What words are called neologisms. Neologisms and their varieties

1 Examples of words that were new in the last century and became commonly used, and some of them became obsolete:

1. calculator
2. collective farm
3. Komsomol
4. astronaut
5. laser
6. tape recorder
7. metro
8. pioneer
9. vacuum cleaner
10. workers' faculty
11. TV
12. drummer

2 Examples of some neologisms that appeared at the end of the last century (nowadays we can say that the words have become commonly used):

1. Wi-Fi
2. default
3. joystick
4. dress code
5. drifting
6. goalkeeper
7. Internet
8. computer
9. Xerox
10. manager
11. mobile phone
12. playoffs
13. rating
14. roaming
15. security
16. skate
17. slogan
18. smiley
19. training
20. florist

3 Examples of neologisms in the modern Russian language that have appeared in recent years:

1. big date
2. blockchain
3. vaper
4. geopositioning
5. hoverboard
6. deadline
7. life hack
8. kiting
9. quadcopter
10. quest
11. cleaning
12. copywriting
13. coach
14. cryptocurrency
15. mining
16. navigator
17. offshore
18. tablet
19. promoter
20. selfie
21. smartphone
22. spinner
23. trolling
24. freelance
25. hater
26. electric car

Dictionary The meaning of these and other words can be found in our New Words Dictionary.

The emergence of neologisms

How are new words born in the Russian language? Experts name different sources, but there are two main ones:

1. New words are borrowed from other languages ​​(general linguistic neologisms);
2. New words are created by writers and journalists (copyright neologisms).

Thousands of new words appear in the Russian language every year. Conventionally, they can be divided into the following groups:

• New words do not become widespread and “die”;
• New words are popularized and move from neologisms to common ones;
• New words do not become widespread and remain neologisms.

Many of the new words do not become widespread; a small part of the words “settles” in the vocabulary of the Russian language. This is due to the fact that technologies and concepts that words are called are not widely used in people's lives.

Over time, neologisms cease to be new and become common words. Once upon a time, the words TV, traffic light, astronaut, and landing on the moon were new. Now they are understandable to any Russian-speaking person.

There are words that remain neologisms and do not become commonly used. They are formed on the basis of morphemes existing in the Russian language and are constructed according to well-known models of word formation. Such words can be found in the works of Russian writers, for example, the words “hulk” and “merge” in V.V. Mayakovsky.

Subject: “Neologisms and their varieties. Ways of formation of new words and meanings in our time.”

Target: generalize students’ knowledge about neologisms and their varieties; teach to find neologisms in the text, identify them lexical meaning; enrich your vocabulary, develop coherent speech; cultivate an attentive attitude to the word.

Lesson progress

Organizing students to work.

Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Announcing the topic and purpose of the lesson.

We continue the conversation about vocabulary that makes up the passive vocabulary; identify the distinctive features of new words, learn to find new words in the text, explain their lexical meaning.

2. Introductory conversation.

What are neologisms called? (New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of concepts and phenomena.)

What is the reason for the appearance of neologisms in the language? (With the development of science, technology, culture, economics, sports, diplomatic relations.)

What words can be considered neologisms? (Entered into the language for recent years, although among them there are already those that have already become commonly used and even obsolete.)

Tell me, what groups can neologisms be divided into?

1) Depending on the method:

a) lexical - these are neologisms that were formed according to productive models from elements present in the language; borrowed from other languages;

b) semantic - these are neologisms that arise as a result of assigning new meanings to already known words.

2) Depending on the conditions of creation, neologisms are divided into:

a) general linguistic (usual) - these are neologisms that appeared along with new concepts and realities;

3) Depending on the purpose of creation, neologisms are divided into:

a) nominative - perform a purely nominative function;

b) stylistic - give figurative characteristics to objects that have a different name.

III. Practical part.

1. Write the words in 3 column: commonly used, obsolete, neologisms.

Commonly used

Outdated

Neologisms

Disco

Tselinnik

Briefing

Trainee

District Committee

Management

President

Merchant

Investment

Series

Commissioner

License

Space

Red Army

Grill

Computer

Lyceum

Ketchup

Jeans

Mayor

2. Summary: What did this exercise help us understand?

3. Taking advantage explanatory dictionaries, using dictionaries “New words and meanings”, determine the meaning of neologisms .

Forward (attack)

Hamburger (soft bun baked with chopped steak, vegetables)

Summit (meeting of heads of state and government)

Showman (one who is busy organizing and running the show)

Rocker (member of a youth group driving around the streets without a muffler,

disregarding traffic rules)

Privatization (transfer of state or municipal property into private ownership)

Generalization : What can you say about these words? Which group of neologisms can be attributed to? How did they appear in the language?

4. What new meanings have the following words acquired? Can they be called neologisms in our time?

1. Thought - Tsar's Duma (upper council of boyars chaired by the Tsar) -
old

State Duma- current ward Federal Assembly Russian Federation

The State Duma is an elected body of city government

2. Dynasty - clan, house, speaking about the sovereign - old

the generation from which the last few people emerged

one profession

3. Governor - head of the province (a large district of Russia, divided into districts) -

old

Head of the executive branch of a large city

4. Pirate - sea ​​robber - old

hijacker

computer pirate

5. Pioneer - a person who was one of the first to settle in new country, terrain

a person who prevented the beginning of something new (figurative)

member of a children's organization

5. Distribute neologisms into two groups depending on the method of appearance: lexical, semantic.

Lexical

Semantic

High dividends (income that the share owner receives)

Chief referee (judge in sports competitions)

Significant investment (capital investment)

Scenario of the visit (1st liter. - dramatic work for a film; 2nd plan)

Computer pirates -TV bridge (1. structure; 2. direct connection)

Wooden ruble (1. money; 2. depreciated, not circulating on the world market)

Currency intervention (1. interference in the internal affairs of the state; 2. the dominance of a certain currency in the global economic market)

Generalization : 1) How to distinguish lexical and semantic neologisms?

2) How did lexical neologisms appear in the language?

6. Find individually - the author's neologisms in poetic texts
I. Severyanina, determine the method of creating neologisms.

Open the textbook by P.A. Lekant, p. 37. Find No. 85.

We find occasionalisms. How was it formed?

7. Generalization : What role do neologisms play in a literary text?

IV. Lesson summary: 1) What is a neologism?

2) What is the concept of neologism associated with?

What are the groups of neologisms?

V . Homework: Exercise 86 (collection of exercises edited by P.A. Lekant).

Neologisms are newly formed words that did not previously exist in the language. Using the laws of Russian word formation, we can, by analogy with existing words, create new words so that they are understandable for perception. The use of neologisms, the so-called “word creation,” is widespread in poetry, and the function of new formations varies depending on the way in which this new word is created. If a word is created by analogy with archaic words, then a neologism can play the role of an archaism. For example, if a new formation with a French root is introduced into a stylized letter like the quoted Gorbunov’s, then, by analogy with the words surrounding it, it acquires the character of archaism. Thus, in the following words of Tsar Berendey from Ostrovsky’s “The Snow Maiden”:

Decorated with heavenly circles

Subscribers in the wards ceilings

High...

the word “subscriber” in the meaning of “artist” is probably a new formation of Ostrovsky, but among the archaic vocabulary of Berendey’s speeches, this neologism plays the function of an archaism.

Folk etymologies by Ostrovsky and Leskov, used as the vocabulary of bourgeois dialect, are in most cases new formations. The following examples from Leskov are the same new formations with an emphasis on the peculiarities of dialects (pseudo-barbarisms motivated by everyday word usage):

“Ah! Yes, you also have a school here. Well, that’s why this little room is bad: well, it’s nothing for school.”

“Well, that’s great: there you have it, gentlemen, we have beer and honey, I’ll concoct a lamp from this for you that...” Termosesov kissed his fingers and finished: “your tongue, and when you finish drinking, swallow it.”

-What kind of lanpopo is this? – asked Achilles.

“Not lanpopo, but lampopo - a drink made from beer and honey.”*

"Soborians".)

In all these cases, neologisms are introduced as a sign of foreign vocabulary. But often neologisms are introduced as vocabulary characteristic of the language of the work itself. These are, for example, Benediktov’s neologisms:

Who's going to the thunderous rampart?

Through the lightning of heaven?

This is he - the mighty ship,

White-tailed, floating

Volnobrets is a water cutter!

"Sorry!" I said to my beloved,

A pre-battle sword clattered at her feet...

Benediktov has new formations like: “voluptuousness”, “man up”, “headless”, “armoured”, “dental”, “non-trampler”, “daredevil”, “stranger”, “eggishness”, etc.

In recent times, Igor Severyanin has cultivated poetic neologisms:

I, genius, Igor Severyanin,

Intoxicated with his victory,

I'm screened all over the place,

I am completely confirmed...

Neologisms have different functions. During periods of establishment of a literary language, neologisms are created in search of new words for new concepts. Thus, many words were introduced into the literary language by Karamzin (for example, the word “industry”).

The neologisms of Benediktov and Severyanin, of course, are different: these are new formations for naming old concepts. They are formed to update the verbal expression of a banal formula in order to avoid speech patterns.

However, in a neologism, what is generally important is not so much its verbal function as the method of its formation. In order for a neologism to be understandable, it is necessary that it be formed with the help of so-called “living morphemes”, i.e. morphemes, the meaning of which in the formation of words is still vividly perceived and which, therefore, are currently forming new words. In a word you can feel how it is made, from what parts and morphemes it is composed and according to what principle. The very image of word creation—poetic morphology—is comprehended. And usually each era has its own poetic morphology. So, at the beginning of the 19th century. (and even earlier - for late XVIII) were characterized by compound adjectives like the constant Homeric epithets (see below) - “pink-yellow”, “silver-azure”, “fast-running”, “green-curly”, “golden-turquoise”, etc.

In Benediktov’s neologisms, it is especially common to form a noun from an adjective using the compound suffix “nost”: “egginess”, “sweet singing”, “restlessness”, “fragility”, cf. "unsoftening". On the other hand, verbs from nouns ending in “to develop” are common – “celadon”, “rhyme weaving”, “man up”. Along with these neologisms, words for “nost” and “to be” – “eternity”, “to be mad” – that already existed in the language before, also acquire the character of poetic words.

In the poetic style, sometimes we have a selection of adjectives - epithets with certain suffixes - for “willow”: “silent”, “jealous”, “ghoulish”, etc., for “isy”: “radiant”, “silver”, “ wavy”, etc. Very characteristic are Khlebnikov’s completely original neologisms, which played a large role in the development of the language of modern futurism.