Correction marks - types and features. The most commonly used proofreading marks Special proofreading marks

In order for all the corrections of the proofreader to be accepted by other participants in the printing process, you need to use a system for proofreading characters.

Correction marks are a system of so-called symbols that serve to indicate the location and nature of errors in a particular text. These signs are used mainly in the printing house to edit the proof print.

From 1977 to today GOST defines all graphic styles of proof marks. They are combined into 6 groups. GOST also distinguishes between characters that are repeated and those that are not repeated in the text field.

Most signs are placed not only in the correction area. They are also placed in the field of the line in which the error was made, thereby warning that corrections have been made.

The rules for application are determined by the following factors: ink color, repetition of identical signs, place and order of placement of the sign, individual cases of use. In printing, the quality of the text directly depends on the accuracy of the placement of proof marks. finished products. After all, the circulation can be several units, or several hundred thousand. If mistakes are made, the losses will be enormous, and it will be impossible to eliminate them.

So, the types of proofreading marks:

	Printed character transposition symbols
Space change characters	Paragraph indentation marks, red line
Signs for correcting technical defects of the set
Sign to cancel a correction made

Laboratory work on documentary linguistics

Editing texts

· Features of editing texts in an official business style

· Editing stages

· Correction marks when editing texts

Purpose of the work: know the features of editing texts in official business style; learn to edit texts; be able to use proofreading marks when editing texts.

Theoretical part

Editing text– a multifaceted concept. The content of the term “editing” includes changing content parameters in order to increase communicative efficiency, and a set of operations that change the volume and aspect of the text, and the processes of technical processing of a document in preparation for publication, and changing the form and content of the source text material.

Editing specifics official business texts determined by a number of factors:

1 – shift in the emphasis of editorial editing to content editing and establishing correspondence between the content and its form;

2 – attracting employees that functional area, in which the document being edited has an effect;

3 – for documents with a high degree of significance (primarily in the socio-political and legal spheres) multi-level editing is absolutely necessary; Often documents go through one level of editing combined with discussion multiple times.

4 – while observing a clear sequence of operations, it should be noted that in most cases the processes and editing stages are being carried out simultaneously and inextricably.

Before you start editing, you need to decide the question of the permissible degree of interference in the text. The editor can proofread the document, check factual information, adjust the composition of the document, or make stylistic edits - this depends on the preliminary agreement with the author of the document, as well as on the position of the person doing the editing. In any case, the main content of the document, its essence, must remain unchanged.

Editing takes place in several stages.

Editing steps:

1. Text perception. Before changing anything, you should read the document as a whole. In this case, it is possible to make notes in the margins or extracts (if the text is large). Only with a holistic perception of the text can the editor evaluate the composition of the text, detect contradictions, logical errors, disproportionality of parts, etc.

2. Assessing the evidence. For official business texts, this is the basis on which the document is built. At this stage it is necessary to answer a number of questions: Are these facts true? Are there any contradictions? Is everything enough? Is there anything missing?

3. Document typology. At this stage, there is a correlation between substantive, formal and status characteristics. You need to know that two documents similar in content, but from different formal positions and addressed to different authorities, ultimately form different documents with different texts. For example, reporting and explanatory notes; a letter of response to a citizen’s appeal and a letter of report to a higher authority.

4. Identifying compositional flaws. The structure of the texts of documents of various types has its own compositional features (act, presentation, protocol, letters, etc.). It is necessary to ensure that the structure of the document being edited meets the requirements for texts of documents of a similar type.

5. Finding speech and style solutions. At this stage, lexical and phraseological units are clarified, sentences are adjusted from the point of view of unambiguity and certainty, the document is brought into compliance with the requirements of the official business (journalistic, scientific) style.

6. Correcting spelling and punctuation errors. In cases where it is difficult to choose a grammatical or punctuation option, you must use a dictionary (spelling, difficulties of the Russian language, compatibility dictionary, dictionary of foreign words, etc.) It must be remembered that checking the text with the Word editor does not guarantee the unambiguous correctness of spelling of words and punctuation marks . In addition, the program cannot assess the speech literacy of the text author. When editing text, you need to pay attention to their meaning of words, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Types of editing. There are four main types of editorial changes:

1) Editing and proofreading as close as possible to proofreading work. It is a correction of spelling and punctuation errors and typos. Such corrections usually do not require approval from the person signing the document.

2) Editing-processing represents editing the document style. Errors associated with the violation of the compatibility of words, non-distinction of paronyms, the use of cumbersome syntactic structures, etc. are eliminated. It also does not require additional approval from the author of the document.

3) Edit-cut performed in the following cases:

When it is necessary to make a document shorter (you can slightly reduce the volume of content);

When the text contains redundant information. The editor is obliged to eliminate from the document well-known facts, unnecessary introductory words and constructions, unjustified lexical repetitions, semantically “empty”, general phrases.

The possibility of such editing is discussed with the author of the document in advance.

4) Editing and reworking is associated with a comprehensive revision of the structure of the document, adjustments to the system of presentation of the material, and the choice of other lexical and stylistic features. Carrying out this type of editing must be agreed upon with the author of the document, since there is a danger in the editing process of shifting semantic accents, excluding necessary (from the author’s point of view) illustrative material, and changing the general tone of the narrative.

Document that has undergone qualified editing:

Contains no typos or factual errors;

Does not violate the requirements of the literary language (that is, compiled in compliance with grammatical norms);

Has optimal volume;

It is constructed according to the laws of logic and meets the text structure requirements for documents of this type.

Corresponds to the norms of a certain (required) style.

When editing a document, special proof marks. Correction marks are typed for the purpose of a common, unified understanding of the symbols used in editing. There is a special system of proof marks (GOST 7.62-90). The standard establishes requirements for signs for marking all types of publishing (copyright) text and graphic originals, layouts and for correcting proof and proof prints, their design and purpose.

Signs for marking and correction are classified as follows:

1. to clarify the spelling of letters of various alphabets and numbers;

2. to indicate font styles;

3. for the arrangement of text elements and illustrations;

4. to change letters, words (insert, delete, replace) and spaces;

5. to correct technical defects of the set;

6. to mark and correct layouts and proofs (illustrations).

The most commonly used symbols are given in Appendix 4.

Rules for using correction marks:

· Corrective marks must be indicated directly in the place of the text to which they relate, as well as repeated in the margins nearby with the necessary correction. Changes are made in ink (paste or pencil) blue or purple. It is not allowed to make any corrections in pencil.

· For single-column typing, characters are placed in the right margin; for multi-column typing or large-format single-column typing, it is allowed to use right and left margins.

· Different corrections in the same line and strip should be indicated different signs And repeat them in the margins in the same sequence.

Examples of using correction marks:

1. Replace the incorrect letter.

2. Replace a lowercase letter with an uppercase one.

3. Delete an unnecessary letter or word.

4. Swap adjacent letters or words.

5. Connect the letters.

6. Separate the letters.

7. Replace the word.

8. Rearrange the words in the line.

9. Make a paragraph (red line).

10. Remove a paragraph (join two paragraphs).

11. Type in italics.

12. Type in bold.

13. Delete several lines.

14. Insert a line.

15. Move the line.

16. Destroy the “corridor”.

Practical part:

1. Study the theoretical part.

2. Edit (edit-remake) the proposed response letter to a citizen’s appeal (Appendix 1) to receive a reporting letter to a higher authority with the same factual material.

3. Edit and shorten the document presented in Appendix 2.

4. Edit and process the text given in Appendix 3.

5. Using proofreading marks (Appendix 4), edit (edit-proofread) your chosen text.

Security questions:

1. What is “text editing”? What are the specifics of editing official business texts?

2. List the stages of editing. Tell us about each of them.

3. What types of editorial changes are there?

4. How are correction marks for marking and correction classified?

5. List the rules for using proofreading marks.

Appendix 1.

On March 18, 2011, in the city of Losino-Petrovsky, Mosenergosbyt carried out a joint inspection of the energy efficiency of houses No. 5, 6 (built in 1950) on Suvorov Street. In addition to company representatives, the event was attended by: electrician of the metering service of OJSC Losino-Petrovskaya ELEC R.Zh. Zhidomirov; V.N. Baskakov, responsible for electrical facilities of Management Company LLC “Upravdom”; chief engineer Management Company LLC "Upravdom" I.Yu.Kirnos; Chairman of the HOA of house No. 6 on Suvorov Street S.P. Evgrafova.

The inspection showed that the power consumption in the houses is 50 kW, while the permitted power for these houses is 20 kW. Consequently, the line operates with more than double overload.

It was established that 10 out of 16 apartments (each house has 8 apartments) are equipped with electric water heaters, 9 of which operate on a storage principle (1.5 - 2.0 kW). In addition, it was revealed that in violation of the existing order, water heaters were installed without permission.

The permitted power supply for houses No. 5 and No. 6 on Suvorov Street does not allow the use of electric water heating devices in each apartment. Overload can be avoided by installing gas water heaters instead of electric ones. Otherwise, the use of such a number of devices may lead to disruptions in the energy supply of homes.

As part of the inspection, a meeting was also held with residents of houses No. 5 and No. 6 on Suvorov Street. Residents were explained that in the current situation, in order to save money and ensure safety, it is most beneficial for them to use gas water heaters. A representative of the management company confirmed the possibility of installing geysers if the residents themselves contact the management company with this request. During the meeting, a representative of the management company also mentioned the possibility of considering the issue of centralized supply of hot water to houses. The conditions for this exist: a central heating station is located 100 meters from the houses.

As an alternative saving option cash, consumers were asked to consider the possibility of installing two-tariff metering devices electrical energy. Such devices are capable of maintaining separate records in different times days. Thanks to the two-tariff electricity metering system, the consumer pays more for electricity used at night. favorable tariff, which is three times cheaper than the daily one.

Appendix 2.

About providing documents

Dear Vasily Alexandrovich!

You probably understand the importance of proper organization of archival work for the successful functioning of any organization. An archive is both the “memory” of an organization, a source of information, and an example of a systematic organization of documents.

In this regard, the information product “Information and Reference System of the Archive Industry” (ISSAO) was created, which is the official database of the Federal Archival Agency (Agreement on scientific and technical cooperation between Rosarkhiv, VNIIDAD and the company “TERMIKA” dated March 18, 2003. ).

“Information and reference system of the archival industry” is a unique information system containing the normative and methodological base of archival affairs and documentation support for management.

We ask you to assist in the formation of the Appendix to the official database of the Federal Archival Agency “Information and reference system of the archival industry” (ISSAO) - “Information system of archivists of Russia” (ISAR) and send paper documents to the Termika company, and, if possible, electronic (in WS Word format) copies of legal documents:

Law of the Astrakhan Region of October 31, 1995 No. 12 “On Archival Affairs of the Astrakhan Region and Archives”;

Law of the Astrakhan Region of November 10, 1996 No. 26 “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”;

Law of the Astrakhan Region of July 27, 1999 No. 34/99-OZ “On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Astrakhan Region “On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments.”

We would be grateful for providing copies of other legal, regulatory, methodological, and copyright documents valid in your region and dedicated to archival matters. We hope for your conscious and active legal position.

All the best to you!

Appendix 3.

To the system administrator............

from the programmer............

Explanatory note.

I report to you that on April 29, 2001, while at my workplace, I damaged the department’s inventory. information technology alcohol (about 0.3 liters).

When I arrived at work, I decided to boil the kettle, but since there was no water in it, I, as before, decided to dilute it with water from a jar. There wasn’t enough water from the can, so I added what seemed to me to be water from a plastic bottle. After boiling the kettle, I discovered that it boiled very quickly and half of the water spilled out onto the table.

As I understand now, light fractions of alcohol and a decrease in the specific gravity of the liquid were the reason for this, but I did not attach any importance to this. Only when I started drinking coffee did I feel that the water smelled like cognac or alcohol. After a short analysis, I realized that I had made an unforgivable mistake and, after washing the kettle with water, I boiled it again.

It was not possible for me to collect alcohol from water due to the fact that it turned out to be mixed with water and I was unable to separate alcohol and water into fractions due to lack of qualifications in this matter.

I ask you to indicate the degree of my guilt and the extent of responsibility for the offense committed, as well as ways to resolve the conflict if it arises. Realizing my guilt, I ask you to deduct the cost of spoiled alcohol from my calculation (if any).

I assure you that I did not drink it (I only took two sips diluted with water). A witness to this.........(the head of a group of programmers), who was with me at that time.

Appendix 4

The most commonly used proofreading marks are

Surely everyone has heard about the scrupulous and responsible work of a proofreader. Let's take a closer look at the subject of his activity and get acquainted with the specific language of proofreading.

What is proofreading

Proofreading is a mandatory stage that any text must go through before publishing it in books, periodicals, websites and blogs. The specialist is obliged to eliminate all shortcomings of the text: typos, etc. If the text is handwritten, then it becomes much more complicated: he needs to check the manuscript, then the typed text, and then the typed text just before the book is published. During this work, proofreading marks are used, which we will talk about later.

How does proofreading work?

Mostly the printed version of the text is corrected, although many have a review mode for the electronic version.

The proofreader's corrections themselves must be clear and legible - use a bright colored pen that contrasts with the color of the main text. The entry made should attract attention, not be too small and be clear to the ruling text. This is one of the reasons why standard proofreading marks are used.

How many edits does the text need?

In order for the output text to be perfect, it must be passed through four types of editing:

• proofreading - carefully reading the text, the proofreader corrects its technical shortcomings and errors (at this moment proofreading signs are applied);
• reconciliation - checking the corrections made by a specialist: line-by-line reading and so-called end-to-end reading;
• proofreading - performed by two editorial staff: one reads the original aloud, and the other, listening, reads the corrected text and reports key discrepancies with the original;
• summary - final check of all edits. This is usually done in a printing house, where the correct placement of printed strips, sheets, templates, etc. is checked along the way.

What is a correction mark?

First of all, it is necessary to clarify that the widespread and universally used phrase “correction mark” is not entirely correct. GOST 7.62-2008, which contains standards for the representation of these symbols, calls such designations proofreading (used for proofreading, not for proofreading).

One way or another, proofreading (proofreading) signs are standard conventional images of actions that subsequently need to be taken by a specialist editing the text. Standard proofreading symbols are needed so that there are no misunderstandings when reading the proofreader’s comments, so that the proofreader perceives the icon in the same sense that the proofreader intended it to mean.

Types of text proofreading marks

Correction marks (inserting a comma, aligning an image, inserting an indent, etc.) are strictly divided into separate categories:

1. Changing, inserting, deleting characters, individual letters and lines:

• replacing an erroneous character;
• error in writing capital or ;
• confusion with dash and hyphen;
• replacement large quantity one or more symbols;
• editing a large amount of text;
• choosing a different type of ruler: thin, bold, bold;
• insertion of a forgotten single character;
• inserting a large amount of missing letters, lines:
• deleting an unnecessary character or line;
• combined signs of change and elimination of erroneous or extra letters and words.

The table below clearly illustrates the correction signs.

2. Permutation symbols:

• changing the places of adjacent symbols or entire words or sentences;
• a sign for arranging words in a different order (the ordinal numbers above them determine this order);
• rearranging several words into another sentence;
• moving the element to the drawn border;
• moving up/down the “runaway” word from the line.

3. Changing the space:

• increasing the space between a set of characters;
• reducing the space between words;
• removing the space character.

• set the indentation in the settings or correct it to the specified parameters;
• remove the "red" line;
• merge paragraphs;
• change the font style to italics;
• make a discharge (type a word with spaces and inside);
• change style to italic;
• change font name, size (size);
• replace the discharge with the usual spelling.

5. Correction signs and standards for replacing letters of one alphabet with symbols of another:

• write down the transcription of the Greek alphabet symbol;
• clarify the transcription of the Gothic symbol;
• replace with a Latin letter;
• replace with a handwritten Latin or Cyrillic character.

Signs of elements, layouts, typing errors

6. Signs for correcting the position of elements in the text:

• indication of the proper placement of diagrams, photos, drawings, tables in the text;
• shifting an element to the right or left to the drawn limits;
• lower/raise stitching;
• rearrange the text and inserted element higher by a specified number of lines or move it to the previous page;
• Move the selected text or element down the specified number of lines or to the next page.

7. Edit symbols technical deficiencies typed test:

• turn the symbol upside down;
• remove a wide space (corridor) that is repeated vertically in several lines;
• align text edges;
• correction of curvature of terms, "jumping" letters;
• removing double spaces;
• strengthen/weaken the pressure;
• remove elements that make the attack incorrect;
• undoing your own correction;
• move the word correctly.

8. Correction of page layout, printed illustration:

• size of pictures before and after cropping (mm);
• paint color icons of basic tones according to the first letter of its name ("h" - black, "p" - purple (red), "z" - yellow, etc.);
• additional paint - abbreviated name ("viol." - purple);
• decrease/increase contrast;
• tone alignment;
• removing blurred edges or contours of an image;
• deleting an image or its details;
• flip the picture by a specified degree value;
• mirroring illustrations;
• change the image completely;
• improve image quality in shadows/lights/midtones.

These are the main proofreading marks and the standards for their design.

Basic rules for the use of signs

When correcting text using the mentioned symbols according to GOST, the following is required:

1. Place correction marks on the right margin of the sheet.
2. Draw a sign opposite the line to be corrected.
3. Identical characters should not be repeated more often than every 8-10 lines.
4. If there are several corrections, the characters are placed on both fields depending on which edge of the text the object being corrected is closer to.
5. should remain readable.
6. The flags at the correction site should point in the direction where the icon is placed.
7. If a proofreader inserts text longer than a line for correction, then it must be printed.
8. Lines connecting the correction to the mark on the field can only be used in text typed in several columns.
9. Only corrections made with a pen are valid; proofreading cannot be done with a pencil.

These are the basic elements of proofreading any text. Of course, at first glance, the GOST requirements seem excessive, but this is a necessary measure to facilitate mutual understanding between the proofreader and the proofreader.

Should proofreading.
TEXT CORRECTION– correction in the original proofs and proofs of errors and inaccuracies made by the performers when typing and reproducing the originals or not noticed by the author and publishing workers when preparing the originals, as well as updating materials that were out of date during typing, and corrections in the typesetting itself (Quoted from: GOST 7.62–2008 Proofreading marks for marking originals and correcting proofs and proofs).

PROPERTIES– editing in proof prints, which is divided into author’s (author and artist), proofreading (publishing proofreader), editorial and typographical (all types, except the last, are considered publishing proofreading; quoted from: GOST 7.62–2008). However, all these definitions refer to the past, the 20th century, when printing houses and publishing houses did not use computers in their work.

And today, to put it simply and in a modern way, proofreading is a set of corrections and the procedure for editing the text itself.
By the way, proofreaders are thrown out of balance by calling their work proofreading, proofreading, or even text correction.

Cost of proofreading text in Russian

Proofreading a page of text is cheaper than a serving of other ice cream. However, the benefit from a single literate page is sometimes greater than from a serving of ice cream, even with nuts.

Editing prices text, 1000 characters with spaces, rub.:

Volume of a one-time order, text characters with spaces	Only proofreading	Editing (with proofreading)
Up to 40 thousand characters
From 40 thousand to 200 thousand characters
From 200 thousand to 800 thousand characters
From 800 thousand characters
!!! To find out the amount of text in characters: Open your text in WORD. Then in Word 2007, open the “Review” tab (and in Word 2003, open the “Services” tab), then “Statistics”. In this tab, find the line “Characters (with spaces)”. The number indicated there is the volume of text.

DISCOUNTS, MARKUPS
DISCOUNTS for text authors - depending on the volume of the text.
AUTHOR* – individual, who pays for editing his own text as an individual.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS– on proofreading of dissertations .
SUGGESTION FOR URGANCE(out of turn, after hours, on weekends and holidays) – 40% .
MARKUP for proofreading particularly complex texts (reports, science, accounting) – up to 40% .
MARKUP for proofreading the text in pdf format – 40% .

Some ways to pay for proofreading services:
– transfer to a Sberbank card/account, Yandex.Money, Qiwi, Western Union, PayPAl.

During the editing process, employees of the proofreading bureau will perform a range of works:

Grammar checker(grammatical errors - errors in word formation, morphology, syntax).


• Word formation errors– incorrect order of combining parts of a word and forming new words. An example of a word formation error is the use of non-existent derivative words instead of existing derivative words with a different affix.


• Morphological errors– incorrect education grammatical forms words different parts speech (forms of gender, case, number, declension, perfect and imperfect forms, short forms and degrees of comparison). Typical morphological errors are the use of words in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (example: rail, reigning, theirs, lays down, apples).
• Syntax errors- wrong combination syntactic units(phrases and sentences); non-compliance with the rules of word agreement and syntactic control; lack of correlation of parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words; errors in the structure of phrases; incorrect use of adverbial and participle phrases.
• Spell check (spelling). Spelling norms - rules for designating words in writing, include rules for designating sounds with letters, rules for using capital letters and graphic abbreviations, rules for continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling, rules for hyphenating words.
• Checking punctuation– correct use of punctuation marks that delimit syntactic structures (or their elements) in a written text; fix the left and right boundaries of a syntactic structure or its element in the text; combine several syntactic structures into one whole in the text.

U the proofreader's servants suggest proofreading text - the final reading of the edited text with a fresh look, capable of noticing factual and logical errors, semantic and stylistic errors remaining due to oversight.

High-quality proofreading of the text eliminates the errors of the author or typesetter - omissions, typos; uniformity of designations and abbreviations, names, and other elements is established; The system of highlighting, footnotes, references, and numbering is checked.

DOES THE AUTHOR'S PROOFACTURE EXIST?

People often ask: can authors proofread the text, correct errors and typos themselves? The opinion of our proofreading bureau: of course they can. But not many. As a rule, the author is not the best proofreader, because in his own text, which is too familiar, due to personal bias, he sees something completely different than a proofreader who is “alien” to the text.

EDITING, PROOFING: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

The difference between the processes of editing and proofreading is not obvious and insignificant for many. Let's explain the difference.
Edit the text - correct flaws in the content and author's errors (speech, style, logic, meaning), that is, what is said and HOW it is said. Correct the text - bring what was said in accordance with the rules of the Russian language - make the text literate, correct.

Thus, a Russian language teacher, checking a high school student’s written essay, gives two grades. By assessing the content (logic, language, narrative style), he can be said to perform, and by assessing the literacy of the text - proofreading work.
Note that if, for example, proofreading a certain fragment of text takes 30 minutes, then high-quality literary editing of the same fragment can take 1-2 hours or much more.

We don't we edit texts at prices proofreading, so we always find out very meticulously what type of editing the customer requires.

WHAT can we correct?

We will perform proofreading of the following texts:

• fiction (prose, poetry, memoirs, correspondence, scripts);

  corporate and business (annual, financial and other reports, business plans, commercial proposals, contracts, booklets, catalogs, directories);

  journalistic (articles, reviews, newspapers, magazines, almanacs);

  electronic (texts of websites, portals, blogs, e-mailings).

To get an idea of ​​the quality of our proofreading, read our reviews
our customers:

1) Ejection, insertion and unedit marks: one letter | , word or string - ; paragraph; insert; undo edit ……… ;

2) Letter replacement sign: replace lowercase with capital – ; uppercase lowercase –;

3) Signs of changing places: swap adjacent letters or words - ; letters, words or paragraphs, located at a distance within one page -; (if you need to swap a few words, the following option is possible:

"first,

How

Always,

came

He"

4) Signs of intervals and paragraph indentations: start with a paragraph – ; destroy interval -; dial at intervals –; destroy paragraph -; turn off in red line –; mark the end of the material –; put a hyphen - ═ , dash - - ;

Font emphases: type in place – _ _ _, italics –; bold – ____ ; bold ═══ ; straight –; italic bold –; etc. (these signs are placed in the margins and circled).

For clarity, below is an excerpt of a journalistic text, corrected using the above signs.

Ticket 28. The editor's work on the composition (logograph) of the text.

The editor's work on the composition of the work

Word composition(lat. compositio - compilation, composition, connection, ordering) - a literary term denoting such a construction of a literary work that combines all its parts into a single whole and contributes to the reproduction of a holistic picture of the world from the point of view from which its author perceives and evaluates it.

Composition– the structure of a literary work (both artistic and non-fiction), the arrangement of its parts and their connection with each other, determined by the author’s ideological plan, the purpose of the work and its content.

The compositional structure of the manuscript is determined by its content, volume, type of text, political, scientific, cultural level of the readers for whom this work is intended. Composition refers to the concept of the form of a work and, together with the genre, style and system of images, constitutes it, but at the same time, the composition is connected through the main images and with the content of the work, therefore the construction of the work is determined by the general laws of composition.

Rules for constructing the composition of a work: the sequence of parts must be motivated; the parts must be proportionate; Composition techniques should be determined by the content and nature of the work.

Editor's requirements for the construction of a work: compositional completeness, the necessity of each part, the unity of all parts of the manuscript.

A distinction is made between the composition of artistic and non-artistic works. Composition of a work of art is based on a plot and a poetic image, that is, it is based on figurative techniques of presentation that affect the emotional nature of a person.

Composition of a non-fiction work is built according to the laws of the plan, it uses scientific and journalistic methods of presentation, based on the laws of logic and influencing the rational side of human consciousness. Imagery, of course, can occur in both scientific and journalistic works, but then we are dealing with a single case of using an image (comparing the smell of ozone with the smell of a watermelon or the process of solving a differential equation with darning holes), and not with continuous imagery as in fiction literature.

Analysis by the editor of the composition of a work of art. The editor's work begins with an analysis of the manuscript plan and consists of two stages - drawing up a plan for the manuscript proposed to him and creating a plan that includes the editor's recommendations for compositional changes to the manuscript.

Planning technique consists of dividing the text into parts and giving titles to these parts. The editor, as it were, follows the author, tries to restore his plan, monitors the development of the images and thoughts of the work of art. The editor must remember that in fiction, following a step-by-step logical plan is not at all necessary; sometimes a violation of the logic of plot development should be seen not as a compositional defect, but as a special method of compositional construction of the work, designed to increase its emotional impact. Therefore, when editing the composition of a work of art, great care and caution is required from the editor. The editor should try to understand the author's intent and not violate it.

Evaluation of manuscript composition techniques is also the responsibility of the editor. The variety of composition techniques with which the integrity of a literary work is achieved is limitless. Each artistic genre has its own system of compositional techniques and methods of organizing material. When analyzing a literary text, the editor should consider the motivation for using each technique from the point of view of composition, which must be supported by the content and figurative structure of the text. Author's miscalculations in the composition of a work of art are often explained by the fact that the compositional techniques are not related to the content of the material or their connection is not consistent enough. In these cases, the editor must intervene, but make corrections to the text only with the consent of the author and in works of art - only by the hand of the author himself.

The editor's work on the composition of a non-fiction (that is, scientific or journalistic work)) begins with the same actions as in a work of fiction. The editor begins from highlighting parts of text, larger than a paragraph. Parts should be highlighted very carefully, and not mechanically; usually in a large work they represent a complex system. In a newspaper setting, the structural elements of a manuscript can be articles united by a single heading title, or parts of articles with subheadings. Even if the material is small, its structure does not have any division techniques, it must be studied.

The editor should also pay attention to accuracy of parts location, since it helps to increase information content, increase the cognitive value of the material, its emotional impact, and simplifies the work on transitions from one thought to another.

After selecting the parts, the editor compiles outline of a non-fiction work and continues to work on it. His tasks also include comparing the drawn up plan with the table of contents of the manuscript. In small works this is quite easy to do thanks to the simple system of structure of the manuscript. In large works this is more difficult, since there is a complex structure of construction, including parts, sections, chapters, paragraphs, clauses and paragraphs, respectively.

The entire system of headings in a work is called rubrication(from the Latin word “ruber” - red, just like “red line” in Russian). In the future, the editor will work on categorizing the manuscript. First, the editor must decide to what extent the heading of the manuscript corresponds to the author’s intention as originally expressed in the prospectus, how the individual headings, that is, parts of the text, are related to each other, whether the essay is consistent and the subordination of the headings of different headings. In the process of writing a work, the author may deviate from the original plan of the manuscript. If he did this for objective reasons, then the editor must agree with him.

Objective reasons to change the original plan of the manuscript, the editor may consider: a change in the meaning of individual compositional parts of the work as a result of the development of the topic; the emergence of new material that the author did not previously have at his disposal; regrouping material while working on a topic. The editor must understand all deviations from the manuscript prospectus and, if justified, include them in the table of contents and rubrics in order to be able to work further on the rubrics of the non-fiction work.

Working on the rubric of a non-fiction work is a peculiar kind of mental operation of division. The editor must remember that the clearer the heading of the manuscript, the smaller the structural components included in it, the more popular and accessible it will be to the reader.

1. throughout the entire text of the manuscript, all its headings must be related to the main one, stated as the main theme of the work (that is, logically, one basis must be maintained throughout the entire process of division);

2. the manuscript should not contain repetitions or identical headings (that is, the members of the division should exclude one another);

3. all headings together must exhaust the scope of the topic of the main heading that unites them, and not be less or greater than it in volume (that is, all headings together must exhaust the topic of the main heading that unites them).

When editorially analyzing the rubrication of a non-fiction work, one must clearly imagine the universal logical class that covers the entire set of objects and phenomena of a given topic. By comparing this content with the content of the headings, the editor can establish the correct relationship between concepts in a given area. The editor should also pay attention to how the requirement is fulfilled rubrication identity– correct structure, mutual subordination of parts, since unclear rubrication is a signal of disorder in the presentation of the material.

Having considered the rubrication, the editor must proceed to consider the construction of each structural unit of the composition, and in order to be able to do this, the editor compares the content of each section with working table of contents of the manuscript. All headings - from the largest to the smallest - of the manuscript are included in the working table of contents, preserving the sequence and wording in which they are given in the manuscript. The headings in the working table of contents are arranged in a “ladder” order:

Paragraph

Basic errors in the construction of each structural unit of the composition may consist of the following:

1. moving away from the topic;

2. weak connection of one thought with another (in this case, the editor must restore internal logical connections, make them obvious to readers, and not just to the author; one of the frequently used techniques for restoring connections between parts of a manuscript is the use of function words, conjunctions, introductory words and proposals);

3. unsystematic presentation of material;

4. repetition of thoughts, formulations, quotes (with a small volume it is not difficult for the editor to notice this, with a large volume he can resort to a subject-checking technique of viewing the material);

5. contradictions, incorrect methods of classification (this is due to various logical relationships that can exist between two classes of phenomena or concepts: equivalence (A.S. Pushkin - author of “Eugene Onegin); crossing (student - excellent student); subordination (media - periodicals); exceptions (textbook - fairy tale));

6. logical errors in the definition (work on definitions will be discussed below; in addition, the editor can find the definition in the dictionary);

7. poor paragraphing (this will also be discussed below).

The vast majority of non-fiction materials have three main parts: introduction, main part, conclusion. In short works, the introductory part and conclusion are sometimes not formally expressed, but they are still there.

Contents introduction is the formulation of the topic, the motivation for the choice, a detailed explanation and interpretation of it, showing the results of research on the topic by other specialists (literature review on the topic), listing the sources used, justifying the relevance, novelty, practical value of the topic, determining the main aspects and structure of consideration of the topic in further work. The choice of the type of introduction depends largely on the genre, topic of the work, as well as on the creative individuality of the author.

Content main part works - a statement of the essence of the issue, proof of the author's thoughts using a system of statements and arguments - can be very complex in structure. It can be constructed from the general to the particular (analytical method of construction), from the particular to the general (synthetic). The synthetic method is more often used in literature for the general reader. When working on the main part of the work, the editor can advise the author on the most successful way to present the material.

Conclusion– sums up everything said in the work, formulates conclusions, highlights the main ideas of the work, and may (at the author’s request) include the formulation of problems that need to be investigated in the future.

The editor should check that the introduction and conclusion of the manuscript are closely related to the main body, naturally introduce the reader to the topic (introduction) and follow as conclusions from the facts discussed (conclusion). Both of them should be characterized by specificity and conciseness of presentation and a very small volume - according to the rules of rhetoric introduced by Aristotle, the introduction and conclusion together should not exceed one eighth of the total volume of the manuscript (although an exception is made for the humanities - there the volume of these parts can reach up to one quarter of the total volume of the manuscript).

The editor also carefully examines the author’s compliance with the proportionality of the three main parts of the work. Most typical errors at the same time: a drawn-out introduction or conclusion, their too general nature, ideological and thematic disconnection from the main part of the work.

The editor completes the work on the composition of the manuscript. paragraph highlighting. A paragraph (from German Absatz) is a complete, complete communicative semantic unit; to highlight it in the text, it is typed on a new line, indented from the left edge. Most often, a paragraph is a signal of the beginning of a new thought. From the point of view of compositional construction, a paragraph is a compositional and semantic unit of written speech.

The paragraph is characterized by the following features: a single theme, logical integrity, compositional and semantic correlation with the entire work.

The division into paragraphs occurs in two reasons:

1.communication and semantic when the author seeks to use a paragraph to highlight individual moments of the work, the most important episodes, and the boundaries of structural parts. This reason is more common in non-fiction works, since the main reason for dividing into paragraphs is the need to achieve logical integrity;

2. expressive-stylistic when the author wants to emphasize the surprise or significance of an action, to enhance its impact on the reader. This reason is more typical for works of art.

The editor's work on paragraph highlighting completes the editor's work on the composition of the manuscript.