Already formed and emerging seismic belts. Seismic belt of the earth. More detailed consideration of this issue.

Ratio of areas and perimeters of geological bodies. Some definitions. Fractal dimension. The ratio of the area (S) and perimeter (P) for terranes of different ages. Pyramid block structure. The distribution of earthquake epicenters. The ratio of the area (S) and perimeter. Dependence area-perimeter. Data types. Size Distribution. The fractal dimension of terranes. Fractal dimension of various types of terranes.

"Weathering" - 5. The work of the wind. The ravines are deep washouts tens of meters long and steep slopes. 3. Natural "diggers". The change in the composition of rocks. Work out the appropriate paragraph of the textbook. USA. It is led by an experienced scientist - a chemist. Dunes 200-500m. Chemical weathering. Sometimes external forces lead to disruption of human economic activity. Organic weathering. Valley ghosts on Chatyr-Dag.

"The movement of lithospheric plates" - Volcano Lullaigliaco. Positions of the theory of lithospheric plates. The formation of the oceanic crust. Scientists. Interesting fact. Planetary compression belts. The discrepancy of lithospheric plates. Continental drift hypothesis and the theory of lithospheric plates. Lithospheric plates. Underwater ridge. Feature of lithospheric plates. Earthquakes and volcanism. The structure of the earth's crust. Earth's crust. Changing the contours of the continents. Plots of the earth's crust.

"The structure of the lithosphere" - Zheleznyak. Assistants assignments. Practice Lithosphere. Coal. The internal structure of the Earth. View of the planet Earth from space and in a section. The structure of the earth's crust. Limestone. Determine the mood. Excursion to the virtual geological museum. Solve the problem. Granite. Earth and its structure. Quartz. Tasks for fixing. Hematite. The idea of ​​the internal structure of the Earth.

"Tectonic structure and relief" - the core of the Earth. Intraplastic processes Conflict lithospheric plates. Earth structure. Hawaiian Islands. Ocean bark. Age of oceanic crust. Kola ultradeep well. The age of the earth. The boundaries of the plates. Lithosphere. Movable areas. Mid-ocean ridges. The thickness of the earth's crust in kilometers. Shear displacement along transform faults. The mantle of the earth. Subduction of lithospheric plates. Discrepancy.

"Historical geology" - The main tasks of geology. The scheme of global tectonics. The principle of incompleteness of the geological record. Historical geology. The principle of actualism. The principle of superposition. Relative age of rocks. Diluvianism. Continents. Geological maps. Development of elementary methods of observation. Crosscutting relationships. Modern geology. The principle of the final succession. Earth spheres. Xenoliths. Model of the main heat and mass transfer.

Until now, there has not been a complete understanding and theory of such phenomena as continental drift (lithospheric plates), earthquakes, mountain building, the rise-lowering of the earth's surface, volcanic eruptions. Although in many works one or another aspect of these processes is described in sufficient detail, there was no whole scheme to explain the driving forces and mechanisms of these processes. Therefore, the problem has not been solved yet.
  earthquake prediction, becoming increasingly relevant (due to population growth). Determining the cause of the drift of the lithospheric plates and the seismic activity of the globe in (1) makes it possible to realistically assess the degree of seismic activity in various regions of the planet and answer the indicated questions.
  Earthquakes tremors and fluctuations of the Earth's surface, caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes), or (sometimes) artificial processes (explosions, filling reservoirs, the collapse of underground cavities of mine workings). Small shocks can also be caused by the rise of lava during volcanic eruptions.
  About one million earthquakes occur throughout the Earth every year, but most of them are so insignificant that they go unnoticed. Really strong earthquakes, capable of causing extensive destruction, occur on the planet about once every two weeks. Most of them are at the bottom of the oceans, and therefore not accompanied by
disastrous consequences (if an earthquake under the ocean goes without a tsunami).
  Earthquakes are best known for the devastation they can produce. Destruction of buildings and structures caused by fluctuations in the soil or giant tidal waves (tsunamis) arising from seismic processes on the seabed.

In (2), an approach is presented that explains that the strongest earthquakes are characteristic of zones with large gradients of relief height. Deep-water depressions in the Pacific Ocean, to which powerful seismic zones are confined, are characterized by sharp diving of the ocean floor to depths of 10 km. Japan is located near the deep-sea depressions.
  Indonesia, the Philippines, where frequent strong shocks. The west coast of the Americas is made by mountain ranges, the peaks of which rise 10 km above the ocean floor. There were catastrophic earthquakes in Chile, Peru, California, Alaska. Our point of view on the nature of earthquakes suggests that earthquakes are caused by sub-vertical movement of large blocks of rocks and impacts when they stop.
  Such an approach, which gives an analysis of the seismic activity process, as a process of transforming the relief of a territory under the influence of the field of the Earth, does not encounter serious contradictions either from the point of view of mechanics or from the point of view of geomorphology. The processes of destruction of mountain structures and movements of massive blocks allow us to describe the seismicity of a territory without postulating elastic stresses. This is fully consistent with the tidal concept of the movement of the continents of the globe.

Seismic zones on the globe have long and accurately identified, and in this paper the gravitational cause of earthquakes, as a result of the Tidal concept of continental movement and the cause of seismic activity on the globe, is considered. The continental plates approaching the Pacific lithospheric plate (or its parts) create, as a rule, a gravitational cause of geological events leading to an earthquake.
  So, S.I. Sherman writes: In fact, an earthquake is a local manifestation of a violation of the state of a limited volume of the original medium. This is due to the destruction of a solid, brittle, elastically brittle or viscoelastic body with different types of cracking, and when they initially exist, cracks grow, merge or move along the original generalized fracture. Fractures, their activation in extremely short real-time intervals can be a determining factor in the development of a tectonophysical model of the seismic zone.
  As if everything is clear. It is necessary only to find the causes of the destruction of hard, brittle, etc. bodies, and the task of describing earthquakes will be solved. However, he further writes: The well-known migration of a seismic process cannot be explained by any of the developed models of earthquake foci.
  The development of a complex tectonophysical model of the seismic process is hampered by the lack of a detailed study of the transitional link between the modern activation of faults and seismicity.
  The emergence of such a transitional link as the tidal concept of the movement of continents and the cause of seismic activity (1) allows, apparently, to create a broad program of research projects (paradigm) of various scientific disciplines to study this issue.
  Dislocation of seismic zones.
  The Pacific Belt includes mountain structures and deep-sea depressions bordering the Pacific Ocean and garlands of the islands of the western Pacific Ocean and Indonesia.
From Indonesia to the southern regions of the Pacific Ocean, skirting Australia, is a garland of seismically active arcs, bounded in the east by the Tonga-Kermadeg Trench. On the opposite side of the Pacific, the entire west coast of Central and South America is shaken by a multitude of earthquakes, strong and weak. Large earthquakes entail numerous casualties. In contrast, there are almost no earthquakes in the eastern part of South America, and this area can be considered a good example of aseismic territory. Almost never happens
  earthquakes in the vast central and northern Canada, in most parts of Siberia, in West Africa, in most parts of Australia. However, it should be noted the extended Trans-Asian zone of high seismicity, going in a sublatitudinal direction from Burma through the Himalayan mountains and Central Asia to the Caucasus and the Mediterranean.
  The belts of seismic activity of the Earth coincide with the active zones of mountain building and volcanism. The three main forms of manifestation of the internal forces of the planet - volcanism, the occurrence of mountain ranges and earthquakes - are spatially associated with the same zones of the earth's crust - the Mediterranean-Trans-Asian and Pacific.
  Within the Pacific belt, more than 80% of all earthquakes occur, including most of them catastrophic. A large number of earthquakes with subcortical foci of impact are concentrated here. About 15% of the total number of earthquakes is associated with the Mediterranean-Trans-Asian belt. It happens a lot of earthquakes with intermediate
  the depth of the source and also -frequent enough destructive earthquakes.
  The secondary zones and areas of seismicity are the Atlantic Ocean, the western Indian Ocean, and the Arctic regions. They account for less than 5% of all earthquakes.
  As can be seen from the above, the predominant seismic zones on
  the globe should consider the Pacific and Mediterranean-Trans-Asian seismic belts. In these zones, 95 percent of earthquakes on the globe occur and virtually all of the earth's seismic energy is released.

I. PACIFIC SEISMIC BELT.

In work (1) it was determined that the land of the earth's crust receives a shift and moves in the direction of rotation of the globe. Thus, movements (drift) are obtained by lithospheric plates that are? Carried? continents and islands. Lithospheric plates under the bottom of the oceans do not receive tidal effects. because it is extinguished by the waters of the oceans. They can be considered conditionally immobile. The lithospheric plates of the continents are moving toward the plates of the oceans, at the same time telling them the movement factor. This is facilitated by the mantle convection of the Earth. An example is the pressure of Eurasian and Australian lithospheric plates on the Pacific Plate, which moves under the continent of North America and creates a seismic front off its western coast.

The map given in Appendix 1 will be used to determine the seismic zones on the globe and the degree of their activity, since the movement of the lithospheric plates indicated on the map corresponds to the tidal concept of continental drift described in (1). According to NASA, the Chinese lithospheric plate is separated from the Eurasian plate, and the Indian plate is separated from the Australian plate.
  When considering the map, it seems that all the continents of the globe are directed toward the Pacific lithospheric plate with different degrees of activity. The most active is the Australian continent, and the smallest continent of South America.
In particular: the continents of Eurosian, African Australian and South American obeying the canons? Tidal concept of continental drift? move eastward, and North American tends to move westward (though not significant).

In the work (3) the model of the DUPAL mantle anomaly is described which took place in the South Atlantic. Where two Frenchmen, Dupre and Allegre, studied modern basalt volcanism of oceanic islands. And it turned out that many basalt series of these islands were formed by melting a very specific composition of the mantle.
  Further work showed that the zone of eruptions of basalts of anomalous composition extends through at least half of the Southern Hemisphere between the 20th and 40th parallel (Fig. 2). The existence of a very deep mantle anomaly here was confirmed by seismic tomography and three-dimensional modeling data, expressed by digital maps in the DEM format. It received the name DUPAL anomalies (from the names DUpre and Allegre). The same mantle anomaly is located in
  Iceland.
  In turn, science reports that the mantle under Alaska is moving at a considerable speed. Alaska is a "subduction zone of lithospheric plates", where the Pacific lithospheric plate "dives" under the North American, plunging into the bowels of the planet. This leads to the formation here of the highest mountain range in North America and, in
  in particular, the rise of Mount McKinley, the highest peak of North America.
  In their work, a geologist from the University of California at Davis, Magali Billen and her ward Margaret Yadamets (Margarete Jadamec) describe the results of modeling the behavior of the mantle - a fluid substance where lithospheric plates “float” in the subduction zone of lithospheric plates under Alaska.
Using their model, which contains 100 million data points and requires 400 hours of computing a 400-processor supercomputer, scientists found that, contrary to expectations, the mantle in the subduction area is not fond of the Earth's crust and does not plunge into the bowels of the Earth with it. Instead, it “flows” at high speed around the plunging
  lithospheric plate, just as water flows around a paddle immersed in a fast flow.
  If usually in the subduction zones the movement of the earth's crust is about ten centimeters per year, and the flow rate of the mantle slightly exceeds it, then in this case the mantle moves at a speed of 90 centimeters per year.
  This statement suggests the conclusion that the DUPAL anomaly also extends to Alaska and that the significant speed of the mantle movement prevents the continent of North America from drifting eastward and even exceeds the impact force.
  The considered braking complicates the seismic situation of the region.

In determining the zones of seismic activity, we will take into account
  the speed of movement of the lithospheric plates according to NASA (Fig. 1) and the position of the mantle anomaly-DUPAL (Fig. 2).

A. THE WESTERN PART OF THE PACIFIC SEISMIC BELT.

This Pacific coastline is interesting because the speeds of the continents and their lithospheric plates tend to increase from north to south. This phenomenon can be explained by the occurrence of the coastline in the zone of the decomposed mantle - the DUPAL anomaly.
  The second feature is the continental desire to move towards the equator in the northern and southern hemispheres. Explanations for this phenomenon have yet to be found, but the consequence is that at the equator a compression zone is created with significant complications of the seismic situation in the region.
  We will begin the definition of the seismic zones of the west coast from the north.
  - Smoked Kamchatka seismic zone. On the seismic zoning map
Russian regions of Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands belong to the so-called eight-and nine-point zone.
  It is affected by the northern part of the North American Plate,
  on which is located the northeast of Russia. The speed of movement of the continent is less than two centimeters per year.

Japanese seismic zone. It is influenced by the Chinese lithospheric plate. The speed of movement of the continental part of 3.5 centimeters per year. The magnitude of earthquakes is the maximum possible. (On March 11, 2011, the magnitude of the earthquake was about nine). The height of the tsunami exceeded 10 meters.

Equatorial seismic zone. Impacts in this area are quite complex. The Chinese mainland plate moves in a southeastern direction at a speed of 3 4 centimeters per year, the Australian plate moves in a northeastern direction at a speed of 6.0 centimeters per year, the Equatorial islands move east from
  speeds of up to two centimeters per year. Such a situation creates extremely high seismic intensity and causes high intensity earthquakes. On December 26, 2004, the earthquake had a magnitude of 9 and a tsunami significantly superior to the Japanese.

Mainland Australia is not subject to seismic perturbations, and its lithospheric plate, moving to the northeast at a speed of 6 cm. Per year, creates pressure at the southwestern tip of the coastline. This pressure creates a zone of compression on contact with the oceanic plate.

B. THE EASTERN PART OF THE PACIFIC SEISMIC BELT.

Following the established patterns, the Eurasian, Chinese, and Australian continental plates put pressure on the Pacific lithospheric plate, which in turn transmits pressure to the North American and Nazca lithospheric plates.

Alaska seismic zone.
  The most active seismic belt of the Earth is the circum-Pacific Ocean, which lies between Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Six percent of large, shallow (shallow) earthquakes are in the Alaskan region of the Pacific Ocean.
  Alaska is far from the fortieth parallel, therefore it does not experience tidal impacts. The seismicity of the zone is caused by the pressure of the Pacific lithospheric plate, which, under the influence of the Australian continent, moves to the north.
  -The Great Alaskan earthquake was the strongest earthquake in US history and the second, after Valdivsky, in the history of observations, its magnitude was 9.1-9.2.
  The earthquake occurred on March 27, 1964 at 17:36 local time (UTC-9). The event fell on Good Friday and in the USA is known as Good Friday Earthquake. The hypocenter was located in the College Fjord, northern Alaska Gulf, at a depth of more than 20 km at the junction of the Pacific and North American plates.
Here it is advisable to stipulate the fact that the North American continent does not obey the law? A tidal concept? and moves west. Above was given the material on the high speed of the mantle movement near Alaska. The work was carried out at the University of California, USA. Similar work is being done by the Institute of Earth Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Apparently, these mantle processes impede the movement of the continent, than
  complicate the seismic situation in the zone. This can explain the enormous energy released during the earthquake mentioned.

California seismic zone.
  There are several seismically active zones in the United States, in which seismic effects are possible with an intensity of 8 points and above. The frequency of earthquakes in these zones varies: 90% of earthquakes in the continental United States occur in California and the western regions of Nevada. All causes of California earthquakes associated with the mutual movement of the Pacific and North American plates, which are separated by the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes with
  a magnitude of more than 8 occurring in this zone once every 100-140 years.
  An intensity of about 8 points is observed about once every 10 years. The San Andreas fault, which extends about 150 km deep into the continent, was formed as a result of the gradual shift of the Pacific plate relative to the North American one. They kind of casually pat each other, and the sea moves north relative to land at a speed of 2 to 5 cm per year.
In addition, according to NASA, the continent moves westward at a speed of 1.5 centimeters per year, which aggravates the seismic situation in the region. A possible scenario for preparing an earthquake with M = 7.8 in 2011 on the San Andreas fault segment from Parkfield (Cholame Valley) to Reitwood Wrightwood). MEGA CA California, Ms-7.8. After a catastrophic earthquake in Japan, the possibility of mega-earthquakes in SS California with a magnitude of M-7.8 was considered. Mega SS California is classified as poorly defined. Three earthquakes of 1690, 1857, and 1906 occurred here.
  In the earthquake of 1690, the gap occurred from San Bernardino through Coachella Valley (Coachella Valley) to Salton Sea. Of the three strong earthquakes, two completed seismic cycles for the Fort Tizhon 1857 earthquake, M = 7.9 and San Francisco 1906, M = 7.8 can be restored. The average recurrence period is 108 years. 105 years have passed since the last earthquake of 1906. The next repeatability should occur in 2014.

Seismic zone of South America.
  Since the beginning of 2010, two destructive earthquakes have already happened in the South American region - on January 12 in Haiti (magnitudes 7.0 and 5.9, 280 thousand died) and on February 27 in Chile (magnitude 8.8, 795 people died).
  September 26 in the north of Peru (South America), a powerful earthquake. The magnitude reached 7.5 on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the earthquake was located 75 km north-east of the city of Mayobamba. The earthquake killed 10 people. Destroyed 60% of homes. The supply of electricity to settlements has been interrupted.
  This earthquake was the strongest in Peru since 2001, when an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.1 killed 75 people.

According to the journal Nature Geoscience, over the past 120 years, according to experts, about 130 earthquakes have been recorded, of which about 100
  continents, that is, in the middle of tectonic plates. They destroyed about 1.4 million people, while 800 thousand were killed by earthquakes at the plate boundaries, half of which were victims of the tsunami.
  The above statement of the magazine reflects the real picture and has an explanation. The main part of seismic foci, in the considered seismic belt, are under the seabed, and transverse seismic waves in the water are not transmitted and turn into surface waves passing through the seabed. When you exit on? Day? surface they are not
capable of significant impacts. The transverse waves are the main destructive factor during an emathrust (for details, see work 4.) therefore a significant proportion of seismic energy does not reach the object located in the epicentral impact zone. However, at maximum magnitudes tsunamis arise, which have tremendous destructive power.

P. ALPIY-HIMALAYSKIY SEISMIC BELT.

Consider the dynamics of earthquakes in the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt, which extends from the shores of North Africa to the territory of China. This belt is the young Alpine mountain systems of Europe, North Africa, the Near and Middle East and then the Himalayas. It is believed that the mountain ranges of the belt were the result of a collision.
  lithospheric plates, however, given the postulates? Tidal concept? (in work 1) it is possible to express an assumption about the separation of Chinese, Indian and other smaller plates from the Eurasian as a result of tidal processes that lasted for a considerable geological period.
  According to statistics, in the period from 1917 to 1975, 61 earthquakes hit a seismic belt covering more than 9 million square kilometers, with a magnitude of more than 7 (9-10 points) and 5 with a magnitude of more than 8 (11-12 points). Consider some of them;
  but. Anatolian Razpom.
  -10 October 1980 in the north of Africa, in the spurs of the Tel Atlas ridge, the first earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 known in the Western Mediterranean occurred. Previously, this area was not considered highly seismic.
  -03 April 1894 in Greece off the coast of Lakris there was a series of strong earthquakes. The main blow was accompanied by the formation of a zone of ruptures with a length of up to 55 kilometers.
  -14 and April 18, 1928 earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7 occurred in southern Bulgaria. These earthquakes are considered the strongest in the entire history of the country.
  -10 April 1938 in the central massif of Anatolia an earthquake with a magnitude of about 7. -21 November 1939 in the eastern part of the Anatolian fault an earthquake occurred with a magnitude of 6. There same December 27, 1939
  a catastrophic earthquake occurred with a magnitude of 8. In the cities of Erzinchen, Soushehri, Mizas, Reshedis and Nazesar killed 30 thousand people
  - The front of detente began to shift to the west along the Anatolian fault. Powerful underground strikes ripped up this seam following years: - December 20, 1942 (M-8), November 21, 1943 (M-7.6), February 1, 1944 (M-7.6).
-18 March 1953 in North-West Anatolia there was a seismic impact with a magnitude of 7.2
  - On August 19, 1966, the earthquake in Varto with a magnitude of 7 was destroyed. 20 thousand buildings were destroyed, about 3.0 thousand people died.
  According to Tashtamiroglu, with the seismic events noted, the Anatolian fault was updated to 1.10 thousand kilometers.

B. Caucasian ridge.
  -The ancient capital of Armenia, the city of Dvin, was destroyed by earthquakes in 851, 853, 863 years. Thousands of people died under the ruins, but the city was rebuilt again. However, on March 27, 893, an earthquake ceased the existence of this city. Killed 20 thousand people.
  On April 22, 1088 a disastrous jolt shook the city of Tmogvi in ​​Georgia. According to the chronicles of Kartlis Tskhovrebi ?, the town and villages collapsed, the churches overturned, the houses collapsed and buried the inhabitants. The city of Tmogvi also failed. And such a terrible earthquake lasted a whole year - countless people died.
  -In 1139, the Gandzhi earthquake occurred in Azerbaijan, with a magnitude of 7.5. The city of Ganji was destroyed, about 230 thousand chepovek died.
  -14 April 1275 Mtskheta, the ancient capital of Georgia was completely destroyed.
  -In 1668, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8 occurred in the Eastern Caucasus. A center about 100 kilometers long and 45-60 kilometers deep. The earthquake was noted at a distance of 600 kilometers in Astrakhan.
  June 4, 1679 the Gorni earthquake occurred in Armenia. Many cities and villages of the Ararat valley were destroyed, 7.5 thousand people died.
  -The ancient capital of Azerbaijan, Shemakha, was destroyed in 1828, 1856, 1859, and in 1902. Together with the city, the surrounding villages were also destroyed.

B. CENTRAL ASIAN SEISMIC ZONE.

On the territory of the ancient platforms of Central Asia over an area of ​​more than 5.0 million square kilometers, 14 shocks with a magnitude of more than 7 (10-11 points) and 5 with a magnitude of more than 8 (11-12 points) for the period from 1917 to 1975 were noted. It should be noted that all the catastrophic earthquakes of this period throughout the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt (and there are only 5 of them) occurred in Central Asia.
  -In 1887, the Vernensky destructive earthquake with a magnitude of more than 7 (10-11 points) occurred. The city was destroyed.
  -In 1911, the Kebinsky earthquake with a magnitude of about 8 (11 points) again struck the city of Verny and its environs.
  -10 July 1949, one of the strongest in Central Asia was the Hunt 7.5 magnitude earthquake (9-10 points).
-In 1911, the Sarez seismic impact on the Pamirs was noted with a magnitude of more than 7 (9 points).
  -06 May 1930 in the north-western part of Iran, the Seymess earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 occurred.
  -31 August 1968 in the eastern part of Iran (Harasan Province), the Dasht-e-Bayaz earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 covered an area of ​​about 400 thousand square kilometers. 12 thousand people died.
  On September 16, 1978, a catastrophic earthquake in the city of Tabas with a magnitude of 7.7 (9-10 points) occurred in the Iranian province of Khorasan. Destroyed more than 90 villages and the cityTabas. 11.0 thousand people were killed.
  -01 November 1978 Alai earthquake happened. The magnitude of about 7. -Gazliyskie earthquake of 1976 occurred on April 8, 17 May. Their intensity was 9 and 10 points respectively, and magnitudes 7 and 7.3.

G. MONGOLO-BAIKAL REGION.

This region is one of the most active in the world. It is known from seismic catalogs of China that at least 55 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 7 (10 points) and at least eight with a magnitude of more than 8 (11-12 points) occurred here.
  -09 July 1905 in the north of Mongolia there was a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 8.4 (12 points).
  On July 23, 1905, another earthquake with a magnitude of 8.7 (12 points) occurred in the same area.
  -27 June 1957 in the Stanovoy Plateau an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8.
  On December 14-14, 1957, a Gobi Altai earthquake with a magnitude of 8.6 (12 points) occurred in Mongolia.
  Since this region is sparsely populated with information about the victims and the destruction is not.

The considered seismic belt has two features:

but. With comparable magnitudes with the Pacific Belt, the effects vary markedly in impact. Destructions much more.

b. In the annals of Russia, several examples are given about failures under the ground of cities and villages in the process of strong earthquakes, which can be considered as confirmation of the approach outlined in work (2) on the process of transformation of the relief under the influence of gravity. This is another confirmation of the "tidal concept".

CONCLUSION

In (2), an approach is presented that explains that the strongest earthquakes are characteristic of zones with large gradients of relief height.
Such an approach, which gives an analysis of the seismic activity process as a transformation of the relief of a territory under the action of the Earth’s field, reliably fits into the “Tidal concept” explaining the seismic activity of the globe as a product of the tidal (gravitational) effects of the moon and the Sun. In other words, the seismic of the Earth is the result of cosmic influences.
  -The motion map of lithospheric plates (according to NASA) fixing the direction and speed of modern movements of lithospheric plates according to space observations using the Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment confirms the postulates? Tidal concept? on the drift of the continents described in (1).
  - It is advisable to consider the possibility of separating the Alpine-Himalaya seismic belt of the Chinese, Indian and other smaller plates from the Eurasian continent in the process of geological evolution.

The Pacific seismic belt has an important feature that reduces the strength of seismic effects at significant magnitudes. Virtually all earthquake foci are located under the seabed. Longitudinal seismic waves during the passage of the water column lose energy due to a decrease in speed in proportion to the difference in the bulk mass of the bottom and water. Transverse waves do not pass water barrier at all. Thus, the seismic force is reduced.

Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt is characterized by increased - more tragic consequences of strong earthquakes. With a fivefold difference in the number of impacts, the results in losses (on average) are much higher.

Also noted in the archives (records) of the failures? Underground? cities and villages with buildings and people, which confirms the approach outlined in work (2) about the process of transformation of the relief during an earthquake from the effects of gravity.

ANNEX 1.

Fig. 1. Map of the movement of lithospheric plates (according toNASA)

The direction and speed of modern movements of lithospheric plates according to satellite observations using GPS equipment (Global Positioning System). Lithospheric plates: EAP - Eurasian, SAP - North American, TOP - Pacific, AFP - African, ARP - Arabian, INP - Indian, KIP - Chinese, WUA - Australian, FIP - Philippine, SJAP - South American, KOP - plate Coco, NAP - Nazca Plate, ANP - Antarctic Plate. The scale arrow of the magnitude of the speed is at the bottom left.

Fig. 2. Position DUPAL.

References to which are given:
1.KV.V. Kozyrev. About the cause of geological evolution and seismic
  activity of the globe.
  2.SV Mishin, V.M. Sharafutdinova. Seismic process trends
  activity.
  3.Aleksey Fedorchuk. Drifting continents, plates, torrains.
  4.KV.V. Kozyrev. Torsion base seismic effects.
  5.V.S. Khromovskikh, A.A. Nikonov. In the wake of strong earthquakes. Ed.
  SCIENCE 1984