20 billion dollars annually.

Terrorism has acquired an international, global character. Until relatively recently, terrorism could be spoken of as a local phenomenon. In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, it already became a phenomenon on a global scale. This is due to the expansion and globalization of international relations and interaction in various fields.

The world community's concern about the growth of terrorist activity is due to the large number of victims of terrorists and the enormous material damage caused by terror. Recently, human and material losses due to terrorist attacks have been recorded in Northern Ireland, the USA, Russia, Kenya, Tanzania, Japan, Argentina, India, Pakistan, Algeria, Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Albania, Yugoslavia, Colombia, Iran and a number of other countries. Terrorist activity in modern conditions is characterized by a wide scope, the absence of clearly defined state borders, the presence of connections and interaction with international terrorist centers and organizations.

The work examines terrorism as such, its modern varieties, tasks and goals that it pursues.

1. TERRORISM AND POLITICAL EXTREMISM.

In modern conditions, terrorism is a very large-scale and widespread socio-political phenomenon, which is caused by a variety of contradictions that exist in society and relate to the main spheres of life of the latter; it has a very complex content and an extensive system of forms, affecting primarily the area of ​​political relations at its various levels: interstate, interethnic, class, group.

As a social phenomenon, terrorism is multifaceted. It includes such basic elements as extremist, terrorist ideology, relevant organizations for carrying out political violence in the form of terrorist manifestations, as well as the practice of terrorist actions (or terrorist activity itself).

Terrorist ideology is inherent in various participants in political relations: states, parties, socio-political movements, organizations, groups. In general terms, the main types of this kind of ideology include the ideology of neo-colonialism and foreign policy expansion, neo-fascist and ultra-revolutionary ideologies, radical nationalist and racist ideologies, etc. The ideological and political justifications for the use of terror as a method of political struggle and the basic guidelines for its use are contained, as shown by modern the theory and practice of terrorism, either in more general ideological concepts of certain participants in political relations (political movements, parties, etc.), or in terrorist theories themselves (for example, the concept of “urban guerrillas”).

Having a political orientation, existing in the sphere of political relations, terrorism serves the interests of certain social forces and organizations in their struggle for power, to weaken the positions of their political opponents and strengthen their own positions, while it is used to achieve both strategic and tactical goals .
As one of the phenomena of political struggle, terrorism is distinguished by the conspiratorial mode of action of its subjects, their highly secret status (if belonging to government agencies) and illegal or semi-legal position (if belonging to non-governmental organizations).

Terrorism refers to that area of ​​political struggle that involves the use of violent forms and methods condemned by law or public morality, and is characterized as a type of political extremism

Political extremism is a phenomenon of social life, characteristic not only of the modern stage of human development, it has existed since the emergence of political power and political struggle. Political extremism is a system of extreme - from the point of view of society - views and actions aimed at satisfying the political interests of individual social groups: classes, ethnic groups, political movements, parties, groupings. A characteristic feature of political extremism is the illegitimate use of violence in various forms as the main method of political struggle.

Under different historical conditions, the specific content of political extremism has changed significantly. This concerns both his ideology and the organization of extremist structures, and the practical side of the use of violence in the political interests of the relevant social groups. The modern period of political history is characterized by an exceptionally wide dissemination of the views and concepts of political extremism throughout the world, including the CIS countries, including Russia, a wide variety of ideological and political platforms (national, religious, neo-fascist, ultra-revolutionary, etc. extremism), conditions emergence and development of political extremism.
Political extremism as a phenomenon expressing the interests of various social forces in the difficult conditions of political struggle in society has a variety of objects of influence. Chief among them is the political organization of those social forces against which the struggle is being waged. This, for example, may be the political system of society, which is opposed by certain political extremist forces, the existing legal order in society, the state, its policies, etc. The objects of political extremism may also include opposing parties, movements, socio-political organizations, etc.

The objects of political extremism are often foreign states and their organizations, as well as international organizations, international law and order and security.

The goals and objectives of political extremism are realized through the use of a wide range of methods in order to exert violent influence. These include methods of an organizational nature, physical and moral-psychological influence, as well as methods of propaganda influence.

Political extremism in modern conditions is characterized by its spread among wide sections of the population, the resort to violence as a method of political struggle by many political movements, parties and organizations of various directions.

The modern practice of political extremism is characterized by the widespread use of its particularly acute violent criminal forms and methods (destruction and intimidation of political opponents, destruction of their political structures and material objects, etc.), which is observed in almost all regions of the world - with few exceptions - and has become a distinctive feature of the political situation in the CIS countries.

Terrorism occupies a central place in the system of political extremism. It is one of the most dangerous types of political extremism for society, since, unlike other types, harming the life and health of people and intimidating them is deliberately considered as a necessary condition for achieving the political goals pursued by terrorists. In this case, we can talk about both individual specific individuals (state and public figures, government officials, etc.), and about other persons or an indefinite number of them.

TASS DOSSIER. On November 17, the head of the FSB, Alexander Bortnikov, said that the A321 crash over the Sinai, where more than 220 people died, was a terrorist attack. According to him, traces of foreign-made explosives were found on the wreckage of the plane and things.

Less than two weeks after the events in Egypt, terrorists carried out a series of attacks in Paris. 129 people were killed and over 350 were injured. It is the second deadliest terrorist attack in Europe after Madrid, when 190 people were killed in train station bombings in 2004.

Listed below are the 10 largest terrorist attacks in the world by death toll, excluding attacks that occurred in countries where there was military conflict at the time. In eight cases, the attacks were carried out by radical Islamist groups.

The September 11 terrorist attacks in the USA. 2996 dead

On September 11, 2001, in the United States, suicide bombers from the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda hijacked passenger planes and crashed them into two towers of the World Trade Center (New York) and into the Pentagon building - the headquarters of the US Department of Defense (Arlington County). , Virginia). The fourth hijacked airliner crashed near Shanksville (Pennsylvania). As a result of this world's largest series of terrorist attacks, 2 thousand 996 people were killed and over 6 thousand people were injured. The organizer of the terrorist attack was the al-Qaeda group and its leader Osama bin Laden.

Beslan. Russia. 335 dead

On September 1, 2004, in Beslan (North Ossetia-Alania), militants led by Ruslan Khuchbarov (“Rasul”) captured more than 1 thousand 100 students from school number 1, their relatives and teachers. On September 2, after negotiations with the ex-president of the Republic of Ingushetia, Ruslan Aushev, the bandits released 25 women and children. On September 3, shooting and explosions began at the school, which forced an assault. Most of the hostages were released, 335 people died. Among the dead were 186 children, 17 teachers and school staff, 10 employees of the Russian FSB, two employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The militants were destroyed, only one survived - Nurpashi Kulaev (in 2006 he was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment due to a moratorium on the execution of death sentences). International terrorist Shamil Basayev (liquidated in 2006) took responsibility for the terrorist attack.

Boeing 747 Air India. 329 dead

On June 23, 1985, an Air India Boeing 747 passenger plane, flying flight AI182 on the route Montreal (Canada) - London - Delhi, crashed in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland. The cause of the disaster was the explosion of a bomb planted in luggage by Indian Sikh extremists. All 329 people on board (307 passengers and 22 crew members) were killed in the disaster. Canadian citizen Inderjit Singh Reyat was sentenced to 5 years in prison on charges of participating in the preparation of a terrorist attack in 2003. Prior to this, he served a 10-year prison sentence for preparing an explosion at Narita Airport (Japan), which occurred on the same day as the VT-EFO disaster. Reyat was later charged with perjury and sentenced to 9 years in prison in 2011.

Boko Haram attack in Nigeria. More than 300 dead

On May 5-6, 2014, gunmen killed over 300 residents in a nighttime attack on the town of Gamboru, Borno State. Survivors fled to neighboring Cameroon. Most of the city was destroyed.

Lockerbie attack. 270 dead

On December 21, 1988, a Pan Am (USA) Boeing 747 passenger plane, operating scheduled flight 103 on the route Frankfurt am Main - London - New York - Detroit, crashed in the air over Lockerbie (Scotland). A bomb placed in luggage exploded on board. All 243 passengers and 16 crew members on board, as well as 11 people on the ground, were killed. In 1991, two Libyan citizens were accused of organizing an explosion. In 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi agreed to hand over both suspects to a Dutch court. One of them, Abdelbasset Ali al-Megrahi, was found guilty on January 31, 2001 and sentenced to life imprisonment (released in 2009 due to a fatal illness diagnosed in him, died in 2012). In 2003, the Libyan authorities admitted responsibility for the terrorist attack and paid compensation in the total amount of 2.7 billion US dollars - 10 million dollars for each person killed.

Terrorist attacks in Bombay. India. 257 dead

On March 12, 1993, 13 car bombs were simultaneously detonated in crowded areas of Bombay (now Mumbai). The terrorist attack killed 257 people and injured over 700. The investigation established that the organizers of the explosions were Islamic terrorists. The attack was a response to earlier clashes between Muslims and Hindus in the city. One of the organizers, Yakub Memon, was sentenced to death, which was carried out on July 30, 2015. Two of his accomplices are wanted.

Airplane A321 "Kogalymavia". 224 dead

On October 31, 2015, a passenger aircraft Airbus A321-231 (registration number EI-ETJ) of the Russian airline Metrojet (Kogalymavia), flying flight 9268 from Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt) to St. Petersburg, crashed 100 km from El-Arish city in the north of the Sinai Peninsula. There were 224 people on board - 217 passengers and seven crew members, all of whom died.

Russian President Vladimir Putin promised that those responsible and those involved in the terrorist attack on the plane would be found and punished. “We must do this without a statute of limitations, know them all by name. We will look for them wherever they are hiding. We will find them anywhere on the planet and punish them,” Putin assured.

Bombing of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 224 dead

On August 7, 1998, two simultaneous terrorist attacks occurred in Nairobi (the capital of Kenya) and Dar es Salaam (the former capital of Tanzania), targeting the US embassies in these countries. Parked trucks filled with explosives exploded near the embassies. A total of 224 people died, of which 12 were US citizens, the rest were local residents. The organizer of the explosions was the al-Qaeda group.

Terrorist attacks in Mumbai. India. 209 dead

On July 11, 2006, Islamic terrorists detonated explosive devices hidden in pressure cookers in the carriages of seven local trains in the suburbs of Mumbai (Khar Road, Bandra, Jogeshwari, Mahim, Borivli, Matunga stations " and "Mira Road"). The attack occurred during the evening rush hour. 209 people were killed and more than 700 were injured. At the end of the investigation into the crime, the court sentenced 12 people to various prison terms, 5 of them were sentenced to death.

Terrorist attack in Bali. Indonesia. 202 dead

On October 12, 2002, a suicide attack and car bomb explosion near nightclubs in the resort town of Kuta (Bali) killed 202 people, 164 of them foreign tourists. 209 people were injured. About 30 people were arrested in connection with the terrorist attack. In 2003, an Indonesian court recognized a number of members of the Jamaah Islamiyah organization as the organizers of the terrorist attack. In 2008, three of them - Abdul Aziz, also known as Imam Samudra, Amrozi bin Nurhasim and Ali (Muklas) Gurfon - were executed by court. Muklas' brother Ali Imron was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Al-Qaeda mentioned in the material is included in the Unified Federal List of Organizations recognized as terrorist in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Their activities on the territory of the Russian Federation are prohibited.

I. Introduction 3

II. A Brief History of Terrorism 5

III. Features at the present stage 10

1. Concepts and types of modern terrorism 10

2. Typology of terrorism 14

3. The public danger of terrorism today 18

4. The problem of terrorism in Russia 21

5. Factors influencing the development of terrorism in modern Russia 23

IV. The fight against terrorism in modern conditions 27

General safety rules 30

V. Conclusion 32

VI. References 35

I.Introduction

Terrorism is a constant companion of humanity, which is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, acquiring increasingly diverse forms and threatening proportions.

Terrorist acts cause massive human casualties, exert strong psychological pressure on large masses of people, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values ​​that sometimes cannot be restored, sow hostility between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome in over the life of an entire generation.

As a specific phenomenon of socio-political life, terrorism has its own long history, without knowledge of which it is difficult to understand the origins and practice of terrorism.

Today in Russia they have begun to show more public and scientific attention to this problem, books are being written, and special magazines are being published. A state that comes face to face with practical terror is forced to develop a strategy and tactics to combat it.

Anyone can become a victim of a terrorist act, even those who have not the slightest connection to the conflict that gave rise to the terrorist act.

The level of terrorism and the specific forms of its manifestation are an indicator, on the one hand, of public morality, and on the other, the effectiveness of the efforts of society and the state to solve the most pressing problems, in particular, to prevent and suppress terrorism itself.

Unfortunately, terrorist acts are a very effective weapon of intimidation and destruction in the eternal and irreconcilable dispute between different worlds, radically different from each other in their understanding of life, moral standards, and culture. And in recent years, the problem of terrorism has acquired global proportions throughout the world and tends to grow steadily.

That is why the relevance of the topic of my essay is indisputable. Its main goal is to study the history of terrorism and all its features today.

Terrorist acts are becoming more and more carefully organized and cruel every year, using the most modern technology, weapons, and communications. It is quite obvious that to counter this extremely dangerous phenomenon, it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of all states at the highest level and create a network of international organizations. To carry out effective actions to combat terrorism, it is also necessary to develop unified international legal concepts and precise legal characteristics of this type of crime.

II. A Brief History of Terrorism

Over its long history, terrorism has appeared in a variety of guises, terror and terrorists have existed for more than one and a half hundred years - in many countries there were St. Bartholomew's Nights and Sicilian Suppers, enemies - real and imaginary - were destroyed by Roman emperors, Ottoman sultans, Russian tsars, as well as many others, and every country has at least one "hero".

There have always been terrorists. The earliest terrorist group was the Sicarii sect, which operated in Palestine in the 1st century AD and exterminated representatives of the Jewish nobility who advocated peace with the Romans. The Sicarii used a dagger or short sword - siku - as a weapon. These were extremist-minded nationalists who led the social protest movement and set the lower classes against the upper classes. The actions of the Sicarii reveal a combination of religious fanaticism and political terrorism: they saw martyrdom as something that brought joy and believed that after the overthrow of the hated regime, the Lord would appear to his people and deliver them from torment and suffering.

Representatives of the Muslim sect of the Assoshafins, who killed caliphs, prefects, governors and even rulers, adhered to the same ideology: they destroyed the King of Jerusalem, Conrad of Montferrat. Murder was a ritual for sectarians; they welcomed martyrdom and death in the name of an idea and firmly believed in the onset of a new world order.

At the same time, various secret societies operated in India. Members of the “strangler” sect destroyed their victims using a silk cord, considering this method of killing a ritual sacrifice to the goddess Kali. One of the members of this sect said: “If anyone experiences the sweetness of sacrifice even once, he is already ours, even if he has mastered various crafts and has all the gold of the world. I myself held a fairly high position, worked well and could count on a promotion. But he became himself only when he returned to our sect.”

In China, secret societies, the Triads, were founded in the late seventeenth century when the Manchus conquered two-thirds of China. They were originally founded as secret societies to overthrow the rule of the Manchus and restore the Ming Dynasty to the imperial throne. During the reign of the Manchu dynasty, these societies actually turned into an instrument of local self-government and took on many administrative and judicial functions. Many Triads expanded their philosophy of resistance to the Manchu conquerors to include the "white devils" as opponents, especially the British, who forced the opium trade into China. The triads repeatedly attempted a popular uprising, which was brutally suppressed by the Manchus. After the Red Turban Rebellion at the beginning of the 19th century, the Manchus carried out a particularly cruel operation of punishment, when hundreds of thousands of Chinese were beheaded, buried alive, and slowly strangled. As a result, many Triad members were forced to seek refuge in Hong Kong and the United States. British authorities estimate that more than two-thirds of Hong Kong's population at that time were members of various Triads. By the beginning of the 20th century, the previously legal basis for the existence of the Triads was undermined by the repressions of the Manchus; the Triads gradually switched to using criminal methods to support their activities: racketeering, smuggling, piracy, extortion. In 1911, the activities of the Triads completely turned from patriotic to criminal. For the first time in history, a state was formed, led and controlled by members of secret criminal societies, who attracted Triad militant groups to reprisal their political opponents.

The two best known doctrines justifying terror are the “philosophy of the bomb” and “propaganda by deed.” The “philosophy of the bomb” appeared in the 19th century; the German radical Karl Heinzgen is considered its ardent supporter and founder of the theory of terrorism in its modern sense. He was convinced that the “highest interests of humanity” were worth any sacrifice, even if it involved the mass destruction of innocent people. Heinzgen believed that the force of the reactionary troops must be opposed by such weapons with which a small group of people can create maximum chaos, and called for the search for new means of destruction.

Systematic terrorist actions begin in the second half of the 19th century: in the 70s - 90s, anarchists adopted “propaganda by deed” (terrorist acts, sabotage), and their main idea was the denial of all state power and the preaching of unlimited freedom each individual person. The main ideologists of anarchism at various stages of its development were Proudhon, Stirner, and Kropotkin. Anarchists reject not only state power, but any kind of power in general, they deny social discipline, the need for the subordination of the minority to the majority. Anarchists propose to begin the creation of a new society with the destruction of the state; they recognize only one action - destruction. In the 1990s, anarchists carried out “propaganda by deed” in France, Italy, Spain and the United States, intimidating citizens who did not understand anything so that they eventually began to believe that terrorism, extremism, nationalism, socialism, nihilism, radicalism and anarchism are one and the same.

This was preceded by several explosions in Parisian houses, carried out by a certain Ravachol, who delivered the following monologue: “They don’t love us. But it should be borne in mind that, in essence, we do not wish anything but happiness for humanity. The path of revolution is bloody. I'll tell you exactly what I want. First of all, terrorize the judges. When there are no longer those who can judge us, then we will begin to attack financiers and politicians. We have enough dynamite to blow up every house in which a judge lives...” True, this “ideological terrorist” turned out to be in fact an ordinary criminal who traded in theft and smuggling.

In 1887, the “Terrorist faction” of the Narodnaya Volya party made an attempt on the life of Emperor Alexander III in St. Petersburg. In 1894, an Italian anarchist assassinates French President Carnot. In 1897, anarchists attempted to assassinate the Empress of Austria and kill Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Canova. In 1900, King Umberto of Italy fell victim to an anarchist attack. In 1901, an American anarchist assassinates US President William McKinley.

In Russia, the anarchist movement of 1917-19. also came down to expropriations and open terror, and bandits and adventurers often acted under the guise of anarchists. In Moscow, the “All-Russian Organization of Underground Anarchists” was created, which committed a number of terrorist acts (explosion of the building of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b), etc.). At the same time, radical nationalist groups - Armenian, Polish terrorists, Irish dynamites, Turkish lone bombers, Macedonians, Serbs - used terrorist methods in the struggle for national independence.

The concepts of “philosophy of the bomb” and “propaganda by deed” were continued in the theory of fascism, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Italy and Germany. It was a terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary forces, characterized by the use of extreme forms of violence, chauvinism, racism, anti-Semitism, ideas of military expansion and the omnipotence of the state apparatus. Bloody terror was unleashed on all democratic and liberal movements, and all actual and potential opponents of the Nazi regime were physically destroyed. The dictatorship mechanism created in fascist Germany included a terrorist apparatus characterized by extreme cruelty: the SA, SS, Gestapo, People's Tribunal, etc. Under the influence of Italy and Germany, fascist-type regimes were established in Spain, Hungary, Austria, Poland, and Romania. Fascism was a mortal threat to all humanity, calling into question the existence of many nations. A carefully developed system of mass extermination of people was used; according to some estimates, about 18 million people of all European nationalities passed through concentration camps.

III. Features at the present stage

1. Concepts and types of modern terrorism

It is not easy to define terrorism, since sometimes this concept has different meanings. Modern society is faced with many types of terrorism, and this term has lost its clear meaning. Terrorism includes purely criminal kidnappings for ransom, politically motivated murders, brutal methods of warfare, aircraft hijackings, and blackmail, i.e. acts of violence directed against the property and interests of citizens. There are more than a hundred definitions of terror and terrorism, but none of them are sufficiently specific. The word terror comes from the Latin language: terror - fear, horror.

Indeed, any actions of a terrorist (even those not related to murder) always involve violence, coercion, and threat. The main means of achieving a goal for any terrorist is intimidation, creating an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, and instilling terror. Taking into account the extreme social danger and cruelty of acts of terror, their antisociality and inhumanity , terrorism can be defined as a social phenomenon consisting of the unlawful use of extreme forms of violence or the threat of violence to intimidate opponents in order to achieve specific goals.

Nowadays, there are many forms of terrorism that can be classified according to the subjects of terrorist activity and the focus on achieving certain results.

Domestic terrorism represents the activities of specially organized terrorist groups or lone terrorists, whose actions are aimed at achieving various political goals within one state. Terror can be called violence deliberately directed towards the state. Violence comes in two forms: 1) direct violence, which is expressed in the direct use of force (war, armed uprising, political repression, terror), and 2) indirect (hidden) violence, which does not involve the direct use of force (various forms of spiritual, psychological pressure, political intervention, economic blockade), but means only the threat of force (political pressure, diplomatic ultimatum). As noted in the legal literature, state terror is more often resorted to by unstable regimes with a low level of legitimacy of power, which cannot maintain the stability of the system using economic and political methods.

Russia experienced political terror back in the days of Narodnaya Volya, whose members widely used terrorist methods to fight the hated government (this organization prepared 7 attempts on the life of Alexander II). However, if in past times terrorists chose specific government or public figures as victims, modern political terrorists do not disdain massacres: from being an annoying expense, extraneous victims have become one of the most effective means of modern terrorism. Panic is what terrorists are counting on. They don't demand anything, they don't call for anything. They simply blow up houses, trying to sow animalistic fear and panic. Fear is not an end in itself. Fear is only a means to achieve certain political goals.

So, political terrorism- is the use of terror for political purposes. That is why the main targets of terrorist actions are large masses of obviously defenseless people. And the more merciless and bloody the terrorist action, the better for the terrorists. This means that the faster the government, political forces or population will do what is required of them. In this regard, hospitals, maternity hospitals, kindergartens, schools, and residential buildings are ideal targets for political terrorists. That is, with political terror, the main object of influence is not the people themselves, but the political situation, which, through terror against civilians, they try to change in the direction desired by the terrorists. “Ordinary” terrorists, in order to achieve their goals, first threaten violence, and only if they are intransigent do they realize their threats, while political terror initially involves mass casualties. Be that as it may, terrorism is classified as a criminal offense, regardless of its causes, goals and motives.

Modern political terrorism has merged with criminal crime; they interact and support each other. Their goals and motives may be different, but their forms and methods are the same. Here are some examples: Colombian terrorist organizations interact with the drug mafia, Corsican ones with the Sicilian mafia. Often, to obtain sufficient financial resources for their activities, political terrorist groups use criminal methods - smuggling, illegal arms trade. In addition, it is not always possible to understand for what purpose acts such as hostage-taking, the murder of famous journalists, and airplane hijackings are committed. What character are they - criminal or political?

When state terrorism goes beyond the borders of individual countries, it acquires the character international. Recently, this type of terrorism has acquired unprecedented, global proportions. International terrorism undermines state and political foundations, causes enormous material damage, destroys cultural monuments, and undermines international relations. Like any other form of terror, international terrorism manifests itself in indiscriminate violence, usually directed against people indiscriminately to create among the masses the idea that the ends justify the means: the more heinous the crime, the better from the terrorists' point of view.

Varieties of international terrorism are transnational and international criminal terrorism. The first represents various actions of non-state terrorist organizations in other states. However, they are carried out independently and are not aimed at changing international relations. The second is manifested in the actions of international organized crime, whose participants may be far from any political goals, and their actions may be directed against competing criminal organizations in another country.

2. Typology of terrorism

Experts studying the phenomenon of terrorism identify six main types of modern terrorism:
1. nationalist terrorism;
2. religious terrorism;
3. state-sponsored terrorism;
4. terrorism by left-wing extremists;
5. terrorism by right-wing extremists;
6. terrorism of anarchists.

Nationalist terrorism

Terrorists of this type usually aim to form a separate state for their ethnic group. They call it "national liberation" which they think the rest of the world has forgotten about. This type of terrorist often gains sympathy in the international arena.

Experts say that it is nationalist terrorists who can, in the course of their armed struggle, reduce the level of violence they use, or at least correlate it with the actions of their enemies.
This is done mainly in order not to lose the support of one’s ethnic group. Many nationalist terrorists claim that they are not terrorists, but fighters for the freedom of their people.

Typical examples are the Irish Republican Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Both organizations stated in the 1990s that they renounced terrorist methods. Experts include the Basque Homeland and Freedom organizations, which intend to separate the areas of traditional Basque residence from Spain, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which wants to create its own state in Turkey, as the same type of terrorists.

Religious terrorism

Religious terrorists use violence for purposes they believe are ordained by God. At the same time, the targets of their attacks are blurred geographically, ethnically, and socially. In this way they want to achieve immediate and dramatic change, often on a global level.

Religious terrorists belong not only to small cults, but also to widespread religious denominations. This type of terrorism is developing much more dynamically than others. Thus, in the mid-90s, out of 56 known terrorist organizations, almost half claimed religious motives.

Since the "religious" are not concerned with the restoration of rights in any particular territory or the implementation of any political principles, the scale of their attacks is often much greater than that of "nationalists" or ideological extremists. Their enemies are anyone who is not a member of their religious sect or denomination.

This category of terrorists includes Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda, the Sunni Muslim group Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, the radical Jewish organizations of the late Rabbi Meer Kahan, and some American Ku Klux Klan "folk militias" ", and the Japanese cult "Aum Senrike".

State-sponsored terrorism

Some terrorist groups have been deliberately used by various governments as a cheap way to wage war. Such terrorists are dangerous primarily because their resources are usually much more powerful; they can even bomb airports.

One of the most notorious cases is Iran's use of a group of young militants to take hostages at the American embassy in 1979.
Currently, the US State Department considers Iran one of the main sponsors of terrorism, but Cuba, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria are accused of supporting terrorists.

Known terrorist groups include the following government ties: Hezbollah is supported by Iran, the Abu Nidal Organization is supported by Iraq, and the Japanese Red Army is supported by Libya.
Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda was so closely associated with the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan that some experts place it in the same category.

Terrorism by left-wing extremists

The most radical left wants to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime.

Because they generally view civilians as victims of capitalist exploitation, they do not often resort to terrorist attacks against ordinary citizens. They are much more likely to resort to kidnapping rich people or blowing up various “symbols of capitalism.”

Examples of such groups are the German Baader-Meinhof, the Japanese Red Army and the Italian Red Brigades.

Right-wing extremist terrorism

Right-wing extremists are usually the most disorganized groups, often associated with Western European neo-Nazis.

Their mission is to fight democratic governments to replace them with fascist states.

Neo-fascists attack immigrants and refugees and are primarily racist and anti-Semitic.

Anarchist terrorism

Anarchist terrorists were a global phenomenon from the 1870s to the 1920s. One of the US presidents, William Mackinley, was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.

In Russia during the same period, anarchists carried out many successful terrorist attacks. The Bolsheviks, who came to power in Russia as a result of the October revolution of 1917, were closely associated with many “explosers,” although they themselves were mainly involved in bank robberies - the so-called “expropriations.”

Some experts suggest that modern anti-globalists may give rise to a new wave of anarchist terrorism.

3. The public danger of terrorism today

Terrorism, which is a danger on a global scale, in modern conditions has essentially become a threat to the political, economic, social institutions of the state, human rights and fundamental freedoms. We are already threatened by nuclear terrorism, terrorism using toxic substances, and information terrorism.

“Today there are about 500 illegal terrorist organizations in the world. From 1968 to 1980 they committed about 6,700 terrorist attacks, as a result of which 3,668 people were killed and 7,474 were injured. In modern conditions, there is an escalation of terrorist activities by extremist individuals, groups and organizations, its nature is becoming more complex, and the sophistication and inhumanity of terrorist acts are increasing. According to studies by a number of Russian scientists and data from foreign research centers, the total budget in the field of terrorism ranges from 5 to 20 billion dollars annually.”

I would like to note the fact that in addition to numerous terrorist organizations, there are also many government agencies supporting these organizations and even state sponsors of terrorism. These are mainly developed Western and Arab oil-producing countries. It is quite obvious that the phenomenon of terrorism becomes especially dangerous if it is created and supported by state regimes, especially dictatorial, nationalist, separatist types.

It is assumed that terrorist training bases exist in at least a dozen countries: Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya, Somalia, Cuba, Syria, Sudan. Extremist and terrorist organizations and groups, not excluding Muslim ones, are located on the territory of such developed countries as Germany, Great Britain, and France. The terrorist underground - including groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah, and Islamic Jihad - operate in inaccessible jungles and deserts and hide in the centers of large cities.

Bloody actions of the Chechens, the events of September 11 in the USA, almost daily terrorist acts in Israel, striking in their cruelty and barbaric forms (explosions in crowded places - cafes, shops, administrative buildings, passenger buses and airplanes) ... And this is not a complete list actions of terrorist fanatics over the past few years. I would like to note that all of the above acts were committed by terrorists on religious grounds. It is Bin Laden's religious beliefs that make him and his followers so dangerous. It is known that agents of the so-called number one terrorist have been trying to buy or steal nuclear technology for years. Apparently, they considered this their main religious purpose - to get to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons of mass destruction. Here's what Stephen Simon, a former member of the National Security Council who has published a book on religious terrorism, writes: “This is not violence in the service of some practical program. This is the killing of infidels for the glory of Allah. For a non-religious person, this is madness. And can it end on its own? The facts speak for themselves: they have only one goal - to kill as many people as possible in order to undermine the power of Satan. And no responsibility: there is only one moral criterion, and this criterion is God.” Enthusiastic and convinced that they are doing the will of God, terrorist fanatics lack any moral self-restraint. They are limited only by their capabilities."

Modern terrorism poses not only a threat to the security of individual political or public figures, organizations, and states.

Taking into account the global scale and scope of terrorism today, we can say with complete certainty that it poses a mortal danger to all humanity. Well-known facts include attempts to poison tap water, spraying radioactive substances, the use of weapons of mass destruction in the subway, threats to use mustard gas, and anthrax bacillus, the spread of which could be compared in number of victims with the effects of thermonuclear weapons.

The terrorists also created an underground laboratory for the production of botulinus bacillus, 200 grams of which is enough to destroy all life on the planet; more than once attempts were made to penetrate nuclear facilities and gain access to chemical and bacteriological weapons.

4 . The problem of terrorism in Russia

In Russia, the problem of terrorism has become particularly acute in recent years.

character. Among the acute political, economic and social problems that Russia acquired at the end of the twentieth century, terrorism represents one of the main dangers. For Russia, this phenomenon is not a product of the current century, an attribute of urbanization. The origins of Russian terrorism are lost in the mists of time. Ironically, the Russian intelligentsia, at the end of the 19th century, believed that only in the form of terrorism could it defend its right to freedom and democracy. Terrorism was seen as a means of fighting against autocracy, a way to protect the right to advance history. In the entire history of Russian revolutionaries, about three hundred terrorist attacks were committed.

Nowadays, sadly, terrorism has become part of everyday life.

life of Russian society, representing a real threat to the national

country security. Kidnapping, hostage taking, hijacking cases

aircraft (70 attempts to hijack aircraft during the period from 1991-1992),

bomb explosions on railways, in public places, acts of violence in ethno-confessional conflicts, direct threats and their implementation in the course of political struggle, physical elimination of political rivals, assassination attempts on representatives of various branches of government, etc. have become a common occurrence.

The distinctive features of Russian terrorism are: the presence of a wide range of terrorist organizations of various types and colors (nationalist, religious, left and right, neo-fascist, etc.); the relative novelty of this phenomenon for modern Russia and the unpreparedness of law enforcement forces to effectively counter them; different assessments of terrorism and terrorists depending on the regions and subjects of the Federation (from national hero to criminal), which is associated with the growth of nationalist and separatist aspirations of local ethno-elites; the impossibility of identifying “pure” types of terrorism and the imperfection of Russian anti-terrorism legislation.

In Russia there is an integration of terrorism and organized

crime, there are examples of interaction between Russian terrorist groups and similar organizations at the international level (training of UNA-UNSO militants on the territory of Chechnya, participation of militants of the Turkish terrorist organization “Grey Wolves” in hostilities in the North Caucasus, Khattab’s training camps on the territory of Chechnya, etc. .).

5. Factors influencing the development of terrorism in modern Russia

As one of the researchers of this problem, V.V. Vityuk, rightly noted, for the growth of terrorism in the countries of the ex-USSR, “a whole complex of prerequisites of a social, national, ideological, and psychological nature has developed.” Among them, he includes the collapse of the USSR, the systems of its law enforcement agencies, the paralysis of power, the economic crisis, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population (with the simultaneous emergence of a thin layer of the rich who made their fortune not always in a righteous way) and the threat of unemployment, the instability of the entire system of social relationships and structures, the collapse of habitual ideological orientations, the exacerbation of various political, social, national and religious contradictions, the release of aggressive potentials, the general decline of morals, the triumph of cynicism, nihilism, the legalization of shamelessness and the explosion of crime.

At the same time, we must not lose sight of the fact, previously repeatedly emphasized by domestic researchers of terrorism in the West, that it is “an extreme form of expression of social protest against the existing system.” A truly democratic state structure eliminates the need to resort to such forms of political and social struggle. In this regard, it can be assumed that the inevitable “Chechen syndrome” will have the most adverse impact on the state of the crime situation in Russia in the coming years.

All of the above circumstances influence both the process of formation of extremist ideology and the formation of subjects of terrorist activity, as well as the content and nature of the activities of law enforcement agencies, and the development of a nationwide system of measures to combat terrorism.

External factors influencing the spread of terrorism include:
- an increase in the number of terrorist incidents in near and far abroad;
- socio-political and economic instability in neighboring states of both the former USSR, Europe and East Asia;
- the presence of armed conflicts in some of them, as well as territorial claims against each other;
- strategic guidelines of some foreign intelligence services and foreign (international) terrorist organizations;
- lack of reliable control over entry and exit from Russia and the continued “transparency” of its borders;
- the presence of a significant “black market” for weapons (including explosives and agents) in some neighboring states.

We especially emphasize that this system of factors differs significantly from the one that operated in previous (before 1991) years.

Internal factors for the growth of terrorism include:
- the presence in the country of a large illegal “market” for weapons and the relative ease of acquiring them;
- formation of a new “Russian diaspora” (settlement of Russian citizens outside their country);
- the presence of a significant contingent of people who went through the school of wars in Afghanistan, Transnistria, Serbia, Chechnya, Tajikistan and other “hot spots”, and their insufficient social adaptation in a society in transition;
- weakening or absence of a number of administrative and control legal regimes;
- the presence of a number of extremist groups and quasi-military formations;
- cohesion and hierarchy of the criminal environment;
- loss of ideological and spiritual life guidelines by many people;
- a heightened sense of social unsettlement and insecurity among significant contingents of citizens;
- moods of despair and growth of social aggressiveness, social frustration, decline in the authority of government and law, faith in the ability and possibility of positive changes;
- weak work of law enforcement and social government and public bodies to protect the rights of citizens;
- low level of political culture in society;
- widespread propaganda (cinema, television, press, literature) of the cult of cruelty and force.

The following factors also contribute to the creation of conditions and the growth of terrorism in Russia: political chaos, the activities of parties, movements, fronts and organizations resorting to methods of violence; criminal activities of criminal communities, which have become widespread and aimed at destabilizing society; loss of state control over the country's economic and financial resources, arms trafficking; weakening of the system of protection of military facilities - sources of weapons; worsening crime situation and the spread of legal nihilism; the emergence and development of mercenary institutions and professional killers; the transition of many professionals from the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the FSB to criminal structures; penetration into Russia and activities on its territory of foreign extremist terrorist organizations and religious sects (“Hesbollah”, “Muslim Brotherhood”, “AUM Senrique”, etc.); the openness of Russian borders and the influx of refugees into the territory from the CIS countries and neighboring countries (at the moment there are about 3.5 million migrants in Russia and hundreds of thousands of foreigners who entered the state illegally); the negative influence of the media, which cultivate violence and create advertising for terrorists; lack of control over the dissemination of methods and methods of terrorist activity through information networks, publication of the necessary manuals. Nowadays you can easily find manuals on making explosives from auxiliary materials, organizing explosions, committing murders, and violence.

IV. The fight against terrorism in modern conditions

According to Article 3 of the Federal Law "On the Fight against Terrorism", crimes of a terrorist nature are crimes provided for in Articles 205-208, 277, 360 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Other crimes provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation may also be classified as crimes of a terrorist nature if they were committed for terrorist purposes. Responsibility for committing such crimes occurs in accordance with the Criminal Code.

A nationwide program of measures to combat terrorism and political extremism should be focused on eliminating the above-mentioned objective factors, or on maximizing the weakening of their criminogenic nature.

The counter-terrorism program is presented as consisting of the following subsections or blocks:
- legal measures to combat terrorism, including the adoption of the Russian Federation Law “On the Fight against Terrorism”, as well as international conventions on combating terrorism and organized crime (the first step in this direction was taken by the intelligence services of the CIS countries in May 1995);
- general preventive measures, including the establishment of control over the “markets” of weapons and other means of mass destruction;
- administrative and regime measures, including measures for interstate cooperation in the field of combating terrorism;
- special (operational, investigative, technical and security) measures to prevent terrorist incidents.

It seems that the development, adoption and subsequent monitoring of the implementation of such a program of counter-terrorism measures will become one of the urgent tasks of the Russian State Duma.

But along with the State Duma, the FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the prosecutor’s office, the public, including the scientific community, the media, socio-political parties, organizations and movements, can also play a significant role in the fight against terrorism.

The refusal of all socio-political forces and subjects, without exception, from violent and armed methods of struggle to achieve their goals can be very effective. The only such “act of goodwill” known to us is the statement of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in June 1993 condemning political extremism.

The next indispensable condition would be the unconditional liquidation of all illegal paramilitary groups in the country.
Public authorities could also help stop conflicts, internecine clashes, confrontation, and reduce social tension in the cities and regions of Russia, which is a breeding ground for terrorism and extremism.

However, today, perhaps, there is no reason to talk about the readiness of many socio-political entities operating in Russia to jointly resist the growth of terrorism and extremism in the name of achieving and preserving genuine civil peace in society.

The experience of many foreign countries in the fight against terrorism,

Of course, it is necessary to study, and once studied, use it for the benefit of society.

The political leadership of the main countries of the European West and the United States considers countering terrorism as one of the most important national tasks. The main areas of activity in this area are improving the legal framework, strengthening interaction between relevant federal bodies, forming special units and increasing the number of employees of federal structures dealing with the problem of terrorism, improving their technical equipment.

The policies of most Western countries are based on the following

principles: not to make any concessions to terrorists, to provide maximum

pressure on countries supporting terrorism to make full use of

forces and means at its disposal, including military ones, to punish terrorists, providing assistance to other states and

interaction with them.

In the USA for the period from 1958 to 1999. more than 40 legal acts were adopted

acts, to one degree or another, related to strengthening the fight against terrorism, including

including a special Presidential Directive (June 1995) and the Law on Strengthening the Fight against Terrorism (1996). These legislative acts

significantly expand the rights of the federal leadership, law enforcement

bodies and state administrations to identify and suppress those preparing

terrorist attacks both in the United States and abroad. Over decades of struggle with

terrorism in the world and in Russia, a number of mechanisms, methods, technologies of state response to potential and actual facts of terrorism have been developed (the creation of special anti-terrorist forces and their training, strengthening the security of especially dangerous, in particular nuclear facilities, development of technology for the negotiation process for the release of hostages, etc. .).

The most important condition for the fight against terrorism is determination,

intransigence and severity of response actions, the presence of well-trained,

trained, technically well-equipped and equipped special units. But this is not enough. Often what is more important is the presence of political will and the readiness of the country's top leadership to take decisive action. The problem of countering terrorism in Russia should be considered as the most important national task.

General safety rules

It is impossible to prepare for a terrorist attack in advance, so you should always be on guard. The main rule: avoid unnecessary visits to regions, cities, places and events that may attract the attention of terrorists. Typically this is:

Regions of the North Caucasus

Israel, Middle Eastern states, Iran, Iraq, Yugoslavia

Crowded events with thousands of participants

Popular entertainment venues

pay attention to suspicious people, objects, and any suspicious little things. Report anything suspicious to law enforcement officials;

never accept packages and bags from strangers, do not leave your luggage unattended;

the family must have an emergency plan, all family members must have telephone numbers, email addresses;

You must set up a meeting place where you can meet your family members in an emergency;

in case of evacuation, take with you a set of essential items and documents;

always find out where the backup exits from the premises are;

in the house it is necessary to strengthen and seal the entrances to basements and attics, install an intercom, clear staircases and corridors from cluttering objects;

organize a watch for the residents of your building, who will regularly walk around the building, observing whether everything is in order, paying special attention to the appearance of unfamiliar faces and cars, unloading bags and boxes;

if there is an explosion, fire, earthquake, never use the elevator;

try not to panic, no matter what happens.

V. Conclusion

Terrorism has quite a few varieties, but in any form it is the most dangerous social and legal problem of the 21st century in terms of its scale, unpredictability and consequences. Not so long ago, terrorism was a local phenomenon, but over the past 10-15 years it has acquired a global character and increasingly threatens the security of many countries, exerts strong psychological pressure on their citizens, entails huge political, economic, and moral losses, and claims more and more lives in all than innocent people.

The incredible scope of terrorist activity is evidenced by the existence of many terrorist organizations that interact with each other, have a rigid organizational structure with intelligence and counterintelligence units, logistics and information and propaganda support, an extensive network of secret shelters, and the presence of agents in government and law enforcement agencies. Sad practice shows that modern terrorists are quite capable of waging sabotage and terrorist wars and participating in large-scale armed conflicts (Kosovo, Chechnya, Afghanistan).

Terrorism is a crime against public security, the subjects of which are the individual, society, and the state. Terrorism does not arise out of nowhere; there are certain reasons and conditions of social life that contribute to this. Their identification and study reveals the nature of terrorism as a social and legal phenomenon, explains its origin, shows what promotes and what counteracts its growth. In addition, the analysis of such causes and conditions has practical meaning for resolving specific conflict situations, diagnosing and preventing terrorist acts, and developing strategies and tactics for combating terrorism. The main reason for the deterioration of the situation in the modern world is the growth of socio-economic, political, religious contradictions, the growing gap between rich and poor countries and segments of the population. Russian society has faced the same problems. Such socially negative phenomena as the transition period, the destruction of the administrative-command system, the economic crisis, the split of society into groups with different financial status, unemployment, political, economic, national, and religious conflicts represent a very favorable soil for the manifestation and growth of terrorism.

In such a situation, it is quite obvious that it is impossible to do without large-scale government intervention. No individual is able to ensure his individual security without the functioning of the state security system, and it is impossible to overcome the economic crisis, eliminate the threat to the safe development of society, and promptly prevent danger from developing into a threat without strict state regulation in all spheres of life. Therefore, priority in ensuring public safety should be given to the state.

Unfortunately, we have to admit the fact that terrorism is ineradicable, since it is part of the eternal and undying companion of humanity - crime. It is impossible to imagine that people will no longer be born on earth who, through terror, solve their own selfish goals, and not only material ones, but supposedly for the sake of the triumph of universal equality.

However, a civilized society must strive to prevent this evil from spreading and identify the terrorist threat in time. Today, it is absolutely obvious that there is a need to identify and analyze the causes, problems, essence and trends of terrorism, and to develop forms, methods and effective means of combating it as soon as possible.

It is important to unite the efforts of all forces of the state and society in countering terrorism. These include the upper echelons of representative power, legislators, intelligence services, law enforcement agencies, the media, religious and other public associations.

VI.Bibliography

Gusher A.I. The problem of terrorism at the turn of the third millennium of the new era of mankind. www.e-journal.ru/p_euro-st3-3.html

Davydova E. Terrorism: origins and evolution, goals and means. Now the subject Abstract >> State and law

Population. Another variety terrorism- nationalistic terrorism V modern practice of extremism, according to... c. List of used literature 1. Avdeev Yu.I. Typology terrorism // Modern terrorism: state and prospects. – M., 2000. – S. ...

The word terrorism sounds very terrifying, there is no clear definition of terrorism as it is a controversial term. Therefore, it can be called the planned use of violence, a method of coercion to achieve political goals. In reality, terrorism involves violent and brutal acts that create fear among people. Terrorism and terrorists is a major issue that most countries are facing these days and is becoming an obstacle to the peace and prosperity of countries. Every day newspapers write information about terrorists and their cruelty, due to which many people died. One terrorist attack causes a wave of shock among people and this is a great threat to any country, as people's lives stop for a while. It is very difficult to talk about terrorism, but now every country is fighting against terrorism and wants to eradicate it completely. There have been many tragic terrorist attacks, and there are some dates in the past that people will never forget. Here is a list of the 10 most terrible terrorist attacks in history, which show the cruelty and senselessness of the existence of terrorists.

10. Attack on Manhattan

The terrible attack on Manhattan remains one of the terrible attacks in US history. On August 3, 1977, a group of trained people entered Manhattan; they belonged to a Puerto Rican group that was responsible for terrorist activities in the United States. These men violently attacked American defense buildings and a Mobil building. According to reports, 1 person was killed in this attack and 8 were injured, but it caused great financial losses to the defense forces.

9. Ma'alot Massacre

May 14-15, 1974 remains the worst day in Israeli history of a massacre that happened there, due to the fact that it is the only Jewish state in the world. There were three armed terrorists who belonged to a terrorist organization in Palestine who entered Israel from Lebanon and carried out brutal attacks on civilians. This terrorist attack lasted two days, in total there were 115 hostages, of whom 25 were killed and 66 were injured. This act, which took place throughout Israel, has been remembered and mourned for 40 years. The Ma'alot massacre is a dark day for the country.

8. Terrorist attack in the air

One of the terrible terrorist attacks that went down in history as an air attack. On September 8, 1974, there was a scheduled flight from Athens to Rome, the plane landed in Greece to board passengers and stayed there for about 68 minutes, after which it continued its flight. During its journey, 30 minutes after takeoff, the plane suddenly crashed into the Ionian Sea. At first, it was suspected that it was due to engine failure, but later shocking details emerged that the plane crashed due to the explosion of a bomb that was hidden in the cargo compartment and was blamed on the terrorist organization Black September. In this attack, all 79 passengers and 9 crew members lost their lives.

7. Attack on the border of Chechnya

March 24, 2001 is known as the saddest day in Russian history due to the terrorist attack on the border with Chechnya. Chechnya was the border between European countries and Russia and was heavily influenced by terrorists at the time. On this day, three cars were blown up near the borders. Both countries faced the consequences of the terrorist attack and were equally worried about those killed. On this day, the explosions killed 20 people and injured almost 100.

6. Anthrax in letters

On September 18, 2001, exactly one week after the September 11 terrorist attack, a brutal attack occurred that lasted for several weeks. This attack was not rockets or bombs, but letters containing anthrax spores. The letters were mailed to some media offices and two MPs, they resulted in the death of innocent people, 5 infected and 17 other people. This is one of the most complicated cases in American history, which has become the most difficult case for FBI officers. After such a horrific incident, the government got scared and began to develop new drugs for greater safety.

5. Bombing of the World Trade Center 1993

This horrific terrorist attack, the bombing of the World Trade Center, occurred before the events of 9/11 on February 26, 1993 and was incomplete, but did not cause massive damage to buildings. In this attack, a truck bomb exploded under the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York. The plan was to bring down both towers and kill thousands of people, but the terrorists miscalculated as they were unable to destroy the twin towers. 7 people were killed in this attack, 1042 people were injured. This attack was planned to destroy the base of the United States.

4. Bombing Wall Street

The Wall Street Bombing occurred on September 16, 1920, at around 12:00 p.m., when a cart containing 100 pounds of dynamite was detonated using a timer and a detonator set, the explosion rocking the financial sector in New York City. This explosion resulted in the death of 38 people and 143 people were seriously injured. The perpetrators of this crime could not be identified, but there was a suspicion that Galleani's followers were the organizers, but this was not officially announced. This bombing caused over $2 million in property damage and destroyed most of the interior of the Morgan Building.

3. Attacks in Mumbai

2008 The worst and worst terrorist attacks in the history of India are the 2008 Mumbai attacks. On November 26, 2008, terrorists targeted the most famous and royal hotel, Taj Mahal, which is located opposite the Gateway of India. This attack involved gunfire, explosions, hostage-taking and siege. It was a long 64 hour battle between terrorists and military forces, with continuous bombing on both sides. On this sad day, 10 attacks were carried out in Mumbai in several places, but the main focus was on the hotel. This attack claimed the lives of about 166 people, including 10 attackers, and injured more than 600 people.

2. Oklahoma City Terrorist Attack

The Oklahoma City bombing took place on April 19, 1995, with a homemade bomb targeting the Alfred Murrah Federal Building. It will remain the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States before 9/11, and the second deadliest terrorist attack on American soil. This brutal bombing killed 168 people and injured more than 680 people. This explosion destroyed 324 buildings, burned 86 cars, and shattered windows in 258 nearby buildings, causing an estimated $652 million in damage. Terrorist Timothy McVeigh, who masterminded the attack, was jailed and sentenced to death 6 years later.

1. 9/11 terrorist attack

The worst terrorist attack occurred on September 11, 2001, when terrorists completely destroyed the World Trade Center by hijacking two planes and crashing them into the World Trade Center buildings. According to official reports, 8,900 people were injured and 2,993 people died in this attack. It was a well-planned and cunning act that was designed to suppress the security of the nation. The brutal attack was orchestrated by al-Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden, who was the world's most wanted terrorist and was killed on May 2 by the US military. The terrorist attack of September 11 is still remembered, and it scares people when they remember this date.