The method of calculating the seismic hazard of the site under construction. “Construction in seismic areas. Design standards. Provision of the construction area with the construction infrastructure

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According to the task area of ​​reconstruction - with. Buren-Khem, Kaa-Khem district, Republic of Tyva.

Technical solutions adopted in the drawings comply with the requirements of environmental, sanitary and hygienic, fire-fighting and other standards in force in the territory of the Russian Federation and ensure the operation of the object safe for human life and health subject to the measures provided for by the drawings.

Resonant and nonlinear phenomena are closely related to each other and depend on the structure of the medium under the site and the intensity of seismic effects. Examples are given of the fact that these phenomena are a common cause of destruction and damage to earthquake-resistant structures during earthquakes. The results of a comparative analysis of theoretical calculations of the frequency characteristics of soil layered models of various thickness and different seismic properties are given. It was shown that the appearance of non-linear soil properties depends on its physical properties and state of stress.

The project is designed for the following conditions of construction and operation:

Climate subdistrict - ID;

Estimated outdoor temperature -48 ° C (SNiP 23-01-99 *);

Estimated snow cover weight - 1.2 kPa (II snow region SNiP 2.01.07-85 *);

Standard wind load - 0.23 kPa (I wind region SNiP 2.01.07-85 *).

When developing a project, it is accepted:

The influence of various factors on the spectral content and the oscillation value of the upper part of the geological environment at the construction site is analyzed. The conditions for the occurrence of dangerous resonance phenomena in it are formulated. Seismic microzonation; soil nonlinear behavior; soil resonance properties; soil frequency characteristics; equivalent linear model.

Quantitative seismology: theory and methods. Seismic microzoning of especially important objects. Construction in seismic areas  Of Ukraine. Basics of computational mathematics. Seismic microzonation of urban areas, settlements  and large construction sites.

Building Responsibility Class - Level II (normal SNiP 2.01.07-85 *);

Functional fire hazard class - F1.1 (SNiP 21-01-97);

Constructive fire hazard class - С0 (СНиП 21-01-97);

The degree of fire resistance of the building - II SNiP 21-01-97;

Area seismicity 8 points with 10% degree of danger;

Seismicity of the construction site - 8 points;

Provision of the construction area with the construction infrastructure

Engineering surveys for construction. Performance specifications. Soil behavior during earthquakes. Seismic hazard and seismic protection in Ukraine. The use of seismic research methods in geological engineering surveys.

On the application of the matrix method and its modifications to the study of seismic waves in layered media. In: Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Geoinformatics. Seismic waves in soil layers: nonlinear behavior of soil in case of strong earthquakes in last years.

Seismicity of the building - 8 points.

1.2. Anti-seismic events

Anti-seismic measures are developed in accordance with the requirements of the chapters of SNiP II-7-81 * "Construction in seismic areas"

The project provides for the following set of measures to ensure the seismicity of a building with an estimated seismicity of 8 points:

Numerical methods for integrating the equations of motion of mechanical multicomponent systems based on the method of direct integration of the equations of dynamics of the finite element method. Bulletin of Udmurt University. Rotterdam: Balkema, P. 305. A computer program for analyzing response reactions using nonlinear seismic sediments of layered soil deposits. Southern California. 44 pp. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. About one class of models for reproducible behavior of continuous and composite systems.

    On the top of the base plates, a layer of mortar grade 100, 40 mm thick, reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement 4Ø10 mm is laid. After every 300-400 mm longitudinal rods must be connected with Ø6 mm rods.

    Filling of floor slabs with anti-seismic belts along all longitudinal and transverse walls.

    The depth of support of the jumpers is not less than 350 mm and with an opening width of up to 1500 mm not less than 250 mm.

    Asymptotic approximation for normal sound channel propagation modes. Dispersion of surface waves on a multilayer medium. The relationship between the nature of the surface layer and the amplitudes of earthquake movements. Q: Earth reality along the silk road and scientific collaboration. Geotechnical earthquake engineering.

    Nonlinear dynamic modeling of physiological systems. О Description of anisotropic hardening. The method of calculating the structural dynamics. How to hack Mexico city? Some local initiatives of a private and public nature offer an open city that informs and cultivates collective intelligence around data and its various uses, promoting the practice of improving the quality of life in the territory. The code chooses the 10 most useful in terms of mobility, safety and health.

    The corners and the intersections of the walls are reinforced with nets and placed in horizontal joints through 675 mm in height.

    The antiseismic belt of the upper floor is associated with the underlying masonry vertical releases of reinforcement.

    Steps are connected by welding with steel kosoura.

    Fastening partitions to walls and floors.

    Only with the opening of the application traffic information is documented. In addition, you can do accident reports, police checks and risks that are visible on the roads. User can compare different options in one or several vehiclesgetting detailed descriptions of the move.

    Information is provided by users in real time. Famous application that warns of earthquakes in Mexico and around the world. This is now configurable: the user can choose the minimum intensity with which he wants to be warned of a natural phenomenon, depending on the region of the earthquake epicenter. Another attribute is that it offers an instant connection to the emergency numbers of the Police, Fire Department, Red Cross, Civil Protection or Locatel.

    Mauerlat is fastened to the antiseismic belt with anchors, the elements of the rafters are fastened between themselves with steel corners and overlays.

1.3. Provision of the construction area with the construction infrastructure

Currently, 76 construction and installation organizations operate in the republic, including in the territory of the city of Kyzyl. Of these, the largest general contractors are: LLC Tuvastroy, LLC Kyzylstroy, LLC Selstroy, LLC Evrostroy, LLC Kherel, LLC Khemchik, LLC Zhilie, LLC Vostok.

They automatically change depending on the location of the device. Includes search for registered taxis and best routes to get to a specified destination. An application that complements the use of the metro with features such as route layout, where travel time is estimated; the location of the nearby stations when going down the street and consult with the maps of Metrobus, Tren-Liguero, Pumabusa and Ekobići. Includes line 12 and 195 stations included in the system.

It also allows you to visualize the various transport options of the city. Exclusively for the city of Mexico, Ayr reports on air quality in 16 delegations of the capital with information on the intensity of ultraviolet solar radiation and meteorological time. The status includes recommendations on how to do or not carry out physical activities abroad, depending on the conditions.

There are also specialized subcontracting organizations: SVEM (Northeast electrical installation), Energostroy LLC - electrical equipment and outdoor power grids, VPSM (Vostokpromvyazmontazhtazh) - low-current networks, SLM (Soyuzliftmontazh), STI (Sibteploizolyatsiya), Teplostroy LLC, SU - “ Zero cycles, SU-48 - finishing works, UM-14 - earthworks and others.

The user can generate alarms and save the exact location where he stored his car. In addition, you have instructions to know what to do in the event of a fine. Professor Teresa Crespelani, who has been an authoritative teacher of seismic geotechnical engineering at the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Florence for many years, is a great expert on seismic microzonation and problems related to the behavior of the Earth in relation to telluric events.

What exactly is meant by this term? According to its classical definition, for a seismic microzonation, a technical-scientific operation of dividing a given territory into homogeneous zones is meant from the point of view of response to an earthquake coming to a site estimated taking into account the interactions between seismic waves and local geological, topographical and geotechnical conditions that change “the main danger. " It should be noted that in seismic language the danger is the maximum amount of seismic shock expected in a given time interval, expressed in terms of maximum acceleration.

The pace of construction is largely dependent on the availability of building materials. Today, the republic has established production of major building materials  from local raw materials. Enterprises producing building materials and products in the city of Kyzyl:

ZSKM LLC "Housing"  located in the city of Kyzyl in the right-bank district. The plant sells bricks of the marks M100, M125, M150. It produces its products from local material, which is extracted from the Pii-Khemskogo loam deposit. Brick is produced by burning raw brick in a ring kiln.

How does seismic microzonation work? The second problem is how to evaluate the various responses to the land present in a given territory. Depending on the various geological, morphological and geotechnical conditions, peak acceleration values ​​are variable, although often homogeneous zones can be identified in a given area with similar values. However, without high-precision accelerometer networks or data recorded during an earthquake equal to that of a reference earthquake, these areas are detected by means of theoretical scientific research  using “models” related to field research, calculations and developments formulated and complex.

ZZHBI LLC "Housing"releases the following reinforced concrete products:

Pre-stressed slabs;

Flat plates;

Lintels individual for residential buildings;

Eaves plates;

Road construction elements;

Ladder steps and platforms;

Foundation blocks, etc.

ZZHBI "Sardana"  The main focus of this organization is the production of building products from reinforced concrete:

The third question is the choice of "synthetic parameters", with which you can determine the gain, to be able to communicate with each homogeneous area, designated "number", indicating its hazard level. This is not an easy task, so the discussion continues in seismic literature. But it also has a “social” dimension, since knowing the answers to various sites is a prerequisite for making decisions on land management.



How much of the territory was actually controlled in Italy from the point of view of microzonation? In other words: how many detailed seismic microzonation maps exist for our country? The numbers are vague and two-digit. These are several dozen cases. The first generation includes "avant-garde" scientific products, such as Ancona and Tartseno. The third generation includes microzoning “locally” and “exclusively”, intended for “prevention”. These include several microzones in Emilia-Romagna.

Lintels for residential buildings;

Foundation blocks.

Fractal LLCproduces:

Window and door blocks;

Lumber;

Round wood.

Vostok LLC  produces sand, crushed stone and other materials used mainly in the construction of roads.

The rest of construction materials and products are supplied from other regions of the country by road. The major suppliers of building materials are Terminal, LLC, Tuvcomplect LLC, Sibirsky Business LLC, Syldys LLC.

However, although the numbers are low, something is moving. Is there really a shortage of seismic protection in Italy, according to various authors? We understood how important seismic microzonation is. But besides this, what else needs to be done to develop more territorial security than seismic events?

But one of the fundamental conditions for the security of a territory is the presence of a “widespread” culture of seismic prevention. The Italian urban heritage is old, sometimes extensive, and largely without any seismic protection: for example, we think about the historical centers of our oldest cities, about many villages on the slopes, or about the exponential growth of our building during the economic boom years. take to mitigate the vulnerability of these buildings?

Who prepared the update and harmonization with the Eurocodes SNiP II-7-81*?

Answer:  The updated version of SNiP II-7-81 * was prepared by the Central Research Institute of Applied Materials named after V.Kucherenko of OAO “Scientific-Research Center“ Construction ”. Numerous specialized organizations working in the field of earthquake-resistant construction and related areas took part in the discussions of the draft SNP II-7-81 update. In this work took an active part a large number of  specialists from central, scientific, design, construction organizations, as well as from the regions: Siberia, the Caucasus, the Pribaikalie, where the problem of construction in seismic regions is real and vital.

The picture you are doing is absolutely realistic and thrown into disrepair. From a technical point of view, there are solutions. We need a political choice to make Italy a large courtyard for its security. As for the existing structures, their reinforcement passes through two main types of measures: seismic adaptation and seismic improvement. The first type of measurement is very expensive. The second is economically acceptable. If it were possible to extend the seismic improvement to the entire housing stock, this would be a terrific result!

But we are far from this goal. We come to the effects of the site, another interesting topic of his numerous writings. Recall that the “site effect” is a phenomenon that, as a rule, enhances the local development of an earthquake. How can you describe this phenomenon and why is it so dangerous? In the “official” seismic language, “site effects”, as you have already mentioned, are the result of increased seismic movement due to resonant phenomena between seismic waves and soils. Liquefaction can be one of the extreme consequences of a site’s impact, but it can also be a phenomenon only because of an earthquake when it is high.

  What dictates the need to updateSNiPII-7-81*?

Answer:The need to update the SNiP II-7-81 * is dictated by the fact that more than twenty years have passed since the release of the document, that the experience of using the current version of the SNiP II-7-81 on many examples showed some erroneous provisions of the document that lead to undesirable design consequences. As a typical example, the method of application in the norms of a set of maps of OSR-97 (maps A, B, C) that were recommended by the Russian Academy of Sciences for designing structures of various responsibilities can be specified: Map A - for structures of mass construction, Maps B and C - for design responsible and especially responsible, as well as unique structures. In the previous standards (valid before SNiP II-7-81 *), a table of liability ratios was used for structures of various responsibilities.

These coefficients were taken into account when designing structures of various responsibilities. Their use entailed differences in the magnitude of the calculated seismic load by two or more for structures of different responsibility. Since the standards included three maps (A, B, and C) instead of one, which determined the level of the calculated seismic loads, the table of liability coefficients was excluded from the design standards. There is no such table in the norms of SNiP II-7-81 *. Included are only instructions on the use of various maps when assigning an estimated seismic load to structures of different responsibilities. Responsibility for the choice of one of the three cards is assigned, according to the "General Provisions" of the SNiP, to the general designer. However, design experience using OSR-97 maps showed that in the territories of many cities and other settlements on maps B and C, or even A, B, and C, the same magnitude of the calculated seismicity is indicated. Thus, a situation has been created when the responsibility of the structures is not taken into account when assigning the design seismic load to the norms. This is an obvious inaccuracy, which is eliminated in the updated edition of SNiP II-7-81.

  What is new in the updated edition of SNiP II-7-81?

Answer:In the new edition of the SNiP II-7-81 for the first time included:

The methods of seismic protection, seismic isolation and regulation of seismic load, which are already being successfully used at present, for example, at the facilities of the Sochi 2014 Olympics;

Requirements for the use of ductile steels as reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures erected in earthquake-prone areas;

The provision on a two-level calculation for seismic loads, the main idea of ​​which is to recognize the statistical nature of earthquakes, the intensity of which depends on their frequency. That is, with relatively weaker earthquakes, which happen more often, one should not (not economically) allow significant damage, on the contrary, with strong, but rare earthquakesIt is advisable to plan local destructions and inelastic deformations and allow such destructions, but without global collapses, which are dangerous for people's life and health. However, it should be noted that the actual update SNiP II-7-81a two-level calculation is included, which is recommended for use in the design of only the most critical structures and with the obligatory scientific support and participation of leading research organizations.

Methods of calculation have been modified, which expand the possibility of using modern computer technologies, new, spatial, mathematical models of structures;

A new section on fire safety in seismic areas has been introduced;

A clause has been included on the design of multi-layer supporting structures to ensure compliance with the Law on Energy Saving.

  What is the Harmonization of the updated edition of the SNiPII-7-81 * with Eurocodes?

Answer:The updated edition of SNiP II-7-81 * includes more than 15 points, which directly, if not duplicated, correspond well to the European Technical Regulation System Eurocode. For example:

Included in the updated edition of SNiP II-7-81 * are two settlement situations and, accordingly, two settlement effects;

The requirements for the design of seismic isolation and other innovative systems for seismic protection of structures are included in the updated edition of SNiP II-7-81 *;

Included in the updated edition of SNiP II-7-81 * are new principles for the use of maps of general seismic zoning, etc.

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