What is the Cossacks a brief definition. Cossack - who is this? History of the Cossacks
COSSACKS (from the Turkic Cossack, Cossack - a daring, free man), socio-ethnic and historical communities of people that developed on the southern outskirts of Russian lands in the 14th century.
From the beginning of the 15th century, the Cossacks were transferred to the service of the Russian state, forming the service Cossacks. As the border lines and fortified border lines were created on the southern, southeastern and eastern borders of the Russian state, the categories of urban Cossacks and stanitsa (sentry) Cossacks were formed (see Stanichnaya and sentry service). From the 16th century, the Cossacks were under the jurisdiction of the Discharge Order, and then the Cossack Order (17th century). In the 1st half of the 16th century, the Zaporizhzhya Sich was formed in Ukraine, in the 2nd half of the 16th century - communities of Terek Cossacks and the serving Siberian Cossacks, and on the border with the Commonwealth - a special category of Ukrainian Cossacks who were in the service of the Polish government, the so-called registered Cossacks. In the middle of the 17th century, the Sloboda Cossacks formed on the territory of Eastern Ukraine (see Sloboda Cossacks). The Cossacks actively participated in the development of new lands in the South of Russia, Siberia and Far East(V. V. Atlasov, I. Yu. Moskvitin, I. I. Kamchatoy, I. A. Rebrov, M. V. Stadukhin, etc.).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Cossacks enjoyed wide autonomy. All the most important matters were decided on the military circle. Elected atamans were at the head of the communities. The government gradually limited the autonomy of the Cossack regions, striving for the complete subordination of the Cossacks. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Cossacks stubbornly defended their freedom and actively participated in the uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries; from their midst came S. T. Razin, K. A. Bulavin and E. I. Pugachev. Part of the Don Cossacks, after the defeat of the Bulavin uprising of 1707-09, went to the Kuban and then to the Ottoman Empire (see Nekrasovites). At the beginning of the 18th century, the Cossack communities were transformed into Cossack irregular troops, and the Cossacks became the military class of the Russian Empire. In 1723, the election of military atamans and foremen was abolished, who began to be appointed by the government and called nakazny (appointed). After the suppression of the Pugachev uprising of 1773-75, the Zaporozhian Sich was abolished. In the 2nd half of the 18th - 19th centuries, a number of Cossack troops were abolished and new ones were created, completely subordinate to the government: Astrakhan (1750), Orenburg (1755), Black Sea (1787-1860), Siberian (1808), Caucasian linear (1832-60 ), Trans-Baikal (1851), Amur (1858), Kuban (1860), Terskoe (1860), Semirechenskoe (1867), Ussuri (1889). The position of the Cossacks as a closed estate was secured under Emperor Nicholas I. The Cossacks were forbidden to marry representatives of the non-Cossack population, leaving the military estate was prohibited (allowed in 1869). The Cossacks received a number of privileges: exemption from the poll tax and land tax, the right to duty-free trade within the military territory, special rights to use state lands and lands (fishing, salt extraction, etc.). The economic situation of the Cossacks was based on the system of Cossack land ownership that developed in the 19th century (see Cossack lands).
By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 11 Cossack troops in the Russian Empire (Don, Kuban, Terek, Astrakhan, Ural, Orenburg, Semirechensk, Siberian, Transbaikal, Amur, Ussuri); the total number of the Cossacks exceeded 4.4 million people, including about 480 thousand service members (1916). In 1917, the Yenisei Cossack Army was formed from the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk Cossacks. All Cossack troops were militarily and administratively subordinated to the War Ministry through the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops (from 1879), and from 1910 through the Cossack Department of the General Staff. The Ministry of Internal Affairs was in charge of the Yakut Cossack regiment. Since 1827, the heir to the throne was the ataman of the Cossack troops. In the Don Cossack Host, the post of chief ataman was independent; Under the ataman, there was a military headquarters that managed the affairs of the troops through the atamans of departments or districts. Stanitsa and farm chieftains were elected at gatherings.
Cossacks from the age of 18 were required to carry out military service, which lasted 20 years [according to the Charter on military service dated 17 (29) .4.1875 for the Don army, later extended to other troops]: the first 3 years in the preparatory category, then 12 years in combat, 5 years in reserve, after which the Cossacks were enlisted for 10 years in the militia. In 1909, the service life was reduced to 18 years by reducing the preparatory discharge to 1 year. For military service, the Cossack was obliged to appear with his uniform and equipment. The Cossacks participated in all the military campaigns of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. He distinguished himself in the wars: Seven Years 1756-1763, Patriotic 1812, Caucasian 1817-64, Crimean 1853-56, Russian-Turkish. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Cossacks were widely used to ensure state security and law and order. From the era of Emperor Nicholas I, state power headed for the unification of the Cossack troops. In 1875, under Emperor Alexander II, the Cossack regiments were included in the regular cavalry divisions. By the end of the 19th century, the requirements for drill training of the Cossacks, the quality of their weapons and equipment, the level of mobilization readiness of the Cossack units increased significantly, which led to an increase in the costs of the Cossacks for self-equipment (purchase of a drill horse and uniform) and the impoverishment of the Cossacks. The disappearance of the immediate military threat led to the peasantization of the Cossacks - the so-called natural-historical decossackization.
After February Revolution In 1917, elected bodies of power were created on the territory of the troops, the process of autonomization of the Cossack troops began, which strengthened the class isolation and isolation of the Cossacks. During the Civil War of 1917-22, the Cossacks split into two irreconcilable camps. The vast majority of the Cossacks ended up in the ranks of the White armies and fought under the command of A. P. Bogaevsky, A. I. Dutov, A. M. Kaledin, P. N. Krasnov, K. K. Mamontov, G. M. Semyonov, A. G. Shkuro. In the ranks of the Red Army, the Cossacks fought under the command of S. M. Budyonny, B. M. Dumenko, N. D. Kashirin, F. K. Mironov. As a governing body of the "red" Cossacks, the Cossack department was created under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In some troops (Don, Kuban, Ural, Orenburg) appeared their own Cossack armies, state symbols, legislative acts that consolidated military autonomy. After the defeat of the White armies, tens of thousands of Cossacks were forced to emigrate (see Cossack Unions). The Cossacks were the only organized large social group, whose representatives were generally anti-Bolshevik, had combat experience and organization, so they were subjected to mass terror and forced deportations. In 1920, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the legal provisions of the RSFSR on land were extended to the Cossack lands, which was the legislative abolition of the Cossacks.
On April 20, 1936, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR abolished the restrictions on service in the Red Army that had existed since 1922 for the Cossacks, and Cossack cavalry divisions were created. In the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, Cossack formations fought on the fronts - in April 1942, the 17th (from August 27 - 4th Guards) Cossack cavalry corps was formed from the Cossack volunteers of the Don and Kuban, which on 11/20/1942 was divided into 4- 1st Guards Kuban Cossack and 5th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Corps (disbanded in 1947). Since the beginning of the 1990s, the revival of the Cossacks in Russia began on the basis of the Law of the RSFSR of April 26, 1991 "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples" and the Decree of the President Russian Federation dated 15.6.1992 on measures to implement this law in relation to the Cossacks. In January 1996, the Main Directorate of the Cossack Troops under the President of the Russian Federation was established, which in 1998 was transformed into the Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation for Cossacks.
Lit .: Khoroshkhin M.P. Cossack troops. Experience of military-statistical description. SPb., 1881; McNeal R. H. Tsar and cossack, 1855-1914. L.; Oxf., 1987; History of the Cossacks of Asiatic Russia. Yekaterinburg, 1995. Vol. 1-3; Holquist R. Making war, forging revolution. Russia's continuum of crisis, 1914-1921. Camb.; L., 2002; Russian Cossacks / Resp. editor T. V. Tabolina. M., 2003.
A. V. Ganin.
1. Cossacks, type of troops, specialization.
The origin of the word "KAZAK" and its meaning.
In Mongolian, “Kazakh” or “Cossack” meant a free warrior living apart in a tent, or, according to another concept, armor, a shield and a strong stronghold to protect the borders, or a military guard.
Only after the conquest of the Russian principalities by the Mongols and the formation of the Golden Horde, the name "Cossacks" was established for part of the troops that made up parts of the light cavalry among the armed forces of the Horde.
GOLDEN HORDE - ULUS OF THE MONGOLIAN EMPIRE
Khan Batu
special conditions for serving in peacetime and wartime, the Russians mastered the skills and dexterity of conducting combat “actions in the equestrian ranks in the “Cossack” way”, turned into Cossacks and took their name.
They were settled in the border regions, where vigilance, attention, mobility and initiative were required for service. They served the lines of communication, ensured safe and uninterrupted movement in the country.
Settled by national groups, they had the right to have livestock, engage in gardening, fishing and hunting. They were settled on the lands of exceptionally fertile, richest in all natural gifts, for which Russia had been unsuccessfully fighting the nomads for centuries.
The private life of the Cossack was connected with the continuous service to protect the borders on which they were settled: it was "patrol service - far and near."
The constant service of the Don Cossacks for Moscow was the escort of ambassadors and the protection of the safe movement of official travelers passing through the lands occupied by the Cossacks.
Banner of the Golden Horde
2. Metropolitan. religious state.
"One God in heaven, and one ruler on earth," said Genghis Khan, who gave the Orthodox metropolitan the highest power and influence among the Russian people. So Orthodoxy became the basis of the national self-identification of the Cossacks, religion and language served as a unifying principle for them. From the first days of the formation of the Horde, an Orthodox church was built at the headquarters of the Khan.
History, culture and rituals of the Russian Cossacks
With the formation of military settlements within the Horde, temples began to be built everywhere, the clergy were called in, and the church hierarchy was established. Metropolitan Kirill moved from Novgorod to live in Kiev, where he restored the Metropolis of All Russia.
The authority of the Metropolitan begins to rise in the life of the Russian people. The metropolitan enjoyed significant benefits from the Mongol authorities; power, it, compared with the princely, was extensive.
Metropolitans and the highest Church hierarchs enjoyed significant benefits.
Local government remained in the hands of the Russian princes, church orders were not violated, the church hierarchy had advantages over princely power, and had khan's labels that freed church property from tribute.
Coin of the Golden Horde
In 1261, in the Headquarters of the Khan of the Golden Horde, a diocese was opened, headed by a bishop.
The Metropolitan of All Russia enjoyed a certain freedom under Mongol rule. Having transferred the metropolia to Kiev, Metropolitan Kirill traveled to Constantinople and was present at the opening of the Diocese in Sarai.
Firstly, the power of the Bishop united the people, and connected them with the general church organization of all Russia, since the Bishop was subordinate to the Metropolitan of All Russia. In addition, the church organization awakened in the people the consciousness of unity; they were no longer an impersonal mass,
Under the rule of the Mongols, the church organization had a rather complex hierarchy: in addition to the Metropolitan and bishops, there were: spiritual judge, scribe, lawyer, mentor, rector, hermit, issuer of metrics and dean. After the opening of the Diocese, churches and monasteries began to be built everywhere, clergy were appointed, Church life was established.
After the death of Khan Berke, the grandson of Batu, Mengu-Timur, became the Khan of the Golden Horde. In military campaigns and ongoing wars, in the inner life of the Cossacks who took part in campaigns and battles, changes took place: the name “Cossacks” began to be firmly established behind the troops and their commanders, instead of temniks, began to be called chieftains.
ORIGIN OF THE WORD "ATAMAN"
Origin of the title ATAMAN (father-commander, instead of temnik) (10,000 people = 1 division of the 20th century, division commander).
Studies of modern historians on the origin of the word ataman give a completely new explanation and derive it from the Mongolian word that existed in their military use - father-commander.
At the heart of the internal organization of the Mongolian uluses there was a tribal-patriarchal system. Power in the uluses successively passed from father to son or eldest in the family.
Temiiki, as the highest commanders who shared the fate with the troops under their control in campaigns and battles, were called atamans, that is, fathers-commanders, a word understandable for military formations of all peoples.
the name ataman in Cossack life appeared from the time of their inception under the rule of the Mongols and was firmly entrenched in their life and was preserved for the entire time of their historical existence.
Unit of measurement, 5 letters
We bring to your attention words on the subject Units of measurement, which consist of 5 letters.
1 . Akena
2 . anchor
Cossacks definition
4 . barrel
5 . bucket
6 . welt
7 . hair
8 . gram
9 . jill
10 . dihas
11 . a drop
12 . carat
13 . box
14 . katty
15 . line
16 . a spoon
17 . brand
18 . month
19 . orgy
20 . pehis
21 . pint
22 . plethra
23 . staff
24 . paragraph
25 . metacarpus
26 . saros
27 . foot
28 . stone
29 . day
30 . ton
31 . ounce
32 . fermi
33 . cup
34 . chyumich
Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Rostov Region
State Educational Institution
Secondary vocational education of the Rostov region
Rostov Technological College of Light Industry
(GOU SPO RO "RTTLP")
Course work
discipline: "History of the Don region"
on this topic: " Origin of the Cossacks »
Performed:
student gr. 2-DEB-25
Goncharova A.A.
Checked by teacher:
Litvinova I.V.
Rostov-on-Don 2011
Introduction
Chapter 1. Cossacks
1.1 Definition of Cossacks
1.2 External General characteristics Cossacks
1.3 The nature of the Cossacks
1.4 Origin of the Cossacks
1.5 Cossacks in history
1.6 Cossack troops
Chapter 2. Cossacks in Russia today
3. About the Cossacks in conclusion
3.1 Cossacks in art
3.2 Commandments of the Cossacks
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
Introduction
Everyone knows about the Cossacks, regardless of their interest in history. Cossacks appear on the pages of textbooks whenever significant events in history are discussed. Russian state. But what is known about them? Where did they come from?
Textbooks, as a rule, inspire us with the idea of runaway freedom-loving peasants, who were tortured by feudal landowners and who in the 16th-17th centuries. they fled from Russia to the south, to the Don, settled down there and gradually turned into a service people. This people in the XIX-XX centuries, forgetting about past conflicts with the kings, became their reliable support.
There are other options in the stories of the origin of the Cossacks. The essence of these options is that instead of runaway freedom-loving peasants, free murderers appear - robbers who, over time, will acquire wives, housekeeping, calm down and, instead of robberies, will be engaged in the protection of state borders.
The exact origin of the Cossacks is unknown.
Chapter 1. Cossacks
1.1 Definition of Cossacks
Cossacks - this is an ethnic, social and historical group of united Russians, Ukrainians, Kalmyks, Buryats, Bashkirs, Tatars, Evenks, Ossetians, etc.
Cossacks - (from Turkic: Cossack, Cossack - daring, free man) - a military estate in Russia.
Cossacks (Cossacks) - sub ethnic group Russian people living in the southern steppes of Eastern Europe, in particular, Russia and Kazakhstan, and earlier - Ukraine.
In a broad sense, the word "Cossack" meant a person belonging to the Cossack class and state, which included the population of several localities in Russia, who had special rights and obligations. In a narrower sense, the Cossacks are part armed forces Russian Empire, mainly cavalry and horse artillery, and the word "Cossack" itself means the lower rank of the Cossack troops.
1.2 External general characteristics of the Cossacks
Comparing the features developed separately, we can note the following features characteristic of the Don Cossacks. Straight or slightly wavy hair, thick beard, straight nose with a horizontal base, wide slit eyes, large mouth, blond or dark hair, gray, blue or mixed (with green) eyes, relatively tall stature, weak subbrachycephaly, or mesocephaly, relatively wide face. Using the latter signs, we can compare the Don Cossacks with other Russian peoples, and they, apparently, are more or less common to the Cossack population of the Don and other Great Russian groups, allowing, on a wider scale of comparison, to attribute the Don Cossacks to one predominant on the Russian plain, an anthropological type, characterized in general by the same differences.
1.3 The nature of the Cossacks
A Cossack cannot consider himself a Cossack if he does not know and observe the traditions and customs of the Cossacks. During the years of hard times and the destruction of the Cossacks, these concepts were fairly weathered and distorted under alien influence. Even our old people, who were born already in Soviet times, do not always correctly interpret the unwritten Cossack laws.
Merciless to enemies, the Cossacks in their midst were always complacent, generous and hospitable. There was some kind of duality at the heart of the Cossack's character: either he was cheerful, playful, funny, or extraordinarily sad, silent, inaccessible. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that the Cossacks, constantly looking into the eyes of death, tried not to miss the joy that fell to their lot. On the other hand - they are philosophers and poets at heart - they often reflected on the eternal, on the vanity of existence and on the inevitable outcome of this life. Therefore, the basis in the formation of the moral foundations of the Cossack societies was the 10 commandments of Christ. Teaching children to observe the commandments of the Lord, parents, according to their popular perception, taught: do not kill, do not steal, do not fornicate, work according to your conscience, do not envy another and forgive offenders, take care of your children and parents, value girlish chastity and female honor, help the poor , do not offend orphans and widows, protect the Fatherland from enemies. But first of all, strengthen the Orthodox faith: go to Church, observe fasts, cleanse your soul - through repentance from sins, pray to the one God Jesus Christ and added: if something is possible for someone, then we cannot - WE ARE COSSACKS.
1.4 Origin of the Cossacks
There are many theories of the origin of the Cossacks:
1.Eastern hypothesis.
According to V. Shambarov, L. Gumilyov and other historians, the Cossacks arose through the merger of Kasogs and Brodniks after the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
Kasogi (kasakhi, kasaki) - an ancient Circassian people who inhabited the territory of the lower Kuban in the 10th-14th centuries.
Brodniki is a people of Turkic-Slavic origin, formed in the lower reaches of the Don in the 12th century (then a border region of Kievan Rus.
There is still no single point of view among historians about the time of the emergence of the Don Cossacks. So N.S. Korshikov and V.N. Korolev believe that “in addition to the widespread point of view about the origin of the Cossacks from Russian fugitives and industrialists, there are other points of view as hypotheses. According to R.G. Skrynnikov, for example, the original Cossack communities consisted of Tatars, which were then joined by Russian elements. L.N. Gumilyov proposed to lead the Don Cossacks from the Khazars, who, having mixed with the Slavs, made up the wanderers, who were not only the predecessors of the Cossacks, but also their direct ancestors. More and more experts are inclined to believe that the origins of the Don Cossacks should be seen in the ancient Slavic population, which, according to archaeological discoveries of recent decades, existed on the Don in the 8th-15th centuries.
The Mongols were loyal to the preservation of their religions by their subjects, including the people who were part of their military units. There was also the Saraysko-Podonsky bishopric, which allowed the Cossacks to keep their identity.
After the split of the Golden Horde, the Cossacks who remained on its territory retained their military organization, but at the same time they found themselves in complete independence from the fragments of the former empire - the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate; and from the Moscow state that appeared in Russia.
In Polish chronicles, the first mention of the Cossacks dates back to 1493, when the Cherkasy governor Bogdan Fedorovich Glinsky, nicknamed "Mamai", having formed border Cossack detachments in Cherkassy, captured the Turkish fortress of Ochakov.
The French ethnographer Arnold van Gennep, in his book Traite des nationalites (1923), suggested that the Cossacks should be considered a separate nation from the Ukrainians, since the Cossacks are probably not Slavs at all, but Byzantinized and Christianized Turks.
2. Slavic hypothesis
According to other points of view, the Cossacks were originally from the Slavs. So the Ukrainian politician and historian V.M. Lytvyn in his three-volume "History of Ukraine" expressed the opinion that the first Ukrainian Cossacks were Slavs.
According to his research, sources speak of the existence of Cossacks in the Crimea at the end of the 13th century. In the first mentions, the Turkic word "Cossack" meant "guard" or vice versa - "robber". Also - "free man", "exile", "adventurer", "tramp", "protector of the sky".
Cossacks (Orlov, 2012)
This word often denoted free, "no one's" people who traded with weapons. In particular, according to the old Russian epics dating back to the reign of Vladimir the Great, the hero Ilya Muromets is called "the old Cossack." It was in this meaning that it was assigned to the Cossacks.
The first memories of such Cossacks date back to 1489. During the campaign of the Polish king Jan-Albrecht against the Tatars, Christian Cossacks showed the way to his army in Podolia. In the same year, detachments of chieftains Vasily Zhyla, Bogdan and Golubets attacked the Tavan crossing in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and, dispersing the Tatar guards, robbed the merchants. Subsequently, the Khan's complaints about Cossack attacks become regular. According to Litvin, considering how habitually this designation is used in the documents of that time, we can assume that the Cossacks-Rusichi have been known for decades, at least since the middle of the 15th century. Considering that the evidence of the phenomenon of the Ukrainian Cossacks was localized on the territory of the so-called "Wild Field", it is possible that the Ukrainian Cossacks borrowed their neighbors from the Turkic-speaking (mainly Tatar) environment not only the name, but also many other words, they will take on appearance, organization and tactics, mentality . Litvin V. believes that the Tatar element occupies a certain place in the ethnic composition of the Cossacks.
1.5 Cossacks in history
Don Cossacks military commandment
Representatives of various nationalities participated in the formation of the Cossacks, but the Slavs prevailed. From an ethnographic point of view, the first Cossacks were divided according to the place of origin into Ukrainian and Russian. Among both those and others, free and service Cossacks can be distinguished. Russian service Cossacks (city, regimental and sentry) were used to protect the security lines and cities, receiving salaries and lands for life for this. Although they were equated "to the service people on the instrument" (archers, gunners), but unlike them, they had a stanitsa organization and an elective system of military administration. In this form, they existed until the beginning of the 18th century. The first community of Russian free Cossacks arose on the Don, and then on the rivers Yaik, Terek and Volga. In contrast to the service Cossacks, the coasts of large rivers (Dnieper, Don, Yaik, Terek) and the steppe expanses became the centers of the emergence of the Free Cossacks, which left a noticeable imprint on the Cossacks and determined their way of life.
Russian history
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History of the Cossacks in Russia
Cossacks inextricably linked with the history of Russia. After all, the Cossacks in glorious battles forever glorified both themselves and Russia.
The birth of the Cossacks
The exact origin of the Cossacks is unknown, there are many theories. By the end of the XIV century, two large groups of people living in the lower reaches of the Don and Dnieper were formed. They were joined by many East Slavic settlers from the neighboring Moscow and Lithuanian principalities. Energetic people who lacked adventures mostly came to these southern lands, later runaway peasants also began to run there, there is a version that the Turkic peoples also participated in the creation of Cossack detachments.
This circumstance was beneficial to both Moscow and Warsaw, since, firstly, those lands were very fertile and, accordingly, they received food from them; secondly, they provided them with the protection of the borders from the Crimean Tatars, behind whom stood almost the strongest state of that time - the Ottoman Empire. The inhabitants of the lower reaches of the Don formed the Don Cossacks, and the inhabitants of the Left Bank of the Dnieper - Zaporozhye. Orthodox Moscow Rus quite easily found a common language with the Cossacks, which cannot be said about the Catholic Commonwealth. Of course, not only religious differences played a major role here, since both the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks were descendants of the inhabitants of Kievan Rus and, of course, they remembered this, the Western world in the face of Poland was alien to them.
Cossacks
As a result, the Cossacks easily found a common language with Moscow, helped it seize all of its eastern territory from Poland, led by Kiev, and then took an oath of allegiance to the Moscow Tsar.
Cossacks in the service of the sovereign
The Cossacks were a very free people and could easily disobey the order from the capital, but this did not suit the tsarist government, and she often had to put pressure on the Cossacks. The result was an uprising of the Cossacks led by Razin, Bulavin and Pugachev. After the uprising of the latter in the 18th century. Empress Catherine II took up the matter very decisively. The result of which was the disbandment of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, the most free. It, in turn, became part of the newly created Kuban Cossack army. The Cossacks received land from the state, but were obliged to faithfully serve it. In turn, since at that time there was an intensive process of annexing the southern lands (the shores of the Azov and Black Seas, the Crimea, the Caucasus), units of regular armies began to form on this territory, civil servants and civilians came, so the Cossacks could not themselves be so free to feel.
It is worth noting that the Cossacks made a huge contribution to the annexation of its southern and eastern lands to Russia, in the defense of the borders, and simply in the study of new lands, and also that there were many difficult and bloody wars in the history of the Cossacks.
Features of the Cossacks
The Cossacks were wonderful warriors, they became fighters from childhood. They rode beautifully on a horse, amazingly wielded a saber, accurately shot both standing up and while riding a horse. Excellent horseback riding was one of the main trump cards of the Cossacks; on the run they could do amazing tricks. The participation of the Cossacks in the wars waged by Russia brought her great benefits. They made an invaluable contribution during the Caucasian war, the capture of the Crimea, the wars with the Turks and Persians. The Cossacks often terrified what was considered the best at the beginning of the 19th century. Napoleonic army. They inflicted a lot of damage on the Germans and Austrians in the first world war. Lightning attacks of the Cossacks shocked the enemies.
Cossacks from the beginning of the 19th century. and until the October Revolution of 1917 they were the elite of the Russian army. These warriors were distinguished by increased combat capability and reliability. No wonder the Cossacks in the 19th and 20th centuries. were a guard escort of the Russian tsars.
After "October" 1917
During the civil war, the Cossacks became the main support of the white movement. But the Cossacks could not fight against their own people in the same way as they fought with other peoples. Having valiantly expelled the Reds from their native lands, the Cossacks acted further not so decisively. Some of them continued their march on Moscow, some returned home, having solved the task completed, while some were thinking about creating an independent state. All this ended sadly for them. Basically, their best representatives either died in the war or immigrated, some remained in their homeland, but they were persecuted (resettlements, arrests and executions). And only by the mid-30s, the government of the USSR decided to restore the Cossacks, allowed them to serve in the Red Army, for which they repaid him, valiantly fighting against Nazi Germany in World War II.
Some of the immigrant Cossacks supported or even fought for the Wehrmacht army.
After the collapse of the USSR, the Cossacks were already completely rehabilitated, and to this day the process of reviving the Cossacks is underway. Cossack cadet corps are being created in the old traditions of the Russian Empire.
The history of the Cossacks rightfully occupies an important and worthy place in Russian history.
Dzhigitovka Cossacks. The video was filmed in the 24th, 36th and 66th years of the 20th century. in European. Demonstrative performances of Cossacks-immigrants who participated in World War I and the Civil War, as well as their children and grandchildren, were filmed.
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Which Cossacks were subjects of the Ottoman Empire
19.03.2018
The history of the Nekrasovites began with an open confrontation with Peter I. The rebellious Cossacks were forced to leave for the Don, then to Turkey, where they stood under the Turkish banners. They returned back in the middle of the twentieth century.
Cossack uprising
During the Northern War, the peasants in Russia had a hard life, and many of them decided to flee to the Don, to the Cossack lands. In 1707, Peter I issued a decree on the search for runaway peasants, and Prince Yuri Dolgoruky himself became the main person in charge.
When Yuri Dolgoruky arrived at the Cossacks, they decided that catching serfs beyond the Don was a violation of the established tradition and revolted. Dolgoruky was able to return about two thousand peasants, but others joined the Cossack rebel army led by Kondraty Bulavin.
The brutality of the war with the capital was reflected in his notes by the Bakhmut ataman himself: “And many of our brother Cossacks were tortured with a whip, they beat and cut their noses and lips in vain, and they took wives and girls on the bed forcibly and repaired all kinds of abuse over them, and the children of our babies trees were hung by the feet.
Bulavin, together with a small army, managed to attack the detachment of Prince Dolgorukov from an ambush, as a result of which Yuri Dolgoruky and his entire detachment died, and Peter I sent a new 32,000-strong army led by Yuri's brother, Vasily Dolgoruky.
Bulavin, appointed chieftain of the Don Cossacks, decided to go to Moscow, but had much smaller forces at his disposal, and he decided to divide the army into three parts. One of them went to besiege Saratov, and after the failure settled in Tsaritsyn.
Another group met with Dolgoruky's army and was defeated. The third detachment was led by Bulavin himself, and with him he tried to take Azov. After the failure of the Cossacks, a conspiracy was drawn up against him, the ataman was killed, and the Don Army swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar.
Ignat Nekrasov
Meanwhile, the troops of Ignat Nekrasov, located in Tsaritsyn, were determined to continue the fight. Nekrasov decided to return to the Don with cannons and an army, the other part of the Cossacks remained in Tsaritsyn. The group that remained in Tsaritsyn was soon defeated. When Nekrasov met with the tsarist troops from Cherkassk, he was also defeated.
After the defeat, Nekrasov took the remaining Cossacks, according to various estimates - from two to eight thousand people, and went, fleeing the tsar's troops, abroad, to the Kuban. The Kuban was then the territory of the Crimean Khanate, it was inhabited by the Cossacks-Old Believers who left Russia in the nineties of the 17th century.
Having united with them, Nekrasov founded the first Cossack army in the Kuban and the Cossacks accepted the citizenship of the Crimean khans. The fugitive Cossacks from the Don and the peasants gradually joined this coalition.
The Nekrasovites first settled on the right bank of the Laba River, where the modern village of Nekrasovskaya is located. Subsequently, the Cossacks moved to the Taman Peninsula, founding all large quantity townships. The Cossacks constantly attacked the Russian border lands, and only the death of Ignat Nekrasov returned the situation to a more peaceful course.
Anna Ioannovna in 1735-1739 repeatedly offered the Cossacks to return home, but there was no result. Then the empress sent the Don ataman to the Kuban in order to bring back the recalcitrant Nekrasovites. In fear of the extensive military campaign that the Russian troops launched, the Nekrasovites moved to the Danube, from the Crimean to Turkish possessions.
Pushkin recorded the transition of the Ignatov Cossacks under the Turkish banners: “Spears were seen from the side of the Turks, they had not experienced them before; these spears were Russian: the Nekrasovites fought in their ranks.”
"Testaments of Ignat"
In 1740, the resettlement to the Danube began. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire gave the Nekrasov Cossacks all the same powers that they had under the patronage of the Crimean khans. In the Ottoman Empire, the Cossacks settled in the Dobruja region, located in the territories of modern Romania and Bulgaria, and their neighbors were the Lipovans, the bespopov Old Believers from Russia, who moved there during the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon.
The Cossacks followed the "precepts of Ignat" - 170 strict laws recorded in the "Ignat Book". Among them were such severe commandments. For example, "for marriage with non-Christians - death" or "for the murder of a member of the community to bury in the ground."
The Nekrasovites were soon forced to share their lands with the Cossacks, who moved to the same lands after the whitewash over the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775. Despite their courage and courage, disputes with the Cossacks haunted the Nekrasovites, and they began to leave Bessarabia and move further south. The remaining Nekrasovites mixed with the Lipovans and other Old Believers and lost their ancient customs and traditions.
Further, the Nekrasovites were able to settle on the coast of the Aegean Sea in eastern Thrace and in Asian Turkey - on Lake Mainos. After an epidemic passed among the Nekrasovites in Thrace, the survivors went to Mainos, but the united community could not contain social and religious contradictions for a long time. In the 1860s, part of the Maynos left the community and founded their own settlement on the lake island of Mada in southwestern Turkey. Due to epidemics and contaminated water in the lake, the population of the breakaway group of Nekrasovites rapidly decreased.
Homecoming
Already in the 1860s, the Turkish authorities were dissatisfied with the Nekrasovites, increased taxes, introduced military service and took away land near Lake Mainos. This was due to the fact that the Nekrasovites refused to oppose Russia, which the Turks tried to oblige them to do.
By 1911, less than a thousand Ignat Cossacks lived in both settlements, and most of them wanted to return to Russia.
In 1911, a small number of Nekrasovites left for Russia in order not to serve in the Turkish army, despite Ignat's covenant "not to return to Rasey under the tsar."
After that, the authorities of Turkey and Russia allowed re-emigration, but the Nekrasovites were forbidden to settle in the Don or Kuban, they were sent to Georgia. After the declaration of independence of Georgia, the Cossacks will soon have to move again, to the Kuban. About two hundred more families remained by that time in Turkey.
There was no mass resettlement of Ignat Cossacks after 1914. Despite the permission, many families from the village of Mainos decided to stay where they were. However, the second wave of remigration began 50 years later, in 1962: then almost 1,500 Nekrasovites from Turkey returned to Russia.
Emigrants sailed from Turkey to the USSR on the ship "Georgia", and this memorable moment is still celebrated by modern Nekrasovites.
Cossacks - what is it?
On the this moment their descendants live in the Stavropol Territory. However, several dozen families then refused to enter the USSR and were accepted into the United States. Only one family of Ignatov Cossacks remained in Turkey.
When the Nekrasovites returned to Russia, they retained their customs - they wore pectoral crosses, beards, baptized children and buried the dead, but at the same time their children went to Soviet schools, and they themselves worked on state farms. Until now, the songs of the Nekrasovites have been preserved, the refrains in which alternate between Russian and Turkish and retain an oriental flavor:
Turkish tunes and Russian songs and ditties mixed together, creating a rich and original folklore tradition. In modern life, the Ignatov Cossacks also adopted some of the Turkish traditions: they like to sit on rugs with their legs crossed and drink coffee, cook corn and chorba.
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In the development of any nation, there were moments when a certain ethnic group separated and thereby created a separate cultural layer. In some cases, such cultural elements coexisted peacefully with their nation and the world as a whole, in others they fought for an equal place under the sun. An example of such a warlike ethnic group can be considered such a stratum of society as the Cossacks. Representatives of this cultural group have always been distinguished by a special worldview and very acute religiosity. To date, scientists cannot figure out whether this ethnic stratum of the Slavic people is a separate nation. The history of the Cossacks dates back to the distant XV century, when the states of Europe were mired in internecine wars and dynastic upheavals.
Etymology of the word "Cossack"
A bunch of modern people It has general idea that the Cossack is a warrior or a type of warriors who lived in a certain historical period and fought for their freedom. However, such an interpretation is rather dry and far from the truth, if we also take into account the etymology of the term "Cossack". There are several main theories about the origin of the word, for example:
Turkic (“Cossack” is a free man);
The word comes from kosogs;
Turkish (“kaz”, “cossack” means “goose”);
The word comes from the term "goats";
Mongolian theory;
Turkestan theory - that this is the name of nomadic tribes;
In the Tatar language, "Cossack" is a vanguard warrior in the army.
There are other theories, each of which explains this word in completely different ways, but it is possible to single out the most rational grain from all definitions. The most common theory says that the Cossack was a free man, but armed, ready to attack and fight.
Historical origin
The history of the Cossacks begins in the 15th century, namely from 1489 - the moment the term "Cossack" was first mentioned. The historical homeland of the Cossacks is Eastern Europe, or rather, the territory of the so-called Wild Field (modern Ukraine). It should be noted that in the 15th century the named territory was neutral and did not belong to both the Russian Tsardom and Poland.
Basically, the territory of the "Wild Field" was subjected to constant raids. The gradual settlement of immigrants from both Poland and the Russian Kingdom on these lands influenced the development of a new estate - the Cossacks. In fact, the history of the Cossacks begins from the moment when ordinary people, peasants, begin to settle in the lands of the Wild Field, while creating their own self-governing military formations in order to fight off the raids of the Tatars and other nationalities. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Cossack regiments had become a powerful military force, which created great difficulties for neighboring states.
Creation of the Zaporozhian Sich
According to the historical data that are known today, the first attempt at self-organization by the Cossacks was made in 1552 by the prince of Volyn Vyshnevetsky, better known as Bayda.
At his own expense, he created a military base, the Zaporizhzhya Sich, which was located on it. The whole life of the Cossacks flowed on it. The location was strategically convenient, since the Sich blocked the passage of the Tatars from the Crimea, and was also in close proximity to the border of Poland. Moreover, the territorial location on the island created great difficulties for the assault on the Sich. The Khortitskaya Sich did not last long, because in 1557 it was destroyed, but until 1775, such fortifications were built according to the same type - on river islands.
Attempts to subdue the Cossacks
In 1569, a new Lithuanian-Polish state was formed - the Commonwealth. Naturally, this long-awaited union was very important for both Poland and Lithuania, and the free Cossacks on the borders of the new state acted against the interests of the Commonwealth. Of course, such fortifications served as an excellent shield against Tatar raids, but they were completely out of control and did not take into account the authority of the crown. Thus, in 1572, the king of the Commonwealth issued a universal, which regulated the employment of 300 Cossacks in the service of the crown. They were recorded in the list, the register, which led to their name - registered Cossacks. Such units were always in full combat readiness in order to repel Tatar raids on the borders of the Commonwealth as quickly as possible, as well as to suppress periodically arising peasant uprisings.
Cossack uprisings for religious-national independence
From 1583 to 1657, some Cossack leaders raised uprisings in order to free themselves from the influence of the Commonwealth and other states that tried to subjugate the lands of the still unformed Ukraine.
The strongest desire for independence began to manifest itself among the Cossack class after 1620, when Hetman Sahaidachny, together with the entire Zaporozhian army, joined the Kiev Brotherhood. Such an action marked the cohesion of the Cossack traditions with the Orthodox faith.
From that moment on, the battles of the Cossacks carried not only a liberation, but also a religious character. The growing tension between the Cossacks and Poland led to the famous national liberation war of 1648-1654, headed by Bohdan Khmelnitsky. In addition, no less significant uprisings should be singled out, namely: the uprising of Nalivaiko, Kosinsky, Sulima, Pavlyuk and others.
Decossackization during the Russian Empire
After the unsuccessful national liberation war in the 17th century, as well as the unrest that began, the military power of the Cossacks was significantly undermined. In addition, the Cossacks lost support from the Russian Empire after switching to the side of Sweden in the battle of Poltava, in which the Cossack army was led by
As a result of this series of historical events, a dynamic process of decossackization begins in the 18th century, which reached its peak during the time of Empress Catherine II. In 1775, the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated. However, the Cossacks were given a choice: to go their own way (to live an ordinary peasant life) or join the hussars, which many took advantage of. Nevertheless, a significant part of the Cossack army (about 12,000 people) remained, which did not accept the offer of the Russian Empire. In order to ensure the former safety of the borders, as well as in some way to legitimize the "Cossack remnants", on the initiative of Alexander Suvorov, the Black Sea Cossack Host was created in 1790.
Kuban Cossacks
The Kuban Cossacks, or Russian Cossacks, appeared in 1860. It was formed from several military Cossack formations that existed at that time. After several periods of decossackization, these military formations became a professional part of the armed forces of the Russian Empire.
The Cossacks of the Kuban were based in the region of the North Caucasus (the territory of the modern Krasnodar Territory). The basis of the Kuban Cossacks was the Black Sea Cossack army and the Caucasian Cossack army, which was abolished as a result of the end of the Caucasian war. This military formation was created as a border force to control the situation in the Caucasus.
The war in this territory was over, but stability was constantly under threat. Russian Cossacks became an excellent buffer between the Caucasus and the Russian Empire. In addition, representatives of this army were involved during the Great Patriotic War. To date, the life of the Cossacks of the Kuban, their traditions and culture have been preserved thanks to the formed Kuban military Cossack society.
Don Cossacks
The Don Cossacks is the most ancient Cossack culture, which arose in parallel with the Zaporozhye Cossacks in the middle of the 15th century. Don Cossacks were located on the territory of the Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk and Donetsk regions. The name of the army is historically associated with the Don River. The main difference between the Don Cossacks and other Cossack formations is that it developed not just as a military unit, but as an ethnic group with its own cultural characteristics.
The Don Cossacks actively collaborated with the Zaporizhian Cossacks in many battles. During the October Revolution, the Don army founded its own state, but centralization on its territory " white movement” led to the defeat and subsequent repression. It follows that the Don Cossack is a person who belongs to a special social formation based on the ethnic factor. The culture of the Don Cossacks has been preserved in our time. About 140 thousand people live on the territory of the modern Russian Federation, who write down their nationality as "Cossack".
The role of the Cossacks in world culture
Today, the history, life of the Cossacks, their military traditions and culture are actively studied by scientists around the world. Undoubtedly, the Cossacks are not just military formations, but a separate ethnic group that has built its own special culture for several centuries in a row. Modern historians are working on recreating the smallest fragments of the history of the Cossacks in order to perpetuate the memory of this great source of a special Eastern European culture.
The Cossacks are a people that formed at the beginning of a new era, as a result of genetic ties between many Turanian (Siberian) tribes of the Scythian people Kos-Saka (or Ka-Saka), the Azov Slavs Meoto-Kaisar with a mixture of Ases-Alans or Tanaits (Dontsov). The ancient Greeks called them kossakha, which meant "white sakhi", and the Scythian-Iranian meaning "kos-sakha" - "white deer". The sacred deer - the solar symbol of the Scythians, can be found in all their burials, from Primorye to China, from Siberia to Europe. It was the Don people who brought this ancient military symbol of the Scythian tribes to our days. Here you will find out where the Cossacks came from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache, and why the bearded Prince Svyatoslav changed his appearance. You will also learn the origin of many names of the Cossacks, Don, Greben, roamers, black hoods, etc., where did the Cossack military paraphernalia, hat, knife, Circassian coat, gazyri come from. You will also understand why the Cossacks were called Tatars, where Genghis Khan came from, why the Battle of Kulikovo took place, the invasion of Batu and who was really behind all this.
"Cossacks, an ethnic, social and historical community (group), uniting by virtue of their specific features of all Cossacks... The Cossacks were also defined as a separate ethnic group, an independent nationality, or as a special nation of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin. Dictionary of Cyril and Methodius, 1902.
As a result of the processes that in archeology are usually called "the introduction of the Sarmatians into the environment of the Meots", in the North. In the Caucasus and on the Don, a mixed Slavic-Turanian type of special nationality appeared, divided into many tribes. It was from this confusion that the original name "Cossack" originated, which was noted by the ancient Greeks in ancient times and was written as "kossakhs". The Greek inscription Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. But from the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian) meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. It was the Horde that became the unification of different tribes under a military union - whose name today is the Cossacks. The most famous: "Golden Horde", "Piebald Horde of Siberia". So the Cossacks, remembering their great past, when their ancestors lived beyond the Urals in the country of Asses (Great Asia), inherited their name of the people "Cossacks", from As and Saki, from the Aryan "as" - warrior, military estate, "Sak" - by type of weapon: from sak, whip, cutters. "As-sak" was later transformed into a Cossack. And the very name of the Caucasus - Kau-k-az from the ancient Iranian kau or kuu - mountain and az-as, i.e. Mount Azov (Asov), as well as the city of Azov in Turkish and Arabic was called: Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak.
All ancient historians claim that the Scythians were the best warriors, and Svydas testifies that they had banners in the troops from ancient times, which proves the regularity in their militias. The Getae of Siberia, Western Asia, the Hittites of Egypt, the Aztecs, India, Byzantium, on banners and shields had a coat of arms depicting a double-headed eagle, adopted by Russia in the 15th century. as a legacy of their glorious ancestors.
Interestingly, the tribes of the Scythian peoples depicted on the artifacts found in Siberia, on the Russian Plain, are shown with beards and long hair on their heads. Russian princes, rulers, warriors are also bearded and hairy. So where did the settler come from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache?
For European peoples, including the Slavs, the custom of shaving the head was completely alien, while in the east it has been widespread for a long time and very widely, including among the Turkic-Mongolian tribes. So the hairstyle with the sedentary was borrowed from the eastern peoples. In 1253 Rubruk described it in Batu's Golden Horde on the Volga.
So, we can say with confidence that the custom of shaving the head of the Slavs in Russia and in Europe was completely alien and unacceptable. It was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, for centuries it lived among the mixed Turkic tribes living on Ukrainian lands - Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Mongols, Turks, etc., until it was finally borrowed by the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, along with all the other Turkic-Mongolian traditions of the Sich . But where does the word "Sich" come from? Here is what Strabo writes. XI.8.4:
"Saks were called all the southern Scythians attacking Western Asia." The weapon of the Saks was called sakar - an ax, from whipping, chopping. From this word, in all likelihood, the name of the Zaporozhian Sich came, as well as the word Sicheviki, as the Cossacks called themselves. Sich - the camp of the Saks. Sak in Tatar means careful. Sakal - beard. These words are borrowed from the Slavs, Masaks, Massagets.
In ancient times, during the mixing of the blood of the Caucasoids of Siberia with the Mongoloids, new mestizo peoples began to form, which later received the name of the Turks, and this was still a long time after the emergence of Islam itself and their adoption of the Mohammedan faith. Subsequently, from these peoples and their migration to the West and Asia, a new name appeared, defining them as the Huns (Huns). Of the discovered Hunnic burials, they reconstructed the skull and it turned out that some Hunnic warriors wore a sedentary. The same warriors with forelocks were then among the ancient Bulgars who fought in the army of Attila, and many other peoples mixed with the Turks.
By the way, the Hunnic "devastation of the world" played an important role in the history of the Slavic ethnos. Unlike the Scythian, Sarmatian and Gothic invasions, the invasion of the Huns was extremely large-scale and led to the destruction of the entire former ethno-political situation in the barbarian world. The departure to the west of the Goths and the Sarmatians, and then the collapse of the empire of Attila, allowed the Slavic peoples in the 5th century. to begin mass settlement of the Northern Danube, the lower reaches of the Dniester and the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
Among the Huns there was also a group (self-name - Gur) - Bolgurs (White Gur). After the defeat in Phanagoria (Northern Black Sea, Mesopotamia Don-Volga and Kuban), part of the Bulgarians went to Bulgaria and, having strengthened the Slavic ethnic component, became modern Bulgarians, the other part remained on the Volga - the Volga Bulgarians, now Kazan Tatars and other Volga peoples. One part of the Khungurs (Hunno-gurs) - the Ungars or Ugrians, founded Hungary, the other part of them settled on the Volga and mixed with the Finnic-speaking peoples, became Finno-Ugric peoples. When the Mongols came from the east, they, with the agreements of the Kiev prince, went west and merged with the Ungars-Hungarians. That is why we are talking about the Finno-Ugric language group, but this does not apply to the Huns in general.
During the formation of the Turkic peoples, entire states appeared, for example, from the mixing of the Caucasoids of Siberia, the Dinlins with the Gangun Turks, the Yenisei Kirghiz appeared, from them - the Kyrgyz Kaganate, after - the Turkic Kaganate. We all know the Khazar Kaganate, which became the unification of the Khazar Slavs with the Turks and Jews. From all these endless associations and separations of the Slavic peoples with the Turks, many new tribes were created, for example, the state association of the Slavs suffered from the raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy for a long time.
For example, according to the law of Genghis Khan "Yasu", developed by cultural Central Asian Christians of the Nestorian sect, and not by wild Mongols, hair must be shaved off, and only a pigtail is left on the crown. High-ranking personalities were allowed to wear a beard, and the rest had to shave it off, leaving only mustaches. But this is not a custom of the Tatars, but of the ancient Getae (see Chapter VI) and the Massagetae, i.e. people known as far back as the 14th century. BC and intimidating Egypt, Syria and Persia, and then mentioned in the VI century. according to R. X. by the Greek historian Procopius. The Massagetae - the Great-Saki-Geta, who made up the advanced cavalry in the hordes of Attila, also shaved their heads and beards, leaving a mustache, and left one pigtail on top of their heads. It is interesting that the military class of the Russ always bore the name Get, and the word "hetman" itself is again of Gothic origin: "great warrior."
The painting of the Bulgarian princes and Liutprand speak of the existence of this custom among the Danube Bulgarians. According to the description of the Greek historian Leo Deacon, the Russian Grand Duke Svyatoslav also shaved his beard and head, leaving one forelock, i.e. imitated the Geta Cossacks, who constituted the advanced cavalry in his army. Consequently, the custom of shaving beards and heads, leaving a mustache and forelock, is not Tatar, as it existed earlier among the Getae more than 2 thousand years before the appearance of the Tatars in the historical field.
The image of Prince Svyatoslav, who has already become canonical, with a shaved head, a long forelock and a drooping mustache, like a Zaporozhian Cossack, is not entirely correct and was imposed mainly by the Ukrainian side. His ancestors had luxurious hair and beards, and he himself was portrayed in various chronicles as bearded. The description of the forelocked Svyatoslav is taken from the above-mentioned Leo Deacon, but he became so after he became the prince not only of Kievan Rus, but also the prince of Pecheneg Russia, that is, southern Russia. But why then did the Pechenegs kill him? It all comes down to the fact that after the victory of Svyatoslav over the Khazar Kaganate and the war with Byzantium, the Jewish aristocracy decided to take revenge on him and persuaded the Pechenegs to kill him.
Well, Leo the Deacon in the 10th century, in his "Chronicles" gives a very interesting description of Svyatoslav: "The king is ready Sventoslav, or Svyatoslav, the ruler from Russia, and the hetman of their troops, was the root of the Balts, the Rurikovichs (the Balts are the royal dynasty of the Western Goths. From this dynasty was Alaric, who took Rome.)... His mother, the regentess Helga, after the death of her husband Ingvar, who was killed by the Greutungs, whose capital was Iskorost, wished to unite the two dynasties of the ancient Rixes under the scepter of the Balts, and turned to Malfred, the Rix of the Greutungs , to give her sister Malfrida for her son, giving her word that she would forgive Malfred the death of her husband.Having been refused, the city of the Greuthungi was burned by her, and the Greuthungi themselves submitted ... Malfrida was escorted to the court of Helga, where she was brought up until did not grow up and did not become the wife of King Sventoslav ... "
In this story, the names of Prince Mala and Malusha, the mother of Prince Vladimir the Baptist, are clearly guessed. It is curious that the Greek stubbornly called the Drevlyans Greytungs - one of the Gothic tribes, and not Drevlyans at all.
Well, let's leave it on the conscience of the late ideologists, who point-blank did not notice these very Goths. We only note that Malfrida-Malusha was from Iskorosten-Korosten (Zhytomyr region). Then - again Leo the Deacon: "The equestrian warriors of Sventoslav fought without helmets and on light horses of Scythian breeds. Each of his warriors from the Rus had no hair on his head, only a long strand descending to the ear - a symbol of their military god. They fought furiously, descendants of those Gothic regiments that brought the great Rome to its knees.These horsemen of Sventoslav gathered from the allied tribes of the Greytungs, Slavs and Rosomones, they were also called in Gothic: "kosaks" - "horseman" that is, and among the Rus they were an elite, themselves but the Ruses inherited from their fathers the ability to fight on foot, hiding behind shields - the famous "tortoise" of the Vikings. The Ruses buried their fallen ones in the same way as their Gothic grandfathers, burning the bodies on their canoes or on the banks of the river, in order to then put the ashes on And those who died by their own death, they laid them in mounds, and poured hills on top. In the Goths in their land, such resting places stretch for hundreds of stages sometimes ... "
We will not understand why the chronicler calls the Rus Goths. And burial mounds in the Zhytomyr region are stumbled unmeasured. Among them there are very ancient ones - Scythian, even before our era. They are mainly located in the northern regions of the Zhytomyr region. And there are later ones, the beginning of our era, IV-V centuries. In the area of the Zhytomyr hydropark, for example. As you can see, the Cossacks existed long before the Zaporozhian Sich.
And here is what Georgy Sidorov says about the changed appearance of Svyatoslav: “The Pechenegs chose him over themselves, after the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate, he becomes a prince already here, that is, the Pecheneg khans themselves recognize his power over themselves. They give him the opportunity to control the Pecheneg cavalry, and she herself the Pecheneg cavalry goes with him to Byzantium.
In order for the Pechenegs to obey him, he was forced to take on their appearance, which is why instead of a beard and long hair, he has a sedentary man and a drooping mustache. Svyatoslav, was a Venetian by blood, his father did not wear a forelock, he had a beard and long hair like any venet. Rurik, his grandfather, was the same, Oleg was exactly the same, but they did not adjust their appearance to the Pechenegs. Svyatoslav, in order to manage the Pechenegs, so that they believed him, he had to put himself in order, to be outwardly similar to them, that is, he became the khan of the Pechenegs. We are constantly divided, Russia is the north, the south is the Polovtsy, this is the wild steppe and the Pechenegs. In fact, it was all one Russia, steppe, taiga and forest-steppe - it was one people, one language. The only difference was that in the south they still knew the Turkic language, it was once the Esperanto of the ancient tribes, they brought it from the East, and the Cossacks knew this language up to the 20th century, too, preserving it.
In Horde Russia, not only Slavic writing was used, but also Arabic. Russians up to late XVI centuries, at the household level, they had a good command of the Turkic language, i.e. Turkic until then was the second spoken language in Russia. And this was facilitated by the unification of the Slavic-Turkic tribes into an alliance, whose name is the Cossacks. After the Romanovs came to power in 1613, they, because of the freedom and rebelliousness of the Cossack tribes, began to instill a myth about them, as about the Tatar-Mongol "yoke" in Russia and contempt for everything "Tatar". There was a time when Christians, Slavs and Muslims prayed in the same temple, this was a common faith. God is one, but the religion is different, it was then that everyone was divided and parted in different directions.
The origins of the ancient Slavic military vocabulary date back to the era of Slavic-Turkic unity. This term, so far unusual, is provable: the sources give grounds for this. And above all - a dictionary. A number of designations most general concepts military affairs is derived from the ancient Turkic languages. Such as - warrior, boyar, regiment, labor, (in the meaning of war), hunting, round-up, cast iron, iron, damask steel, halberd, ax, hammer, sulitsa, army, banner, saber, kmet, quiver, darkness (10 thousandth army ), cheers, let's go, etc. They no longer stand out from the dictionary, these invisible Turkisms, tested for centuries. Linguists notice only later, clearly "non-native" inclusions: saadak, horde, bunchuk, guard, esaul, ertaul, ataman, kosh, kuren, hero, biryuch, zhalav (banner), snuznik, rattletrap, alpaut, surnach, etc. And the common symbols of the Cossacks, Horde Russia and Byzantium, tell us that there was something in the historical past that united them all in the fight against the enemy, which is now hidden from us by false layers. Its name is the "Western World" or the Roman Catholic world under papal control, with its missionary agents, crusaders, Jesuits, but we'll talk about that later.
As mentioned above, the "settler" was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, and in confirmation of their appearance we find in the Name Book of the Bulgarian Khans, which lists the ancient rulers of the Bulgar state, including those who ruled on the lands of present-day Ukraine:
"Avitokhol has lived for 300 years, he was born Dulo, and I eat (y) dilom tvirem ...
These 5 princes reign over the country of the Danube for 500 years and 15 shorn heads.
And then I came to the country of the Danube Isperih prince, I am the same hitherto."
So, facial hair was treated differently: "Some Russ shave their beards, others twist and braid it, like horse manes" (Ibn-Khaukal). On the Taman Peninsula, among the "Russian" nobility, the fashion for sedentary people, which was later inherited by the Cossacks, became widespread. The Hungarian Dominican monk Julian, who visited here in 1237, wrote that the local "men shave their heads baldly and carefully grow their beards, except for noble people who, as a sign of nobility, leave a little hair above their left ear, shaving the rest of their head."
And here is how the contemporary Procopius of Caesarea described fragmentarily the lightest Gothic cavalry: “They have few heavy cavalry, on long campaigns the Goths go light, with a small load on the horse, and when the enemy appears, they sit on their light horses and attack ... The Gothic horsemen are called themselves "kosak", "owning a horse". As usual, their riders shave their heads, leaving only a long tuft of hair, so they become like their military deity - Danapr. All of them have deities with heads shaved in this way and the Goths hasten to imitate them with their appearance .. If necessary, this cavalry fights on foot, and here they have no equal ... When stopping, the army puts carts around the camp for protection, which hold the enemy in case of a sudden attack ... "
To all these military tribes, with a forelock, with a beard or mustache, the name "Kosak" was fixed over time, and therefore the original written form of the Cossack name is still fully preserved in English and Spanish pronunciation.
N. Karamzin (1775-1826) calls the Cossacks a people-knight and says that its origin is more ancient than the Batyevo (Tatar) invasion.
In connection with Napoleonic Wars The whole of Europe begins to be especially interested in the Cossacks. The English general Nolan claims: "The Cossacks in 1812-1815 did more for Russia than its entire army." The French general Caulaincourt says: "Napoleon's entire numerous cavalry perished, mainly under the blows of Ataman Platov's Cossacks." The same is repeated by the generals: de Braque, Moran, de Bart, and others. Napoleon himself said: "Give me the Cossacks, and I will conquer the whole world with them." And the simple Cossack Zemlyanukhin, during his stay in London, made a huge impression on the whole of England.
The Cossacks kept everything distinctive features received from their ancient ancestors is the love of freedom, the ability to organize, self-esteem, honesty, courage, love of the horse...
Some concepts of the origin of the names of the Cossacks
Asia's Cavalry - the most ancient Siberian army, originating from the Slavic-Aryan tribes, i.e. from the Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians, etc. All of them also belong to the Great Turan, and the tours are the same Scythians. The Persians called the nomadic tribes of the Scythians "Tura", because for their strong physique and courage, the Scythians themselves began to be associated with the bulls of the Tours. Such a comparison emphasized the masculinity and courage of the warriors. So, for example, in the Russian chronicles one can find such phrases: "Brave bo be, like a tour" or "Buy tour Vsevolod" (this is how it is said about brother Prince Igor in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"). And this is where the most curious thing comes in. It turns out that in the time of Julius Caesar (F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron give a reference to this in their Encyclopedic Dictionary), the wild bulls of Turov were called "Urus"! ... And today, for the entire Turkic-speaking world, Russians are "Uruses". For the Persians, we were "urs", for the Greeks - "Scythians", for the British - "cattle", for the rest - "tartarien" (Tatars, wild) and "Urus". Many came from them, the main ones from the Urals, Siberia and ancient india, from where the military doctrine spread already in a distorted form, known to us in China as martial arts.
Later, after regular migrations, some of them were settled in the Azov and Don steppes and began to be called equestrian azes or princes (in Old Slavonic, prince - konaz) among the ancient Slavic-Russians, Lithuanians, Arsk peoples of the Volga and Kama, Mordovians and many others from ancient times became at the head of the board, forming a special noble caste of warriors. Perkun-az among the Lithuanians and the basics among the ancient Scandinavians were revered as deities. And what is a king among the ancient Germans and among the Germans könig (könig), among the Normans king, and among the Lithuanians kunig-az, if not converted from the word horseman, who came out of the land of the Azov-Asses and became the head of the board.
The eastern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, from the lower reaches of the Don, up to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, became the cradle of the Cossacks, where they finally formed into a military caste, recognizable to us today. This country was called by all ancient peoples the land of the Azov, Asia terra. The word az or as (aza, azi, azen) is sacred to all Aryans; it means god, lord, king or folk hero. In ancient times, the territory beyond the Urals was called Asia. From here, from Siberia, in ancient times, the people's leaders of the Aryans with their clans or squads went to the north and west of Europe, to the Iranian plateau, the plains of Central Asia and India. For example, historians note the Andronov tribes or the Siberian Scythians as one of these, and the ancient Greeks - the Issedons, Sindons, Seres, etc.
Ainu - in ancient times, they moved from the Urals through Siberia to Primorye, Amur, America, Japan, are known to us today as the Japanese and Sakhalin Ainu. In Japan, they created a military caste, recognizable today by everyone as the samurai. The Bering Strait used to be called the Ain (Aninsky, Ansky, Anian Strait), where they inhabited part of North America.
Kai-Saki (not to be confused with the Kirghiz-Kaisaks),roaming the steppes, these are Polovtsy, Pechenegs, Yases, Huns, Huns, etc., lived on the territory of Siberia, in the Pinto Horde, in the Urals, the Russian Plain, Europe, Asia. From the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian), meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. Among the Siberian Scythians-Saks, "kos-saka or kos-sakha", this is a warrior, whose symbol is a totem animal deer, sometimes an elk, with branched horns, which symbolized speed, fiery flames and a shining sun.
Among the Siberian Turks, the Sun God was designated through his intermediaries - the swan and the goose, later the Khazar Slavs will accept the symbol of the goose from them, and then the hussars will appear on the historical stage.
And here is Kirgis-Kaisaki,or the Kyrgyz Cossacks, these are today's Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. They are descendants of the Gangun and the Dinling. So, in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. on the Yenisei (Minusinsk basin), as a result of the mixing of these tribes, a new ethnic community is formed - the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
In their historical homeland, in Siberia, they created a powerful state - the Kyrgyz Kaganate. In ancient times, this people was marked by Arabs, Chinese and Greeks as blond and blue-eyed, but at a certain stage they began to take Mongols as their wives and changed their appearance in just a thousand years. Interestingly, in percentage terms, the haplogroup R1A among the Kyrgyz is greater than among the Russians, but one should know that the genetic code is transmitted through the male line, and external signs are determined by the female.
Russian chroniclers begin to mention them only from the first half of the 16th century, calling them Horde Cossacks. The character of the Kirghiz is direct and proud. Kirghiz-Kaisak only calls himself a natural Cossack, not recognizing this for others. Among the Kirghiz come across all the transitional degrees of types, from purely Caucasian to Mongolian. They adhered to the Tengrian concept of the unity of the three worlds and entities "Tengri - Man - Earth" ("birds of prey - wolf - swan"). So, for example, ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic written monuments and associated with totem and other birds include: kyr-gyz (birds of prey), uy-gur (northern birds), bul-gar (water birds), bash- kur-t (Bashkurt-Bashkirs - head birds of prey).
Until 581, the Kyrgyz paid tribute to the Turks of Altai, after which they overthrew the power of the Turkic Khaganate, but gained independence for a short time. In 629, the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Teles tribe (most likely of Turkic origin), and then by the Kok-Turks. The ongoing wars with kindred Turkic peoples forced the Yenisei Kyrgyz to join the anti-Turkic coalition created by the Tang state (China). In 710-711, the Turkuts defeated the Kyrgyz and after that they were under the rule of the Turkuts until 745. In the so-called Mongol era (XIII-XIV centuries), after the defeat of the Naimans by the troops of Genghis Khan, the Kyrgyz principalities voluntarily replenished his empire, finally losing their state independence. Combat detachments of the Kyrgyz joined the Mongol hordes.
But the Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz have not disappeared from the pages of history, already in our times, their fate was decided after the revolution. Until 1925, the government of the Kyrgyz autonomy was located in Orenburg, the administrative center of the Cossack army. In order to lose the meaning of the word Cossack, the Jewish Commissars renamed the Kyrgyz ASSR into Kazakstan, which would later become Kazakhstan. By a decree of April 19, 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazakh ASSR. Somewhat earlier - on February 9, 1925, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kyrgyz ASSR, it was decided to transfer the capital of the republic from Orenburg to Ak-Mechet (formerly Perovsk), renaming it Kyzyl-Orda, since one of the decrees of 1925, part of the Orenburg region was returned to Russia. So the original Cossack lands, together with the population, were transferred to nomadic peoples. Now world Zionism demands payment for the rendered "service" to today's Kazakhstan in the form of anti-Russian policy and loyalty to the West.
Siberian Tartars - Jagatai,this is the Cossack army of the Rusyns of Siberia. Ever since the time of Genghis Khan, the Tatarized Cossacks began to represent a dashing invincible cavalry, which was always in the advanced conquest campaigns, where it was based on the Chigets - Dzhigits (from the ancient Chigs and Gets). They were also in the service of Tamerlane, today the name among the people has remained from them, like a dzhigit, dzhigitovka. Russian historians of the eighteenth century. Tatishchev and Boltin say that the Tatar Baskaks, sent to Russia by the khans to collect tribute, always had detachments of these Cossacks with them. Caught near sea waters, some of the Chigs and Geth became excellent sailors.
According to the Greek historian Nikephoros Gregory, the son of Genghis Khan, under the name of Telepug, in 1221 conquered many peoples living between the Don and the Caucasus, including the Chigets - Chigs and Gets, as well as the Avazgs (Abkhazians). According to another historian Georgy Pakhimer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, the Tatar commander, named Noga, subjugated all the peoples living along the northern shores of the Black Sea under his rule and formed a special state in these countries. The Alans, Goths, Chigis, Rosses and other neighboring peoples, conquered by them, mixed with the Turks, little by little learned their customs, way of life, language and clothes, began to serve in their army and raised the power of this people to the highest degree of glory.
Not all of the Cossacks, but only part of it, adopted their language, customs and customs, and then, together with them, the Mohammedan faith, while the other part remained faithful to the idea of Christianity and for many centuries defended its independence, dividing into many communities, or partnerships, representing one common union.
Sinds, Miots and Tanahitesthese are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don.
Once from Siberia, part of the tribes of the Andronovo culture moved to India. And here is an indicative example of the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some part of the Proto-Slavic peoples already moved back from India, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled in the territory of the Kuban, they were Sinds.
After they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Approximately in the XIII century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they later became known as the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subjugated almost all the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Lithuanians began to recruit these military people for their military service. They called them Cossacks and during the time of the Commonwealth, the Cossacks founded the border Zaporozhian Sich.
Some of the future Azov, Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks, while still in India, adopted the blood of local tribes with dark skin color - the Dravidians, and among all the Cossacks, they are the only ones with dark hair and eyes, this is what distinguishes them. Ermak Timofeevich was just from this group of Cossacks.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. in the steppes lived on the right bank of the Don, the nomadic Scythians, who displaced the nomadic Cimmerians, and on the left bank, the nomadic Sarmatians. The population of the Don forests was original Don - all of them in the future will be called Don Cossacks. The Greeks called them Tanaites (Donets). At that time, in addition to the Tanahites, many other tribes lived near the Sea of Azov, who spoke dialects of the Indo-European group of languages \u200b\u200b(including Slavic), to which the Greeks gave the collective name "Meots", which in ancient Greek means "bogs" (inhabitants swampy areas). By the name of this people, the sea was named, near which these tribes lived - "Meotida" (Meotian Sea).
Here it should be noted how the Tanaites became the Don Cossacks. In 1399, after the battle on the river. Vorskla, the Siberian Tartars-Rusyns who came with Edigey, settled along the upper reaches of the Don, where Brodniki also lived, and they gave rise to the name of the Don Cossacks. Among the first Don ataman recognized by Muscovy is Sary Azman.
The word sary or sar is ancient Persian, meaning king, lord, lord; hence Sary-az-man - the royal Azov people, the same as the Royal Scythians. The word sar in this sense is found in the following proper and common nouns: Sar-kel is a royal city, but the Sarmatians (from sar and mada, mata, mati, i.e. woman) from the dominance of women among this people, from them - Amazons. Balta-Sar, Sar-Danapal, Serdar, Caesar, or Caesar, Caesar, Caesar and our Slavic-Russian Tsar. Although many people tend to think that sary is a Tatar word meaning yellow, and from here they derive - red, but in the Tatar language there is a separate word for expressing the concept of red, namely zhiryan. It is noted that the Jews, leading their family on the maternal side, often call their daughters Sarah. It is also noted about female domination that from the 1st century. along the northern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, between the Don and the Caucasus, the rather powerful people of Roksolane (Ros-Alan) become known, according to Iornand (VI century) - Rokasy (Ros-Ases), whom Tacitus ranks with the Sarmatians, and Strabo - with Scythians. Diodorus Siculus, describing the Saks (Scythians) of the northern Caucasus, speaks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarin, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nicholas of Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Roskanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Ases or Rokas, where their queen was erected a giant pyramid with a statue on top.
Since 1671, the Don Cossacks have recognized the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, that is, they have abandoned independent foreign policy, subordinating the interests of the Troops to the interests of Moscow, the internal order remained the same. And only when the Romanov colonization of the south advanced to the borders of the Land of the Don Army, then Peter I carried out the incorporation of the Land of the Don Army into the Russian state.
This is how some of the former Horde became the Cossacks of the Don, swore an oath to serve the tsar father for a free life and protection of borders, but refused to serve the Bolshevik authorities after 1917, for which they suffered.
So, Sindy, Miot and Tanait are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don, of which the first two mostly died out due to the plague, replaced by others, mainly Cossacks. When, by decree of Catherine II, the entire Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed, then after the surviving Cossacks they were collected and resettled in the Kuban.
The photo above shows the historical types of Cossacks that made up the Kuban Cossack army in the reconstruction of Yesaul Strinsky.
Here is a Khoper Cossack, three Black Sea Cossacks, a lineman and two scouts - a participant in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. The Cossacks are all distinguished, they have orders and medals on their chests.
-The first on the right is a Cossack of the Khoper regiment, armed with a cavalry flintlock gun and a Don saber.
-Next we see a Black Sea Cossack in the form of a sample of 1840 - 1842. He holds in his hand an infantry percussion rifle, an officer's dagger and a Caucasian saber in a sheath hang on his belt. He has a cartridge bag or a carcass hanging on his chest. On the side is a revolver in a holster on a cord.
- Behind him is a Cossack in the form of the Black Sea Cossack army of the 1816 model. Its armament is a flint Cossack rifle of the 1832 model and a soldier's cavalry saber of the 1827 model.
-In the center we see an old Black Sea Cossack from the time when the Black Sea people settled in the Kuban region. He is wearing the uniform of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army. In his hand he holds an old, apparently Turkish flintlock gun, he has two flintlock pistols in his belt and a powder flask made of horn hangs from his belt. The saber at the belt is either not visible or absent.
-Next is a Cossack in the form of a linear Cossack army. His weapons are: a flintlock infantry rifle, a dagger - beybut at the waist, a Circassian saber with a handle recessed in the sheath, and a revolver on a cord at the waist.
The last in the photograph were two Cossacks of the plastun, both armed with authorized plastun weapons - Littikha double-threaded fittings of the 1843 model. Bayonet-cleavers in home-made scabbards hang from the belt. On the side stands a Cossack pike stuck into the ground.
Brodniki and Donets.
Brodniki come from the Khazar Slavs. In the VIII century, the Arabs considered them Saklabs, i.e. white people, Slavic blood. It is noted that in 737, 20 thousand of their families of horse breeders settled on the eastern borders of Kakheti. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) on the Srenem Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
Here it is necessary to explain in more detail about the origin of wanderers.
The formation of the union of Scythians and Sarmatians received the name Kas Aria, which later became distortedly called Khazaria. It was to the Slavic Khazars (CasArians) that Cyril and Methodius came to missionary work.
Their activity is where it was noted: Arab historians in the VIII century. the Sakalibs were noted in the Upper Don forest-steppe, and the Persians, a hundred years after them, Bradasov-Brodnikov. The sedentary part of these tribes, remaining in the Caucasus, obeyed the Huns, Bolgars, Kazars and Asam-Alans, in whose kingdom the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and Taman were called the Land of Kasak (Gudud al Alem). There, among them, Christianity finally triumphed, after the missionary work of St. Cyril, ok. 860
The difference between Kasaria is that it was a country of warriors, and later became Khazaria - a country of merchants, when the Jews came to power in it. And here, in order to understand the essence of what is happening, it is necessary to explain in more detail. In 50 AD, Emperor Claudius expelled all the Jews from Rome. In 66-73, a Jewish uprising arose. They capture the Temple of Jerusalem, the fortress of Anthony, the entire upper city and the fortified palace of Herod, arrange a real massacre for the Romans. They then start an uprising throughout Palestine, killing both the Romans and their more moderate compatriots. This rebellion was crushed, and in 70 the center of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the temple was burned to the ground.
But the war went on. The Jews did not want to admit defeat. After the great Jewish uprising of 133-135, the Romans wiped out everything historical traditions Judaism. A new pagan city of Elia Capitolina has been built on the site of the destroyed Jerusalem since 137, Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem. To hurt the Jews even more, the emperor Ariadne forbade them to be circumcised. Many Jews were forced to flee to the Caucasus and Persia.
In the Caucasus, Jews became neighbors to the Khazars, and in Persia they slowly entered all branches of government. It ended with a revolution and a civil war under the leadership of Mazdak. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Persia - to Khazaria, where at that time the Khazar Slavs lived there.
In the 6th century, the Great Turkic Khaganate was created. Some tribes fled from him, such as the Hungarians to Pannonia, and the Khazar Slavs (kozare, kazara), in alliance with the ancient Bulgars, united with the Turkic Kaganate. Their influence reached from Siberia to the Don and the Black Sea. When the Turkic Kaganate began to fall apart, the Khazars received the fled prince of the Ashin dynasty and drove out the Bulgars. This is how the Khazar-Turks appeared.
For a hundred years, Khazaria was ruled by Turkic khans, but they did not change their way of life: they lived in the steppe as a nomadic life and only returned to the adobe houses of Itil in winter. Khan supported himself and his army himself, without burdening the Khazars with taxes. The Turks fought against the Arabs, taught the Khazars to repel the onslaught of regular troops, as they possessed the skills of a steppe maneuver war. So, under the military leadership of the Turks (650-810), the Khazars successfully repelled the periodic invasions from the south of the Arabs, which rallied these two peoples, moreover, the Turks remained nomads, and the Khazars - farmers.
When Khazaria accepted the Jews who fled from Persia, and the wars with the Arabs led to the liberation of part of the lands of Khazaria, this allowed the refugees to settle there. So gradually the Jews who fled from the Roman Empire began to join them, it was thanks to them that at the beginning of the 9th century. a small khanate turned into a huge state. The main population of Khazaria at that time could be called "Slavs-Khazars", "Turkic-Khazars" and "Judeo-Khazars". The Jews who arrived in Khazaria were engaged in trade, for which the Khazar Slavs themselves did not show any abilities. In the second half of the 8th century, Jews expelled from Byzantium began to arrive to the Jews - refugees from Persia, in Khazaria, rabbinic Jews expelled from Byzantium, among whom there were also descendants of those expelled from Babylon and Egypt. Since the Rabbinical Jews were townspeople, they settled exclusively in the cities: Itil, Semender, Belenjer, etc. All these immigrants from the former Roman Empire, Persia and Byzantium, today we know as Sephardim.
At the beginning of the conversion of the Slavic Khazars to Judaism was not, because. the Jewish community lived apart among the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars, but over time, some of them converted to Judaism and today they are known to us as Ashkenazi.
By the end of the 8th c. The Judeo-Khazars began to gradually penetrate into the power structures of Khazaria, acting in their favorite way - by becoming related through their daughters to the Turkic aristocracy. The children of the Turkic-Khazars and Jews had all the rights of a father and the help of the Jewish community in all matters. And the children of Jews and Khazars became a kind of outcasts (Karaites) and lived on the outskirts of Khazaria - in Taman or Kerch. At the beginning of the 9th c. the influential Jew Obadiah took power into his own hands and laid the foundation for Jewish hegemony in Khazaria, acting through the Khan-puppet of the Ashin dynasty, whose mother was Jewish. But not all Turko-Khazars accepted Judaism. Soon, a coup took place in the Khazar Kaganate, resulting in a civil war. The "old" Turkic aristocracy revolted against the Judeo-Khazar authorities. The rebels attracted the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) to their side, the Jews hired the Pechenegs. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus described those events as follows: “When they separated from power and an internecine war broke out, the first power (Jews) prevailed and some of them (the rebels) were killed, others fled and settled with the Turks (Magyars) in the Pecheneg lands (lower reaches of the Dnieper), made peace and were called kabars.
In the 9th century, the Judeo-Khazar Khagan invited the Varangian squad of Prince Oleg to wage war against the Muslims of the Southern Caspian, promising the division of Eastern Europe and help in capturing the Kiev Kaganate. Tired of the constant raids of the Khazars on their lands, where the Slavs were constantly taken into slavery, Oleg took advantage of the situation, captured Kiev in 882 and refused to fulfill the agreements, the war began. Approximately in 957, after the baptism of the Kievan princess Olga in Constantinople, i.e. after enlisting the support of Byzantium, the confrontation between Kiev and Khazaria began. Thanks to an alliance with Byzantium, the Pechenegs supported the Russians. In the spring of 965, the troops of Svyatoslav descended along the Oka and the Volga to the Khazar capital Itil, bypassing the Khazar troops that were waiting for them in the Don steppes. After a short battle, the city was taken.
As a result of the campaign of 964-965. Svyatoslav excluded the Volga, the middle reaches of the Terek and the middle Don from the sphere of the Jewish community. Svyatoslav returned independence to Kievan Rus. Svyatoslav's blow to the Jewish community of Khazaria was cruel, but his victory was not final. Returning, he passed the Kuban and the Crimea, where the Khazar fortresses remained. There were also communities in the Kuban, in the Crimea, Tmutarakan, where the Jews, under the name of the Khazars, still held dominant positions for another two centuries, but the state of Khazaria ceased to exist forever. The remnants of the Judeo-Khazars settled in Dagestan (Mountain Jews) and the Crimea (Karaite Jews). Part of the Slavic Khazars and the Turkic-Khazars remained on the Terek and Don, mixed with local kindred tribes and, according to the old name of the Khazar warriors, they were called "Podon Brodniki", but it was they who fought against Russia on the Kalka River.
In 1180, the wanderers helped the Bulgarians in their war for independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine historian and writer Nikita Choniates (Acominatus), in his "Chronicle", dated 1190, described the events of that Bulgarian war, so with one phrase he comprehensively characterizes the roamers: "Those roamers who despise death are a branch of the Russians." The initial name was worn as "Kozary", originating from the Kozar Slavs, from whom it received the name Khazaria or the Khazar Kaganate. This is a Slavic militant tribe, part of which did not want to submit to the already Judaic Khazaria, and after its defeat, uniting with their kindred tribes, they subsequently settled along the banks of the Don, where the Tanahites, Sarmatians, Roxalans, Alans (yases), Torki-Berendeys, etc. lived. The name of the Don Cossacks was received after most of the Siberian army of the Rusins of Tsar Edygei settled there, which also included black hoods left after the battle on the river. Vorskla, in 1399. Edigey - the founder of the dynasty, who led the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Urusovs and Yusupovs.
So, Brodniki are the undeniable ancestors of the Don Cossacks. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) in the Middle Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
- Berendei, from the territory of Siberia, like many tribes due to climatic shocks, they moved to the Russian Plain. The field, driven from the east by the Polovtsy (Polovtsy - from the word "sexual", which means "red"), at the end of the 11th century, the Berendeys entered into various allied agreements with Eastern Slavs. Under agreements with the Russian princes, they settled on the borders of Ancient Russia and often carried out guard duty in favor of the Russian state. But after that they were scattered and partly mixed with the population of the Golden Horde, and the other part - with Christians. They existed as an independent people. The formidable warriors of Siberia originate from the same lands - the Black Hoods, which means black hats (papakhas), which will later be called Cherkases.
Black hoods (black hats), Cherkasy (not to be confused with Circassians)
- moved from Siberia to the Russian Plain, from the Berendeev kingdom, last title countries - Borondai. Their ancestors once inhabited the vast lands of the northern part of Siberia, up to the Arctic Ocean. Their harsh temper terrified enemies, it was their ancestors who were the people of Gog and Magog, it was from them that Alexander the Great was defeated in the battle for Siberia. They did not want to see themselves in family alliances with other peoples, they always lived apart and did not consider themselves to be among any peoples.
For example, the important role of black hoods in the political life of the Kiev principality is evidenced by the repeated expressions in chronicles: "the whole land of Rus and black hoods." The Persian historian Rashid-ad-din (died in 1318), describing Russia in 1240, writes: "The princes Batu with his brothers, Kadan, Buri and Buchek went on a campaign to the country of the Russians and the people of black hats."
Subsequently, in order not to separate one from the other, black hoods began to be called Cherkasy or Cossacks. In the Moscow chronicle of the end of the 15th century, under the year 1152, it is explained: "All the Black Hoods, which are called Cherkasy." The Resurrection and Kiev Chronicles also speak of this: "And having accumulated your squad, go, catch with you the Vyacheslav regiment, all and all black hoods, which are called Cherkasy."
Black hoods, because of their isolation, easily got into the service of both the Slavic peoples and the Turkic ones. Their character and special differences in clothes, especially the headdress, were adopted by the peoples of the Caucasus, whose clothes are now considered for some reason only Caucasian. But in old drawings, engravings and photographs, these clothes, and especially hats, can be seen among the Cossacks of Siberia, the Urals, Amur, Primorye, Kuban, Don, etc. In cohabitation with the peoples of the Caucasus, an exchange of cultures took place and each tribe had something from the others, both in the kitchen, and in clothes and customs. From the Black Hoods also came the Siberian, Yaitsky, Dnieper, Grebensky, Terek Cossacks, the first mention of the latter dates back to 1380, when free Cossacks living near the Grebenny Gory blessed and presented the holy icon of the Virgin (Grebnevskaya) to Grand Duke Dmitry (Donskoy) as a gift.
Grebensky, Tersky.
The word comb is purely Cossack, meaning the highest line of the watershed of two rivers or beams. In each village of the Don there are many such watersheds and they are all called ridges. In ancient times, there was also the Cossack town of Grebni, mentioned in the annals of Archimandrite Anthony of the Donskoy Monastery. But not all the combers lived on the Terek, in an old Cossack song, they are mentioned in the Saratov steppes:
As it was on the glorious steppes in Saratov,
What is below the city of Saratov,
And above was the city of Kamyshin,
Cossacks-friends gathered, free people,
They gathered, brothers, in a single circle:
like Don, Grebensky and Yaitsky.
Their ataman is Ermak son Timofeevich ...
Later in their origin, they began to add "living near the mountains, i.e. near the ridges." Officially, the Tertsy trace their genealogy from 1577, when the city of Terka was founded, and the first mention of the Cossack army dates back to 1711. It was then that the Cossacks of the Free Community of Grebenskaya formed the Grebenskoye Cossack Host.
Pay attention to the photograph of 1864, where the combers inherited the dagger from the Caucasian peoples. But in fact, this is an improved sword of the Scythians akinak. Akinak is a short (40-60 cm) iron sword used by the Scythians in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In addition to the Scythians, the tribes of Persians, Saks, Argipeys, Massagets and Melankhlens also used Akinaks, i.e. proto-Cossacks.
The Caucasian dagger is part of the national symbolism. This is a sign that a man is ready to defend his personal honor, the honor of his family and the honor of his people. He never parted with him. For centuries, the dagger has been used as a means of attack, defense and as a cutlery. The Caucasian dagger "kama" was most widely used among the daggers of other peoples, Cossacks, Turks, Georgians, etc. The attribute of gasses on the chest appeared with the advent of the first firearm with a powder charge. This detail was first added to the clothes of a Turkic warrior, was among the Mamelukes of Egypt, the Cossacks, but already as an ornament it was fixed among the peoples of the Caucasus.
The origin of the papakha is interesting. Chechens adopted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A large Chechen delegation that visited the prophet in Mecca was personally initiated by the prophet into the essence of Islam, after which the envoys of the Chechen people accepted Islam in Mecca. Mohamed gave them astrakhan fur for the journey to make shoes. But on the way back, the Chechen delegation, considering that it was not appropriate to wear the gift of the prophet on their feet, sewed hats, and now, before today, this is the main national headdress (Chechen hat). Upon the return of the delegation to Chechnya, without any coercion, the Chechens accepted Islam, realizing that Islam is not only "Mohammedanism", originating from the Prophet Muhammad, but this original faith of monotheism, which made a spiritual revolution in the minds of people and laid a clear line between pagan savagery and true educated faith.
It was the Caucasians who adopted military attributes from different peoples, adding their own, such as a cloak, hat, etc., improved this style of military attire and secured it for themselves, which no one doubts today. But let's see what military vestments used to be worn in the Caucasus.
In the middle photo above we see Kurds dressed according to the Circassian pattern, i.e. this attribute of military attire is already attached to the Circassians and will continue to be assigned to them in the future. But in the background we see a Turk, the only thing he does not have is gazyrs, and this is different. When the Ottoman Empire waged war in the Caucasus, the peoples of the Caucasus adopted some military attributes from them, as well as from the Grebensky Cossacks. In this mixture of exchange of cultures and war, the recognizable Circassian and hat appeared. Turks - Ottomans, seriously influenced the historical course of events in the Caucasus, so some photos are full of the presence of Turks with Caucasians. But if not for Russia, many peoples of the Caucasus would have disappeared or assimilated, such as the Chechens who went with the Turks to their territory. Or take the Georgians who asked for protection from the Turks from Russia.
As you can see, in the past, the main part of the peoples of the Caucasus did not have their recognizable attributes today, "black hats", they will appear later, but the combers have them, as the heirs of the "black hats" (hoods). The origin of some Caucasian peoples can be cited as an example.
The Lezgins, the ancient Alans-Lezgi, are the most numerous and brave people in the entire Caucasus. They speak in a light sonorous language of Aryan root, but thanks to influence, starting from the 8th century. Arab culture, which gave them their script and religion, as well as the pressure of the neighboring Turkic-Tatar tribes, have lost a lot of their original nationality and now represent an amazing, difficult to study mixture with Arabs, Avars, Kumyks, Tarks, Jews and others.
The neighbors of the Lezgins, to the west, along the northern slope of the Caucasus Range, live the Chechens, who received the name from the Russians, actually from their large village "Chachan" or "Chechen". The Chechens themselves call their nationality Nakhchi or Nakhchoo, which means people from the country of Nakh or Noah, that is, Noah. According to folk tales, they came around the 4th century. to their present place of residence, through Abkhazia, from the Nakhchi-Van area, from the foot of Ararat (Erivan province) and pressed by the Kabardians, they took refuge in the mountains, along the upper reaches of the Aksai, the right tributary of the Terek, where there is still the old village of Aksai, in Greater Chechnya , built once, according to the legend of the inhabitants of the village of Gerzel, Aksai Khan. The ancient Armenians were the first to connect the ethnonym "Nokhchi", the modern self-name of the Chechens, with the name of the prophet Noah, the literal meaning of which means Noah's people. Georgians, from time immemorial, have called Chechens "dzurdzuks", which means "righteous" in Georgian.
According to the philological researches of Baron Uslar, in the Chechen language there is some similarity with the Lezgi language, while in anthropological terms the Chechens are a people of a mixed type. In the Chechen language, there are quite a few words with the root "gun", as, for example, in the names of rivers, mountains, auls and tracts: Guni, Gunoy, Guen, Gunib, Argun, etc. Their sun is called Dela-Molch (Moloch). The mother of the sun is Aza.
As we saw above, many Caucasian tribes of the past do not have the usual Caucasian paraphernalia for us, but all the Cossacks of Russia, from the Don to the Urals, from Siberia to Primorye, have it.
And here below, there is already inconsistency in military uniforms. Their historical roots began to be forgotten, and military attributes are already copied from the Caucasian peoples.
After repeated renaming, mergers and divisions of the Grebensky Cossacks, according to the order of the Minister of War N 256 (dated November 19, 1860) "... it was ordered: from the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th brigades of the Caucasian linear Cossack troops, in full force, to form the "Terek Cossack army", turning into its composition the horse-artillery battery of the Caucasian linear Cossack army N15th and reserve ... ".
In Kievan Rus, subsequently, the semi-settled and settled part of the black hoods remained in Porosie and was eventually assimilated by the local Slavic population, taking part in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. Their free Zaporizhzhya Sich ceased to exist in August 1775, when the Sich and the very name "Zaporozhian Cossacks" in Russia, according to Western plans, were destroyed. And only in 1783, Potemkin again gathers the surviving Cossacks for the sovereign's service. The newly formed Cossack teams of the Cossacks receive the name "Kosh of the faithful Cossacks of Zaporozhye", and settle in the territory of the Odessa district. Soon after that (after repeated requests of the Cossacks and for faithful service), they, by personal decree of the Empress (of January 14, 1788), are transferred to the Kuban - to Taman. Since then, the Cossacks are called Kuban.
In general, the Siberian army of the Black Hoods had a huge impact on the Cossacks throughout Russia, they were in many Cossack associations and were an example of a free and indestructible Cossack spirit.
The very name "Cossack" comes from the time of the Great Turan, when the Scythian peoples of Kos-saka or Ka-saka lived. For more than twenty centuries, this name has changed little, originally among the Greeks it was written as Kossakhi. The geographer Strabo called the military people stationed in the mountains of Transcaucasia during the life of Christ the Savior by the same name. After 3-4 centuries, back in the ancient era, our name is repeatedly found in the Tanaid inscriptions (inscriptions), discovered and studied by V.V. Latyshev. Its Greek style Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. The original Greek inscription of Kossakhi gives the two constituent elements of this name "kos" and "sakhi", two words with a definite Scythian meaning "White Sahi". But the name of the Scythian tribe Sakhi is equivalent to their own Saka, and therefore the following Greek inscription "Kasakos" can be interpreted as a variant of the previous one, closer to the modern one. The change of the prefix "kos" to "kas" is obvious, the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), the peculiarities of pronunciation and the peculiarities of auditory sensations among different peoples. This difference remains even now (Cossack, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning of White Saks (Sahi), has, as mentioned above, another Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummy of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the military class of the Scythians.
And the territorial name of this word was preserved in Sakha Yakutia (in ancient times the Yakuts were called Yakoltsy) and Sakhalin. In the Russian people, this word is associated with the image of branched horns, like elk, colloquial - elk. So, we again returned to the ancient symbol of the Scythian warriors - to the deer, which is reflected in the seal and coat of arms of the Cossacks of the Don army. We should be grateful to them for the preservation of this ancient symbol of the warriors of the Rus and Ruthenians, who come from the Scythians.
Well, in Russia, Cossacks were also called Azov, Astrakhan, Danube and Transdanubian, Bug, Black Sea, Sloboda, Transbaikal, Khoper, Amur, Orenburg, Yaik - Ural, Budzhak, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakut, Ussuri, Semirechensky, Daursky, Ononsky , Nerchen, Evenk, Albazin, Buryat, Siberian, you will not cover everyone.
So, no matter how they call all these warriors, they are all the same Cossacks living in different parts of their country.
P.S.
There are in our history the most important circumstances that are hushed up by hook or by crook. Those who, throughout our historical past, constantly played dirty tricks on us, are afraid of publicity, they are afraid of being recognized. That is why they hide behind false historical layers. These visionaries invented their story for us in order to hide their dark deeds. For example, why did the Battle of Kulikovo take place in 1380 and who fought there?
- Donskoy Dmitry, Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir, led the Volga and Trans-Ural Cossacks (Sibiryaks), who are called Tatars in Russian chronicles. The Russian army consisted of the prince's cavalry and foot squads, as well as the militia. The cavalry was formed from baptized Tatars, defected Lithuanians and Russians trained in Tatar equestrian combat.
- In the Mamaev army there were Ryazan, Western Russian, Polish, Crimean and Genoese troops that fell under the influence of the West. Mamai's ally was the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, Dmitry's ally is Khan Tokhtamysh with an army of Siberian Tatars (Cossacks).
The Genoese financed the Cossack chieftain Mamai, and promised the troops manna from heaven, that is, "Western values", well, nothing changes in this world. The Cossack ataman Dmitry Donskoy won. Mamai fled to Kafu and there, as unnecessary, was killed by the Genoese. So, the Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Muscovites, Volga and Siberian Cossacks, led by Dmitry Donskoy, with an army of Genoese, Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks, led by Mamai.
Of course, later the whole story of the battle was presented as a battle of the Slavs with foreign (Asian) invaders. Apparently, later, with tendentious editing, the original word "Cossacks" was replaced everywhere in the annals with "Tatars" in order to hide those who so unsuccessfully proposed "Western values".
In fact, the Battle of Kulikovo was only an episode of a civil war that broke out, in which the Cossack hordes of one state fought among themselves. But they sowed the seeds of discord, as the satirist Zadornov says - "traders". It is they who imagine that they are the chosen and exceptional, it is they who dream of world domination, and hence all our troubles.
These "traders" persuaded Genghis Khan to fight against his own peoples. The Pope of Rome and the French King Louis the Saints sent a thousand envoys, diplomatic agents, instructors and engineers to Genghis Khan, as well as the best of European commanders, especially from the Templars (knightly order).
They saw that no one else was fit to defeat both the Palestinian Muslims and the Orthodox Eastern Christians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, etc., who once smashed ancient Rome, and then Latin Byzantium. At the same time, for fidelity and strengthening the blow, the popes began to arm the Swedish ruler of the throne, Birger, the Teutons, the swordsmen and Lithuania against the Russians.
Under the guise of scientists and capital, they occupied administrative positions in the Uighur kingdom, Bactria, Sogdiana.
It was these rich scribes who were the authors of the laws of Genghis Khan - "Yasu", in which great favor and tolerance was shown to all sects of Christians, unusual for Asia, popes and then Europe. In these laws, under the influence of the popes, actually the Jesuits, permission was expressed, with various benefits, to move from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, which was used at that time by many of the Armenians, who later formed the Armenian Catholic Church.
To cover the papal participation in this enterprise and to please the Asians, the main official roles and places were given to the best native commanders and relatives of Genghis Khan, and almost 3/4 of the secondary leaders and officials consisted mainly of Asian Christian and Catholic sectarians. That's where the invasion of Genghis Khan came from, but the "traders" did not take into account his appetite, and cleaned up the pages of history for us, preparing another meanness. All this is very similar to the "invasion of Hitler", they themselves brought him to power and got hit in the teeth by him, which had to take the goal of the "USSR" as an ally and delay our colonization. By the way, not so long ago, during the period of the opium war in China, these "traders" tried to repeat the scenario of "Genghis Khan-2" against Russia, they spud China for a long time with the help of Jesuits, missionaries, etc., but later, as they say: "Thank you Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood."
Have you wondered why the Cossacks of various stripes fought both for Russia and against it? For example, some of our historians are perplexed why the governor of the roamers Ploskinya, who, according to our chronicle, stood with 30 thousand troops on the river. Kalke (1223), did not help the Russian princes in the battle with the Tatars. He even clearly took the side of the latter, persuading the Kiev prince Mstislav Romanovich to surrender, and then tied him together with his two sons-in-law and handed him over to the Tatars, where he was killed. As in 1917, so here, there was a protracted civil war. Peoples related to each other pitted against each other, nothing changes, the same principles of our enemies remain, "divide and rule." And so that we do not learn from this, the pages of history are being replaced.
But if the plans of the "traders" of 1917 were buried by Stalin, then the events described above were Batu Khan. And of course, both of them were smeared with the indelible mud of historical lies, their methods are like that.
13 years after the Battle of Kalka, the "Mongols" under the leadership of Khan Batu, or Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, from beyond the Urals, i.e. from the territory of Siberia moved to Russia. Batu had up to 600 thousand troops, consisting of many, more than 20 peoples of Asia and Siberia. In 1238 the Tatars took the capital of the Volga Bulgarians, then Ryazan, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and many other cities; defeated the Russians at the river. City, took Moscow, Tver and went to Novgorod, where at the same time the Swedes and the Baltic Crusaders were going. An interesting battle would be, the crusaders with Batu storm Novgorod. But the thaw got in the way. In 1240, Batu took Kiev, his goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Chingizids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled. Poland fell first with Krakow. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry with the Templars was defeated near Legitsa. Then Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary fell, Batu reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless, saved by the fact that Khan Udegei died and Batu turned back. Europe got in the teeth with full for its crusaders, Templars, bloody baptisms, and order reigned in Russia, the laurels for this remained with Alexander Nevsky, brother of Batu.
But then this mess began with the baptist of Russia, with Prince Vladimir. When he seized power in Kiev, then Kievan Rus began to unite more and more with the Christian system of the West. Here it is necessary to note curious episodes from the life of the baptist of Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, including the brutal murder of his brother, the destruction of not only Christian churches, the rape of the princely daughter Ragneda in front of her parents, a harem of hundreds of concubines, a war against her son, etc. Already under Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus was the left flank of the Christian-crusader invasion of the East. After Monomakh, Russia split into three systems - Kiev, Darkness-Cockroach, Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. When the Christianization of the Western Slavs began, the Eastern Slavs considered it a betrayal and turned to the Siberian rulers for help. Seeing the threat of a crusader invasion and the future enslavement of the Slavs, on the territory of Siberia, many tribes united into an alliance, so a state formation appeared - Great Tartaria, which stretched from the Urals to Transbaikalia. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first to call for help from Tartaria, for which he suffered. But thanks to Batu, who created Golden Horde, the crusaders were already afraid of such a force. But all the same, on the sly, the "traders" ruined Tartaria.
Why it all happened, the question here is solved very simply. The cause of the conquest of Russia was led by papal agents, Jesuits, missionaries and other evil spirits, who promised the locals all sorts of benefits and benefits, and especially those that helped them. In addition, in the hordes of the so-called "Mongol-Tatars" there were many Christians from Central Asia, who enjoyed many privileges and freedom of religion, Western missionaries on the basis of Christianity bred there various kinds of religious movements, such as Nestorianism.
Here it becomes clear why in the West there are so many vintage maps territories of Russia and especially Siberia. It becomes clear why the state formation on the territory of Siberia, which was called Great Tartary, is hushed up. On early maps, Tartaria is indivisible, on later maps it is fragmented, and since 1775, under the guise of Pugachev, it ceased to exist. So, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vatican took its place and, continuing the traditions of Rome, organized new wars for its domination. This is how the Byzantine Empire fell, and its heir Russia became the main goal for papal Rome, i.e. now the Western world "traders". For their insidious purposes, the Cossacks were like a bone in the throat. How many wars, upheavals, how much grief has befallen the lot of all our peoples, but the main historical time, known to us from ancient times, the Cossacks gave in the teeth to our enemies. Already closer to our times, they still managed to break the domination of the Cossacks and after famous events 1917, the Cossacks were dealt a crushing blow, but it took them many centuries.
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In 1907, an argo dictionary was published in France, in which the following aphorism was cited in the article "Russian": "Scratch a Russian - and you will find a Cossack, scratch a Cossack - and you will find a bear."
This aphorism is attributed to Napoleon himself, who indeed described the Russians as barbarians and identified them as such with the Cossacks - like many Frenchmen, who could call both hussars and Kalmyks or Bashkirs Cossacks. In some cases, this word could even become synonymous with light cavalry.
How little we know about the Cossacks.
In a narrow sense, the image of a Cossack is inextricably linked with the image of brave and freedom-loving men with a stern warlike look, with an earring in their left ear, long mustaches and a hat on their heads. And this is more than reliable, but not enough. Meanwhile, the history of the Cossacks is very unique and interesting. And in this article we will try to very superficially, but at the same time meaningfully understand and understand who the Cossacks are, what is their peculiarity and uniqueness, and how the history of Russia is inextricably linked with the original culture and history of the Cossacks.
Today it is very difficult to understand the theories of the origin of not only the Cossacks, but also the very word-term "Cossack". Even today, researchers, scientists and experts cannot give a definite and precise answer - who are the Cossacks and from whom did they come.
But at the same time, there are many more or less probable theories-versions of the origin of the Cossacks. Today there are more than 18 of them - and this is only official versions. Each of them has many convincing scientific arguments, advantages and disadvantages.
However, all theories fall into two main groups:
- theory of the runaway (migration) emergence of the Cossacks.
- autochthonous, that is, local, indigenous origin of the Cossacks.
According to autochthonous theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks lived in Kabarda, were the descendants of the Caucasian Circassians (Cherkas, Yases). This theory of the origin of the Cossacks is also called eastern. It was she who was taken as the basis of their evidence base by one of the most famous Russian historians, orientalists and ethnologists V. Shambarov and L. Gumilyov.
In their opinion, the Cossacks arose through the merger of Kasogs and Brodniks after the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The Kasogs (Kasakhs, Kasaks, Ka-azats) are an ancient Circassian people who inhabited the territory of the lower Kuban in the 10th-14th centuries, and the Brodniks are a mixed people of Turkic-Slavic origin, who absorbed the remnants of the Bulgars, Slavs, and also, possibly, the steppe Oghuz.
Dean of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University S. P. Karpov, working in the archives of Venice and Genoa, found there references to the Cossacks with Turkic and Armenian names, who guarded the medieval city of Tana* and other Italian colonies in the Northern Black Sea region from raids.
*Tana- a medieval city on the left bank of the Don, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern city of Azov (Rostov Region of the Russian Federation). It existed in the XII-XV centuries under the rule of the Italian trading republic of Genoa.
One of the first mentions of the Cossacks, according to the eastern version, are displayed in the legend, the author of which was Stefan Yavorsky, Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church (1692):
“In 1380, the Cossacks presented Dmitry Donskoy with the icon of Our Lady of the Don and participated in the battle against Mamai on the Kulikovo field.”
According to migration theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks were freedom-loving Russian people who fled beyond the borders of the Russian and Polish-Lithuanian states either due to natural historical reasons or under the influence of social antagonisms.
The German historian G. Steckl points out that“The first Russian Cossacks were baptized and Russified Tatar Cossacks, since until the end of the 15th century. all the Cossacks who lived both in the steppes and in the Slavic lands could only be Tatars. Of decisive importance for the formation of the Russian Cossacks was the influence of the Tatar Cossacks on the border of the Russian lands. The influence of the Tatars was manifested in everything - in the way of life, military operations, ways of fighting for existence in the steppe. It even extended to the spiritual life and appearance of the Russian Cossacks.
And the historian Karamzin advocated a mixed version of the origin of the Cossacks:
“The Cossacks were not only in Ukraine, where their name became known from history around 1517; but it is probable that in Russia it is older than the invasion of Batu and belonged to Torki and Berendei, who lived on the banks of the Dnieper, below Kiev. There we find the first dwelling of the Little Russian Cossacks. Torki and Berendei were called Cherkasy: Cossacks - also ... some of them, not wanting to submit to either the Mughals or Lithuania, lived as free people on the islands of the Dnieper, fenced with rocks, impenetrable reeds and swamps; lured to themselves many Russians who fled from oppression; mixed with them and under the name Komkov made up one people, which became completely Russian all the easier because their ancestors, having lived in the Kiev region since the tenth century, were already almost Russian themselves. Multiplying more and more in number, nourishing the spirit of independence and brotherhood, the Cossacks formed a military Christian Republic in the southern countries of the Dnieper, began to build villages, fortresses in these places devastated by the Tatars; undertook to be the defenders of the Lithuanian possessions from the Crimeans, Turks and won special patronage of Sigismund I, who gave them many civil liberties along with lands above the Dnieper rapids, where the city of Cherkasy is named after them ... "
I would not like to go into details, listing all the official and unofficial versions of the origin of the Cossacks. Firstly, it is long and not always interesting. Secondly, most theories are only versions, hypotheses. There is no unambiguous answer about the origin and origin of the Cossacks as a distinctive ethnic group. It is important to understand something else - the process of formation of the Cossacks was long and complex, and it is obvious that representatives of different ethnic groups were mixed at the heart of it. And it's hard to disagree with Karamzin.
Some oriental historians believe that the Tatars were the ancestors of the Cossacks, and that, allegedly, the first detachments of the Cossacks fought on the side against Russia in the Battle of Kulikovo. Others, on the contrary, argue that the Cossacks were already on the side of Russia at that time. Some refer to legends and myths about gangs of Cossacks - robbers, whose main trade was robbery, robbery, theft ...
For example, the satirist Zadornov, explaining the term for the emergence of the well-known children's yard game "Cossacks-robbers", refers to "unbridled by the free character of the Cossack class, which was" the most violent, uneducable Russian class.
It's hard to believe, because in the memory of my childhood, each of the boys preferred to play for the Cossacks. And the name of the game is taken from life, since its rules imitate reality: in Tsarist Russia, the Cossacks were people's self-defense, protecting the civilian population from the raids of robbers.
It is possible that in the original basis of the early groups of the Cossacks there were various ethnic elements. But for contemporaries, the Cossacks evokes something native, Russian. I recall the famous speech of Taras Bulba:
The first communities of the Cossacks
It is known that the first communities of Cossacks began to form as early as the 15th century (although some sources refer to more early time). These were communities of free Don, Dnieper, Volga and Grebensky Cossacks.
A little later, in the first half of the 16th century, the Zaporozhian Sich was formed. In the 2nd half of the same century - communities of free Terek and Yaik, and at the end of the century - Siberian Cossacks.
In the early stages of the existence of the Cossacks, the main types of their economic activity crafts were (hunting, fishing, beekeeping), later cattle breeding, and from the 2nd floor. XVII century - agriculture. An important role was played by military booty, later - by the state salary. Through military and economic colonization, the Cossacks quickly mastered the vast expanses of the Wild Field, then the outskirts of Russia and Ukraine.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. Cossacks led by Ermak Timofeevich, V.D. Poyarkov, V.V. Atlasov, S.I. Dezhnev, E.P. Khabarov and other explorers participated in the successful development of Siberia and the Far East. Perhaps these are the most famous first reliable references to the Cossacks, beyond doubt.
V. I. Surikov "Conquest of Siberia by Yermak"Related publications
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