Theorist in the field of programming language development. Life and achievements of Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth and his programming languages

Niklaus Emil Wirth was born in 1934 in the Swiss city of Winterthur (Switzerland). It is known that his father worked as a teacher at school, and Niklaus himself was fond of aircraft modeling since childhood. It was this passion that later led him to become interested in electronics and program control systems.

In 1954, Wirth became a student at the Faculty of Electronics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, where he received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. This was followed by studies at the University of Laval in Quebec, Canada (Université Laval, Canada), from which Wirth received a master's degree in 1960.

Wirth received his PhD in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California at Berkeley (USA); within the walls of this particular educational institution, in 1963, he defended his dissertation, written under the guidance of the famous professor Harry Huskey, a pioneer of graphic design. His dissertation was noticed in the interested world, and Wirth was invited to the Algol standardization committee of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP); The committee was just working on developing a new standard for the ALGOL language, which later became known as ALGOL-68. Wirth's version was an improved language, the so-called Algol-W, but his developments were not accepted.

From 1963 to 1967, Nicklaus simultaneously worked as an assistant professor at Stanford University, followed by work at the University of Zurich. It is known that in addition to scientific research itself, Wirth made a lot of efforts to improve the educational system at the university.

In 1970, Wirth developed the Pascal programming language, in 1975 he developed the Modula language, and in the late 1970s, Niklaus Wirth took part in a US Department of Defense competition, becoming one of the developers of a new language for programming embedded systems, which became known as the language of Hell. His project, however, was not accepted, as was the case with the Algol language in the 1960s.

In the 1980s, Wirth headed the Zurich Technical High School (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH), and since 1990 he worked at the Institute of Computer Systems created at the same educational institution.

In the 1990s, Wirth participated in the development of the Oberon-2 language, a slightly expanded version of Oberon.

In the spring of 1999, Niklaus Wirth retired at 65 years old. By this time, he was one of the world's respected developers, having worked on at least eight programming languages, and he was also the developer of structured programming technology.

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Some believe that the modern world hardly knows Niklaus Wirth and is not even aware of his enormous contribution to world computer science. Some consider him the “father of Pascal.” Wirth is remembered not only by teachers at universities when they teach Turbo Pascal to students, but also by commercial developers who write in Delphi.

In fact, Niklaus Wirth is an engineer with a capital “E”; his contribution to the development of programming languages ​​is not limited to Pascal, but only begins with it. In addition, Wirth is a teacher, public figure and, one might say, a philosopher. Let's try to assess the real scale of his personality and contribution to the IT industry.

Childhood, education, hobbies

Niklaus Wirth was born on February 15, 1934 in the small town of Winterthur, on the outskirts of Zurich. His parents are Walter and Hedwig Wirth. Nicklaus's father was a school teacher. He lived near the school where his father taught. Their house had a good library, where Wirth found many interesting books about railways, turbines and telegraphs.

Winterthur has a long history and is famous for its mechanical engineering: locomotives and diesel engines are produced there. Since childhood, Wirth was interested in technology, especially aircraft modeling. To launch rockets, it was necessary to obtain fuel, and so he took up chemistry. Young Wirt set up a “secret” laboratory in the school basement. Nothing could stop him: one day the model he made deviated from the given trajectory and landed under the feet of the school principal. However, Wirth still continued to stubbornly pursue his goal.

The hobby turned out to be so serious that Wirth even built more than a dozen models based on his own drawings. By the way, he later took up real flying and carried this hobby throughout his life. Even at a very advanced age, the creator of the popular programming language did not deny himself the pleasure of flying a jet fighter.

When he turned 18, he and two other Zurich aircraft modelers ordered the desired radio equipment from England. This predetermined his future fate - in 1954, Wirth entered the Faculty of Electronics at ETH Zurich (Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). After four years of study, Wirth received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. And then begins a glorious ten-year overseas scientific “tour” of the future “Father Pascal” and “King of Compilers” along the route Switzerland – Canada – USA – Switzerland.

Wirth continued his studies at the University of Laval in Quebec (Canada), where he received a master's degree in 1960. Then he was invited to the University of California at Berkeley (USA) - the future pearl of Silicon Valley. There, under the guidance of Professor Husky, in 1963 Niklaus Wirth defended his dissertation on the development of Algol using Lisp (Euler).

A start to life

This work literally gave him a start in life: Virt was noticed by the masters of programming and invited to the IFIP Committee on Algol Standardization.

The Ministry has set the task of developing a unified programming language for control systems for automated complexes operating in real time. This meant, first of all, on-board control systems for military facilities. The language is named after mathematician Ada Lovelace.

The story repeated itself with ALGOL-68 - the project of the group in which Wirth and Hoare worked was not approved by the language committee. Charles Hoar and Niklaus Wirth dropped out of the competition after the first stage. The competition was won by a project based on Pascal, but much more complex and voluminous.

Hoar lamented that "bells and whistles have taken precedence over the fundamental requirements of reliability and safety" and warned against "an armada of missiles going the wrong way because of an undetected bug in the Ada compiler."

Niklaus Wirth spoke more restrainedly, but also negatively. He said: “Too much is thrown at the programmer. I don't think you can work properly after learning a third of Ada. If you don’t master all the details of the language, you may stumble over them in the future, and this will lead to unpleasant consequences.”

Jean Ishbia, head of the Ada development team, while expressing his “respect and admiration” for Wirth, disagreed, saying: “Wirth believes in simple solutions to complex problems. I don't believe in such miracles. Complex problems require complex solutions.”

Oberon

In 1988, in collaboration with Jürg Gutknecht, Wirth developed the Oberon programming language. The goal of the development was to create a language for implementing the system software of the new workstation being designed. The basis for Oberon was Modula-2, which was significantly simplified, but at the same time supplemented with new capabilities.

Jurg Gutknecht

Niklaus Wirth and his colleagues developed the first version of the Oberon system, a machine, an Oberon language compiler, and an operating system, System Oberon, which had a graphical user interface, advanced concepts for using text in the interface, and generally provided tangible evidence of the applicability of Wirth's concepts.

As already written on Habr, in Oberon, a module is not only a means of structuring algorithms and data structures, but also a unit of compilation, loading and distribution. That is, a module is the minimum entity that a compiler can compile. Dependencies of one module on other modules are calculated automatically, but do not result in code from one module being included in another. Only the identifiers of the imported entities and the dependency hashcode are included for code version control.

A module is a loading unit, that is, except in special cases, the module code is a complete program that has an entry point and can run indefinitely. That is, a full-fledged program. Even the OS kernel is just the first module loaded into memory. The module also assumes that it will be distributed not only in the form of a source code, but also in the form of a binary, as well as in the form of an interface part, and to run it only a certain platform or several platforms will be required. In general, these concepts are included in the concept of modularity in Oberon and constitute module-oriented programming.

In 1992, Wirth and Mössenböck released a report on a new programming language, Oberon 2, a minimally expanded version of Oberon. In the same year, a subsidiary of ETH, Oberon microsystems, was formed, which began developing Oberon systems. Wirth became one of the members of its board of directors. In 1999, this company released the next version of Oberon - Component Pascal, more suitable for component programming.

Oberon served as the direct ancestor of the parallel programming language (Active Oberon), various modifications of the Oberon language for other execution environments (Component Pascal, Zonnon), was implemented on several platforms (JVM, CLR, JS), and served as the prototype of the Java language. The Oberon system itself served as the prototype for the Microsoft Singularity project.

As you know, the emergence of the Java virtual (abstract) machine was presented by its developers from Sun Labs as perhaps a fundamental discovery in the practice of programming languages.

One of Wirth's students, Michael Franz, noted the following about this: “Java's portability is based on the presence of a virtual machine that makes it easy to simulate a large number of architectures. The idea of ​​a virtual machine was very popular more than twenty years ago, although it was subsequently forgotten. Then we were talking about Pascal-P, an implementation of Pascal created at ETH, which played a decisive role in the spread of this language. Interestingly, the virtual machines for Pascal and Java are quite similar in architecture."

On the threshold of the 2000s

“Now let’s discuss the characteristics of the “most modern, most object-oriented and very simple” Java language,” wrote Sergei Sverdlov.

Not only can Java not be considered simple, but it is one of the most complex languages, more complex than C++ and twice as complex as Oberon.

But maybe the comparison with the same Oberon is incorrect? After all, Java is probably still a richer language than this Oberon of yours? Nothing of the kind! Java has only two significant things that Oberon doesn't have: built-in multithreading and exception handling. The advisability of including parallel programming tools directly into the language is questioned by many experts. This could be resolved at the library level. In addition, the mechanism implemented in Java is by no means the most successful solution.

Comparing the scope of syntax between languages

The total number of lexemes in a language syntax description can serve as a general characteristic of the size of this description.

But in little Oberon there are both full-fledged records (objects) and normal multidimensional arrays, and not just pointers to them. Oberon also has the usual zero-terminated strings, which are simply arrays of characters, not objects at all, and therefore do not require special means for manipulation.
Contrary to propaganda, Java contains little that is truly new. The same concept of a virtual machine is the first thing that comes to mind when thinking about multi-platform. Twenty-five years ago this was a successful and fresh decision.

This opinion was expressed more than 15 years ago, when such disputes were relevant. Let's leave the question of how much better or worse Java has become in this regard now.

Pedagogical and social activities

From 1963 to 1967, Wirth worked as an assistant professor at Stanford University and in 1967 returned with this rank to the University of Zurich. And in 1968, he received the title of professor of computer science at ETH and began to build his “Swiss” Stanford in his homeland.

The twenties from 1969 to 1989 were perhaps the most fruitful period in Wirth's life. He continued to build his school, devoting a lot of time to organizational activities.

Moscow: DMK Press, 2010. - 192 p.
The book by the famous computer scientist Niklaus Wirth is based on his lectures on an introductory course in compiler design. Using the simple Oberon-0 language as an example, all elements of the translator are considered, including optimization and code generation. The full text of the compiler in the Oberon programming language is given. For programmers, teachers and students studying system programming and translation methods.
Content
Introduction
Language and syntax
Exercises
Regular languages
Exercise
Analysis of context-free languages
Recursive descent method;
Table-Driven Top-Down Parsing
Bottom-up parsing
Exercises
Attribute grammars and semantics
Type Rules
Calculation Rules
Broadcast rules
Exercise
Oberon-0 programming language
Exercise
Parser for Oberon-0
Lexical analyzer
Parser
Troubleshooting Syntax Errors
Exercises
Taking into account the context given by declarations
Advertisements
Data Type Entries
Presentation of data at runtime
Exercises
RISC architecture as a goal
Resources and registers
Expressions and Assignments
Direct code generation based on the stack principle
Delayed code generation
Indexed Variables and Record Fields
Exercises
Conditional and cyclic statements and logical expressions
Comparisons and transitions
Conditional and cyclic statements
Logical operations
Assignment to Boolean Variables
Exercises
Localization procedures and concept
Memory organization at runtime
Addressing Variables
Options
Declarations and procedure calls
Standard Procedures
Function procedures
Exercises
Elementary data types
Types REAL and LONGREAL
Compatibility between numeric data types
SET data type
Exercises
Public arrays, pointer and procedural types
Open Arrays
Dynamic data structures and pointers
Procedural types
Exercises
Modules and separate compilation
The principle of hiding information
Separate compilation
Implementation of symbol files
Addressing external objects
Checking configuration compatibility
Exercises
Optimization and structure of pre/post processor
General Considerations
Simple optimizations
Avoiding duplicate calculations
Register Allocation
Structure of the pre/post processor compiler
Exercises
Appendix A.
Syntax
Oberon-0
Oberon
Character files
Appendix B
ASCII character set
Appendix C
Oberon-0 compiler
Lexical analyzer
Parser
Code generator
Literature

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The book by the famous English author examines the problems of designing and building compilers for high-level programming languages, in particular ALGOL 60, PL/1, ALGOL 68, Pascal and Ada. The focus is on the goals of designing reliable compilers and the means to achieve them. Practical questions explained...

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Lectures on building a compiler in Pascal. 255 pp.
This series of articles is a guide to the theory and practice of developing parsers and compilers for programming languages. Before you finish reading this book, we'll cover every aspect of compiler design, create a new programming language, and...

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This series of articles is a guide to the theory and practice of developing parsers and compilers for programming languages. Before you
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Anyone interested in compiler development has undoubtedly heard of the famous Dragon Book, Aho and Ullman's classic Principles of Compiler Design. The rapid development of compilation technologies has led to the birth of a new dragon - the book "K...

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Subjects: lexical and syntactic analysis, memory organization, code generation. Throughout the entire presentation, an attempt has been made to maintain a single “attribute” point of view on the compiler development process. The book does not address the extremely important issues of global optimization and the development of compilers for machines with parallel...

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This small but comprehensive book is an introduction to the theory of creating compilers, as well as a brief description of the principles of their operation. The material is presented for a reader unfamiliar with this subject. The text offers recommendations for additional literature and provides tips on instrumental support.

The language should be an obvious and natural representation of the fundamental and most important concepts of the algorithms.

Niklaus Wirth

Niklaus Wirth

Niklaus Wirth is primarily known as the creator of the PASCAL programming language. In addition, he has such excellent developments as MODULA-2, OBERON and much, much more.

Niklaus was born on February 15, 1934 in Winterhur (Switzerland). Niklaus' parents are Walter and Hedwig (Köhler) Wirth. He married Nani Tucker and they have three children: daughters Carolyn and Tina, and son Christian. Wirth is a pleasant and good-natured person who looks younger than his age. He spends his free time with his family, often hiking in the rolling hills of northern Switzerland.

Wirth plunged into the field of computer science in 1960, when it was not given due attention either in commercial advertising or in academic curricula. Nicklaus says: "...During my studies at the Swiss State Institute of Technology, the only mention of computers that I heard was in an elective course taught by Ambrose Speiser, who later became president of IFIP. The computer he developed, ERMETH, was not accessible to ordinary students, and therefore my dedication in computer science was put on hold until I took a course in numerical analysis at the University of Laval in Canada. Then it became obvious to me that programming future computers had to be more efficient. Therefore, I learned not to design the hardware first, but to design it correctly and elegantly. use it."

Wirth joined the team involved in developing - or rather, refining - a compiler and language for the IBM-704 computer. This language was called NELIAC and was a dialect of the ALGOL-58 language.

From that moment on, Niklaus' adventures in the field of programming languages ​​began. The first experiment led to a dissertation and a language called EULER, which turned out to be academically elegant but of little practical value - it was almost the antithesis of later languages ​​with data types and structured programming. But the language laid the foundation for the systematic development of compilers, allowing them to be extended to include new features without loss of clarity.

Wirth's most remarkable career began at Stanford University, where he served as an associate professor of computer science in the newly created computer science department from 1963 to 1967. The EULER language attracted the attention of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) working group that was involved in drawing up plans for the future of ALGOL.

Now we can say that Wirth's work on the PASCAL language began precisely then, in 1965, when IFIP invited him to take part in the development of a new language that was supposed to be the successor to ALGOL-60. The developers split into two directions, and Wirth ended up in the one that followed the path of expanding ALGOL. In 1966, a language called ALGOL-W was created at Stanford University.

From the fall of 1967 to 1968, when Wirth returned to Switzerland and served as an associate professor at the University of Zurich, freed from his obligations to IFIP, he developed the successor language to ALGOL-W. Wirth named the language PASCAL, after the 17th-century French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal, who built a computer in 1642 to help his father with his tax collection work. "Also, the word 'PASCAL' sounds quite melodic," says Wirth. The PASCAL language was originally developed as a language for teaching, but its functions were not limited to this. In 1972, PASCAL began to be used in programming classes at the Swiss State Institute of Technology. Nicklaus completed his work on the language in 1974, creating a high-quality compiler, and PASCAL received true recognition after Ken Bowles developed P-code for microcomputers, which made it possible to use PASCAL on new machines of various configurations.

After that, he switched his attention to studying multiprogramming, which resulted in the MODULA language, intended mainly for programming specialized systems, including minicomputers. The basis for the new language was “Parallel PASCAL”, which applied the principle of modular organization of program complexes, allowing the programmer to “hide” certain parts of programs. The original version of MODULA-1 "was never considered as a full-fledged programming language," Wirth emphasizes. MODULA-2, aimed at personal computers, became the modular programming language.

During these years, Wirth's work was associated with the construction of the personal computer "Lilith" and the use of the MODULA-2 language.

OBERON is another programming language created by Dr. Wirth in 1987 and named after the moon of Uranus - OBERON, discovered by Voyager in 1977.

When creating all his programming languages, Wirth adhered to the principle: “Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily,” which was called “Occam’s razor.” In the OBERON language, this principle is implemented especially clearly. OBERON became a continuation of the line of languages ​​ALGOL-60, PASCAL, MODULA-2. OBERON is based on the MODULA-2 language, however, unlike PASCAL and MODULA-2, it is a combination of a programming language and an operating system “for an individual personal workstation user.” Surprisingly simple and even ascetic, OBERON is perhaps the minimum high-level language.

The work continued there in Zurich, where Wirth was already a professor of computer science from 1968 to 1975. At the same time, starting in 1968, Dr. Niklaus Wirth became a professor of computer science at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in Switzerland, where he continues to hold this title to this day and continues active research in the field of programming languages.

Wirth's talent as a developer of programming languages ​​is complemented by his gift as a writer. In the April 1971 issue of the journal Communications of the ASM, Wirth published a seminal article on the top-down method of program design (“Program Development by Incremental Improvement”), which formulated the principles of top-down program construction (with sequential refinement of its fragments). The resulting elegant and powerful design method remains relevant today. His two other articles, "On the Discipline of Real-Time Programming" and "What We Can Do with Optional Notational Variety," published in the same journal, address the problem of finding an adequate language formalism.

Wirth has written several books on programming topics: Algorithms and Data Structures, Programming with OBERON, PASCAL User's Guide and Reference, and The Digital Operations Project.

Currently, Dr. Wirth, together with three other colleagues, is working on computer-aided design of computer hardware.

All of Dr. Wirth's works have made major contributions to computer science. PASCAL made programming languages ​​easier to use and learn, and computers more accessible to the masses. His projects, from EULER to OBERON, sought to simplify and break down the barriers between hardware and software, making programming languages ​​easier to use.

Of course, there are many other computer programming languages ​​known besides PASCAL, OBERON or MODULA-2, but Wirth’s contribution to the creation and development of programming languages ​​is very significant.

For his many contributions to computer science, Dr. Niklaus Wirth has received numerous awards and honors. The American Council of Masters awarded him the title of Associate Member; Computer Society of the Institute of Electronics and Radio Engineering - the title of computer pioneer; he received the IBM European Science and Technology Prize; became a member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering and a foreign partner of the American Academy of Engineering, and also received the Order "Pur le merte" and the Turing Award. Wirth received honorary doctorates from many universities: Laval University, Quebec (Canada), University of California, Berkeley, York University (England), Kepler Line University (Austria), Novosibirsk University (Russia), Open University of England, University of Pretoria (Southern Africa).

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Professor Niklaus Wirth is a living legend in the world of programming, a brilliant engineer and deep researcher, awarded the 1984 Prize. Turing, among other things, for developing the Pascal programming language, which every schoolchild is familiar with. The Turing Award is equivalent to the Nobel Prize and the highest honor in computer science. Professor Niklaus Wirth is a living legend in the world of programming, a brilliant engineer and deep researcher, awarded the 1984 Prize. Turing, among other things, for developing the Pascal programming language, which every schoolchild is familiar with. The Turing Award is equivalent to the Nobel Prize and the highest honor in computer science.

Biography. Niklaus Wirth was born on February 15, 1934 in Winterthur. As a child, Niklaus Wirth was interested in aircraft modeling and rocket building. In 1954 he entered the Faculty of Electronics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. He continued his studies at the University of Laval, receiving a master's degree in 1960. Then he was invited to the University of California at Berkeley (USA), where in 1963, under the guidance of Professor Husky, he defended his dissertation on the Euler programming language. Niklaus Wirth was born on February 15, 1934 in Winterthur. As a child, Niklaus Wirth was interested in aircraft modeling and rocket building. In 1954 he entered the Faculty of Electronics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. He continued his studies at the University of Laval, receiving a master's degree in 1960. Then he was invited to the University of California at Berkeley (USA), where in 1963, under the guidance of Professor Husky, he defended his dissertation on the Euler programming language.

Niklaus Wirth is primarily known as the creator of the PASCAL programming language. In addition, he has such excellent developments as MODULA-2, OBERON and much, much more. Niklaus Wirth is primarily known as the creator of the PASCAL programming language. In addition, he has such excellent developments as MODULA-2, OBERON and much, much more.

Achievements. Pascal program (1970); Pascal program (1970); MODULA-2 (1978); MODULA-2 (1978); OBERON(). OBERON().

Pascal is a general purpose programming language. Pascal was created by Niklaus Wirth in . It was published in 1970 by Wirth as a small and efficient language to promote good programming style, use of structured programming and structured data. According to N. Wirth, the language should contribute to the discipline of programming, therefore, along with strict typing, possible syntactic ambiguities are minimized in Pascal, and the author tried to make the syntax itself intuitive even upon first acquaintance with the language. Initially, the language had a number of limitations: the inability to pass variable-length arrays to functions, the lack of normal means of working with dynamic memory, a limited input-output library, the lack of tools for connecting functions written in other languages, the lack of separate compilation tools, etc. Pascal is a general programming language appointments. Pascal was created by Niklaus Wirth in . It was published in 1970 by Wirth as a small and efficient language to promote good programming style, use of structured programming and structured data. According to N. Wirth, the language should contribute to the discipline of programming, therefore, along with strict typing, possible syntactic ambiguities are minimized in Pascal, and the author tried to make the syntax itself intuitive even upon first acquaintance with the language. Initially, the language had a number of limitations: the inability to pass variable-length arrays to functions, the lack of normal means of working with dynamic memory, a limited input-output library, the lack of tools for connecting functions written in other languages, the lack of separate compilation tools, etc.

Modula-2 is a general-purpose programming language. The Modula-2 language is a structural, modular programming language, with a syntax based on the Pascal language, but noticeably revised and improved. Its main characteristics are given below: Modula-2 is a general purpose programming language. The Modula-2 language is a structural, modular programming language, with a syntax based on the Pascal language, but noticeably revised and improved. Its main characteristic features are given below: The program is a set of modules of independent compilation units that can be compiled separately. The program is a set of modules of independent compilation units that can be compiled separately. Import of definitions described in other modules is fully controlled. Import of definitions described in other modules is fully controlled. All input/output facilities are excluded from the language. Instead, library modules are used, which are tasked with implementing I/O on specific systems. All input/output facilities are excluded from the language. Instead, library modules are used, which are tasked with implementing I/O on specific systems. A minimum of concepts and primitives for multi-threaded programming have been introduced into the language, and a standard library that supports parallel programs has also been added. A minimum of concepts and primitives for multi-threaded programming have been introduced into the language, and a standard library that supports parallel programs has also been added. Means of direct access to computer hardware are included; in particular, direct mapping of data structures to memory is implemented, including with direct assignment of the address. Included are means of direct access to computer hardware, in particular, direct mapping of data structures to memory has been implemented, including with direct assignment of the address.

Oberon is a high-level programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth, for the execution of programs on which the operating system of the same name is designed, the authors of which are N. Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht. Programs written in the Oberon programming language require certain support during execution; they need a dynamic loader and a centrally executed automatic garbage collector; for this, programs in the Oberon language need a special operating environment. The usual way to implement this is to add to the system a set of libraries that implement the necessary components, although, generally speaking, the operating environment does not necessarily need a separate operating system: it can itself be an operating system. Oberon is a high-level programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth, for the execution of programs on which the operating system of the same name is designed, the authors of which are N. Wirth and Jürg Gutknecht. Programs written in the Oberon programming language require certain support during execution; they need a dynamic loader and a centrally executed automatic garbage collector; for this, programs in the Oberon language need a special operating environment. The usual way to implement this is to add to the system a set of libraries that implement the necessary components, although, generally speaking, the operating environment does not necessarily need a separate operating system: it can itself be an operating system.

Currently, Dr. Wirth, together with three other colleagues, is working on computer-aided design of computer hardware. Currently, Dr. Wirth, together with three other colleagues, is working on computer-aided design of computer hardware. All of Dr. Wirth's work has made major contributions to computer science. PASCAL has made programming languages ​​easier to use and learn, and computers more accessible to the masses." His projects, from EULER to OBERON, sought to simplify and break down the barriers between hardware and software, making programming languages ​​easier to use. All of Dr. Wirth's work contributed greatly to computer science. PASCAL made programming languages ​​easier to use and learn, and computers more accessible to the masses." His projects, from EULER to OBERON, sought to simplify and break down barriers between hardware and software, making programming languages ​​easier to use.