Character is a socio-historical phenomenon, therefore, there cannot be any universal characters, outside of time and space. There are certain characters of certain historical eras, specific personalities. The individual, as a bearer of character, is a member of society and is connected with it through various relationships. General economic, political, and cultural living conditions form common typical character traits in people. Typical in the character of people and the specific person sharing general conditions life and upbringing, reflects what is essential in the life of a class, a social group. Such an understanding of the typical allows us to understand the essential, naturally formed, and not incidental and accidental, and, moreover, promising, developing - that which is characteristic of tomorrow. So, we can talk about typical character as essential traits common to a certain group of people, reflecting the general conditions of their life and manifesting themselves to a greater or lesser extent in each representative of this group of people. Thus, the typical characterizes at the same time both this specific individuality and other people with whom this individuality shares common

“new,” as A. S. Makarenko pointed out, “the type of citizen, to release a fighting, active, vital character.” 11 This method was developed by A. S. Makarenko, calling it the method of parallel pedagogical action. The essence of this method is as follows: each impact has as its object both the collective as a whole and each individual person. So, for example, by demanding that the entire team observe the rules of behavior in the group, we thereby demand the same from each member of this group.

§ 3. Formation and development of character

Character is not given by nature. It develops as a result of the integration or unification of various personality traits, formed under the influence of life and upbringing. Integration

properties are subject to certain patterns. Thus, the emerging dominant in personality orientation How would determine the selective nature of perception, experiences and volitional activity and the further course of formation of other personality properties. From here it is clear that with the formation of a dominant attitude (need, interest, social attitude), a corresponding grouping of other properties and personality traits begins around the dominant. Thanks to this, a completely definite integral positive or negative personality is formed (collectivist, individualist, egoist, etc.). It may also be that two or three most significant inclinations are formed and then a multi-faceted character, contradictory in its essence, is formed, or a person in whom evil and good, good and bad coexist side by side. As a result, there is a struggle between different tendencies of behavior in one situation or the alternate manifestation of these tendencies in different situations of life and activity. Character is formed gradually, and in the early stages of personality development - in addition to the consciousness and will of the growing person himself. Therefore, of decisive importance in the development of character is the constant complication of the demands of others and the activities that a person carries out and which is vital and important for his development. People's requirements for activity then form character when they are presented in a system and become consistently more complex, that is, they constitute constant and characteristic conditions of a person's life, which gradually turn into integral components of his way of life. Only under these conditions does a person begin to demand from himself and from others, acquires the ability to look ahead and not stop there, learns to overcome obstacles on the path of activity, can experience joy when moving forward and acquires a habitual style of activity and life, characterized by methodicality, consistency and maximum organization. Physical labor is of particular importance in the formation of character. Work is the source of certainty and integrity of character. In work, volitional properties are formed: perseverance, organization, independence; moral virtues of the individual: hard work, honesty, collectivism and true humanism.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that training is essential in the formation of not only mental strength, but also character. Knowledge gives orientation both in the outside world and in oneself, which is especially important for building one’s own behavior. Training also includes teaching “how a person should behave in the society of elders and peers, how he should relate to social needs and tasks. The development of intellectual qualities affects the content and form of an individual’s behavior. However, the most favorable conditions for the positive formation of character is the combination of learning with work When presenting requirements for the organization of life and activity, it is important to arouse in the child a desire for self-improvement, without which the requirements may not have the proper impact on the growing personality. For this, it is important that the child not only understands the need for requirements, but also accepts them as a guide to activity. finally, he put forward demands on himself and educated himself. In the formation of character, especially in the early stages of its development, the perception of the positive experience of the behavior of peers and elders is of great importance. The educator must create this visual experience for the child through his behavior. the experience of his peers, since he most often measures and evaluates his behavior by the behavior of his peers and especially those who are in the center of attention of the team. This feature of a child’s psychology can lead to imitation of both negative and positive models. The choice of whom to imitate and whom to emulate is determined by the public opinion of the group of children. Who do children themselves find attractive? sometimes, contrary to the opinion of the team leader, they follow it. That is why the struggle for the creation of a healthy moral and psychological public opinion in the team, which would regulate everyone’s behavior from the standpoint of the common ideal expressed in public opinion, is of decisive importance in pedagogical activity. Along with the formation of public opinion, yes, Carl Gustav Jung. In his research, Jung constantly turned to the signs on the palm, which are well known to palmists. Jung believed that the form and functioning of the hand are directly related to the psyche and therefore it is not surprising that the hand can be a unique source of information about character and mental processes. “Thus, Jung’s typological model is also developed in palmistry, the connection between the psyche and the hand. Is it just a hand? Of course, not only. First of all - the face. Even without studying the works of ancient physiognomists (the largest of them was the Frenchman Lavater), we “read” faces strangers in some mysterious way, without eating the traditional “peck of salt” with these people, at first sight we get that very “first impression” about them, which some trust much more than the second, we fall in love at first sight or, on the contrary, we are immediately repelled Push.

A face can be smart and stupid, kind and evil, rude and refined, gentle, friendly, repulsive, trustworthy, concerned, cheerful... We judge all this by looking at a person’s face, but as a rule, we cannot say with certainty , what folds, shapes or features make it what it appears to be. Who has a longer nose or rounder ears - smart or stupid, cunning or good-natured? We are all a bit of a physiognomist. If only because we remember some literary cliches: a large forehead is a sign of intelligence, a heavy, protruding (“Napoleonic”) chin is willpower and lust for power, full lips are voluptuousness... A witch and greedy moneylenders have a hooked nose, a nose with a hump - among commanders and authors of tragedies, an upturned nose - among naive laughers. Why did we find the face of some stranger so honest and open that we trusted him to look after our suitcase? And about someone else we say that he gives the impression of a swindler. What inspires these judgments in us? What shape are the impudent guy's eyes, mouth or nostrils? What folds and wrinkles does the good-natured simpleton have? For centuries, great physiognomists have studied these correspondences, and it is worth getting acquainted with the result of their observations if we want to judge by appearance not at random, but with some degree of confidence. Confidence close to one hundred percent can only be achieved by a deep analysis of all the signs. Here are some examples. Lavater considered a large, regular oval-shaped head, a wide, high and convex forehead, rather large eyes, and small ears to be a sign of intelligence.

Methodology: COLOR AND CHARACTER 12

If a person prefers:

WHITE COLOR - any character can be manifested, but white is the ideal color. A person is characterized by idealism, sublimity, purity.

BLACK COLOR - symbolizes a gloomy perception of the world;

a person perceives life in dark tones, considers ideals unattainable and suffers defeats in life.

GRAY COLOR - judicious and distrustful natures who think for a long time before making a decision, are careful. They are afraid to express themselves loudly.

RED is the color of passions, people are strong, strong-willed, domineering, quick-tempered. People who do not like the color red—fear of quarrels—are prone to solitude, but are stable in relationships.

BROWN COLOR - calmness, ease, intelligence, sociability. People are sociable, curious, courageous, easily adaptable, and get great pleasure from being liked by someone. People who deny are deeply focused, pessimists, and difficult to get to know.

LIGHT COLOR - powerful, they like to impose their will on others, to subjugate themselves, but are afraid to act so as not to get into a difficult situation.

PINK is the color of life, sensitive people, capable of excitement. Pragmatists reject it.

PURPLE COLOR - great emotionality, high spirituality and delicacy. Harmoniously developed people. People who reject prefer to live in the moment.

BLUE COLOR - peace, spiritual sublimity, pure, modest nature in need of rest.

GREEN is the color of life, afraid of other people's influence, looking for ways to assert oneself, to become strong and independent.

ORANGE is the favorite color of intuitive people and passionate dreamers. This color, according to heraldry, also means hypocrisy and pretense.

Character is an individual combination of stable mental characteristics of a person that determine a typical way of behavior for a given individual in certain life conditions and circumstances.

Character is closely connected with other aspects of a person’s personality, in particular, with temperament, which determines the external form of expressions of character, leaving a peculiar imprint on certain of its manifestations.

Phrenology is a theory according to which the development of certain abilities can be judged by the structure of the skull. Proposed by the Austrian doctor F. Hall.

Typical as a reflection of the general conditions of life and human nature. There is character

socio-historical phenomenon; therefore, there cannot be any universal

characters outside of time and space.

There are certain characters

historical eras, the characters of specific individuals. This does not mean that the character

changes radically from era to era.

The individual as a bearer of character is a member of society and is connected with it

various relationships. As a member of society, an individual is in

certain economic, political, cultural conditions common to her,

and for many other people - members of this society, class. These conditions shape

general typical character traits. What is typical in the character of people and a particular person reflects what is essential in the social life of an era and class.

Consequently, the typical in character can be spoken of as essential features,

common to a certain group of people. These essential features reflect general conditions

life and manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent in each representative of a given

groups of people. Thus, the typical characterizes at the same time and

a given, specific individual, and other people with whom this

individuality shares common economic, political and cultural conditions

Along with the general economic, political and cultural conditions of life

it is necessary to take into account the general and the activity itself, which leaves an imprint

on human behavior. And finally, there is something common in the natural organization of man,

for example, typical in higher nervous activity people. This too can't help but

affect the typical character of a person.

Along with general conditions, there are also uniquely individual conditions in life and

education of everyone individual person. The general conditions themselves manifest themselves in each

specific case in uniquely individual forms. There are differences in

family life, the interests of various families, professional and labor

differences. All this cannot but affect a person’s character. Individual

differences in life and upbringing, differences in all sorts of influences, sometimes accidental

impressions, manifest themselves in individually peculiar inclinations and interests,

needs and tastes, feelings, mindset and, in general, the character of a person.

Differences in everyday life, and thus differences in needs and tastes, determine individual

characteristics of people of the same society, the same stratum of the population.

From what has been said, it is clear that character is not inherited and is not an innate property of a person, and is also not a constant and unchangeable property. Character is formed and developed under the influence environment, a person’s life experience, his upbringing. These influences are, firstly, of a socio-historical nature (each person lives in a certain historical system, a certain social environment and develops as a person under their influence) and, secondly, an individually unique character (the living conditions and activities of each person , his life path original and unique). Therefore, the character of each person is determined both by his social existence (and this is the main thing!) and by his individual existence. The consequence of this is an endless variety of individual characters.

However, in the life and activities of people living and developing in the same conditions, there is much in common, and therefore their character will have some common aspects and features that reflect the general, typical aspects of their life. The character of each person is a unity of the individual and the typical. Each socio-historical era is characterized by a certain general way of life and socio-economic relations that influence people’s worldview, shaping character traits.

Character Traits

Character is an inextricable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without identifying individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it.

General character traits are manifested in the individual’s relationship to social responsibilities and duty, to people, and to himself. The attitude towards social responsibilities and duty is primarily manifested in the individual’s attitude towards social work. In this regard, such character traits as hard work, conscientiousness, perseverance, frugality, and their opposites - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness are revealed. A person’s attitude towards work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D.I. Pisarev wrote: “Character is tempered by work, and whoever has never earned his daily living by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, lethargic and spineless person.”

Attitude towards people is clearly reflected in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, and hostility. As V. Hugo argued, “every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one he attributes to himself; and, finally, the one that actually exists.” In order to find out the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion of the team in which he works and spends a significant part of his life. And first of all, how orderly his relationships with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them.

Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one’s actions. Sober self-esteem is one of the conditions for personal improvement, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, integrity, and self-discipline. Negative traits character are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person possessing these traits is usually difficult to get along with in a team and unwittingly creates pre-conflict and conflict situations in it. The other extreme in a person’s character is also undesirable: underestimation of one’s merits, timidity in expressing one’s positions, in defending one’s views.

Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-esteem, based on the awareness of the real significance of one’s personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common benefit. Integrity is one of the valuable personal qualities that gives character an active orientation. Strong-willed character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes human activity and awakens him to act purposefully. Will is a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve a goal. Specifically, it appears in such character traits as determination, determination, perseverance, and courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and antisocial goals.

To do this, it is important to determine what the motive for a person’s volitional behavior is. “A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize someone else’s goods, to advance in one’s career, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help the common cause, have, of course, completely different psychological qualities.” Based on their volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People of strong character have stable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and courageous.

People in whom these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent are classified as weak-willed. They tend to passively demonstrate their business and personal qualities. Often such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results in work or study. Many of them sincerely worry about their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively.

Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. I.P. Pavlov emphasized that man is the only system capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, it can improve itself. Weak-willed people, with thoughtful pedagogical work with them, can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example his temperament. Thus, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. A person himself must train his will from a young age, develop qualities such as self-control, activity, and courage.

Personality disorders

Understanding personality includes the individual way of thinking, feeling, behaving and responding to the environment. this person. When this psychological definition reflects an appropriate balance between constancy and adaptive flexibility, then we are talking about character traits. We talk about personality disorders in cases where a given person constantly uses certain, the same mechanisms for responding to situations everyday life in a completely inadequate, poorly adapted, stereotypical way.

Paranoid personality disorder. Individuals with this disorder are very suspicious and hypersensitive to slights or interpersonal conflicts. They are usually hypervigilant about the possibility of harm or deception from others, so they are always on guard, secretive and often unkind to others. They can be jealous and, as a rule, are concerned about the evil intentions of others. They tend to exaggerate difficulties, are very touchy, and easily become hostile towards their interlocutor. Their emotional palette is very poor, so most people perceive them as cold, unemotional and humorless people.

Schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid individuals are usually loners and seem to have little need for the company of other people. They give the impression of being very cold and withdrawn, indifferent to praise or criticism; They tend not to have close friends, so they are often socially reclusive. In earlier nomenclatural descriptions, they were sometimes also credited with eccentric thinking. In DSM-III, however, secondary categories are not taken into account, they are considered schizotypal and related to difficulties in cognitive function of the brain, rather than difficulties in interpersonal relationships.

Personality disorder of schizophrenic type (schizotypal) Schizotypal personalities are similar to those with schizophrenia in the eccentricity of thinking, perception of the environment, speech and the nature of interpersonal relationships, however, the degree of expression of these features and their coverage of the individual does not reach the extent when a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be made. They have strange speech (e.g., metaphorical, evasive, detailed), referential ideas (i.e., ideas with the inappropriate inference that some neutral events have a special relationship to their personality), magical (unrealistic) thinking, and marked suspicion. Many schizotypal individuals are also often socially withdrawn, which makes them similar to schizoid individuals.

Borderline personality disorder

Individuals with this personality disorder have been described as stable-unstable. They experience constant difficulties in maintaining a stable mood, interpersonal attachments, and also in maintaining a stable self-image. Borderline personality may manifest itself through impulsive behavior, sometimes of a self-harmful nature (for example, self-harm, suicidal behavior). The mood of such persons is usually unpredictable. Some of them experience spontaneous outbursts of anger, irritability, severe grief, and fear. Others, on the contrary, suffer from chronic spiritual emptiness. Despite the chaotic nature of their interpersonal relationships, in which immeasurable love is replaced by immeasurable hatred, borderline individuals cannot tolerate loneliness.

Theatrical (ostentatious, hysterical) personality disorder

People with a theatrical personality type are characterized by very intense, but actually superficial, interpersonal relationships. They usually come across as very busy people, the events around them are dramatized, and they, of course, are the center of these events. As a rule, they exaggerately express their emotions, want to attract attention to themselves, seek emotional excitement, and have a tendency to be overactive. Although superficially warm and charming, theatrical personalities are perceived as petty, thoughtless, fussy, demanding, dependent on others, easily self-forgiving and adventurous. Some of them often attempt or threaten to commit suicide.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic individuals typically have a heightened sense of self-worth and often view themselves as unique, gifted, and possessing incredible potential. Such a patient usually greatly exaggerates his talents and capabilities, therefore he expects admiration from others and often uses them to achieve a better position in society, while remaining indifferent to their feelings and needs. Refusal by others to help them can make them feel angry, humiliated, ashamed, or resigned. Narcissistic individuals find it difficult to see others in a real light; they either over-idealize them or immediately devalue them.

Personality disorder involving dependence on others

Dependent individuals easily allow others to solve many of their life problems for them. Due to the fact that they feel helpless and unable to resolve any issue on their own, they strive to subordinate their needs and desires to others, so as not to be responsible for themselves.

Passive-aggressive personality disorder

Individuals with passive-aggressive personality disorder typically reject all responsibility, both social and professional. Instead of expressing this directly, they tend to procrastinate and procrastinate, resulting in slacking or ineffective work; Their frequent reference is the word forgot. Thus, they ruin their potential in work and life.

Compulsive personality disorder

This condition is characterized by the presence of irresistible urges and is equivalently referred to as obsessive-compulsive personality. Such individuals usually overload themselves with various rules, rituals and details of behavior. They often stubbornly insist that this or that activity be carried out in exactly this way, but at the same time they show indecisiveness at the most crucial moment of carrying out this or that activity. These individuals value their work and their property much more highly than interpersonal relationships. They have difficulty expressing warm and affectionate feelings towards others and at times appear cold, awkward (in terms of relationships) and tense.

Typical and individual in character.

From what has been said, it is clear that character is not inherited and is not an innate property of a person, and is also not a constant and unchangeable property. Character is formed and develops under the influence of the environment, a person’s life experience, and his upbringing. These influences are, firstly, of a socio-historical nature (each person lives in a certain historical system, a certain social environment and develops as a person under their influence) and, secondly, an individually unique character (the living conditions and activities of each person , his life path is original and unique). Therefore, the character of each person is determined both by his social existence (and this is the main thing!) and by his individual existence. The consequence of this is an endless variety of individual characters. However, in the life and activities of people living and developing in the same conditions, there is much in common, and therefore their character will have some common aspects and features that reflect the general, typical aspects of their life. The character of each person is a unity of the individual and the typical. Each socio-historical era is characterized by a certain general way of life and socio-economic relations that influence people’s worldview, shaping character traits.

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You can select 4 main character traits A:

1. The attitude of the individual towards other people and society as a whole: collectivism or individualism, selfishness, humanity, sensitivity and misanthropy, cruelty and callousness, truthfulness and deceit, etc.
2. Attitude to work: hard work, etc.
3. Attitude towards oneself: demandingness and complacency, self-criticism and exaggerated self-esteem, modesty and arrogance, shyness and cynicism.
4. Manifestation of volitional qualities: determination, hesitation, departure from the set goal, independence or actions contrary to belief, determination and uncertainty, persistence and failure, endurance and self-control, discipline and courage, courage, cowardice and cowardice.

Human character is a fusion of a huge number of traits, both individual and typical.

A character trait is the most stable personality feature, knowledge of which allows us to predict a person’s behavior in a particular case.

If a person is characterized as self-possessed, decisive and resourceful, then you can know in advance how he will act in the most difficult and responsible circumstances of life. The most difficult part of work in a team is usually entrusted to the person who has such traits as perseverance, responsibility and initiative. Consequently, each character trait acts as a kind of indicator of a person’s behavior in certain circumstances.

Any character trait - courage, determination, modesty, hard work, etc. - is formed in the process of activity taking place in certain conditions.

The same character trait manifests itself differently in different people. For example, one person’s courage can be reasonable, while another’s can be reckless; sincerity can be naive, sincere, feigned. The unique uniqueness of the manifestation of the same trait in people is explained by the fact that they are based on different motives, motivations, interests and relationships. This is what gives the traits individuality.

Along with individual traits that reflect mainly the personal history of a person’s life, there are traits that are common to the characters of many people. They are called typical. Typical traits reflect the general conditions of life and activity, education and training, as well as age, judgment, courage and perseverance. Thus, each character represents both the individual, characteristic of this person, and the typical, characteristic of a given group of people or class, age, people.

The individual and the typical are inseparable in character: the typical manifests itself individually in each person. Based on the fact that there is something common and typical in people’s characters, psychology has long been trying to classify characters into groups. Many classifications are known in science, including those by Russian psychologists A.F. Lazursky and P.F. Lesgaft, as well as Soviet scientists N.D. Levitov and A.G. Kovalev. However, none of them has received general recognition in science, since the main criterion by which the characters of people could be classified into groups has not been found.

A peculiar combination of traits forms a character structure. This is not a mechanical combination of personality traits, it is an alloy of them that forms a unity - the integral character of a person.

I. P. Pavlov wrote:

“If you present individual traits completely separately, then, of course, you will not determine a person’s character, but you need to take a system of traits and in this system work out which traits come to the fore, which ones are barely manifested, are erased, etc.” .

The structure of character includes personality orientation, volitional and moral qualities.

It should be noted that both hereditary and biological factors and features of external conditions can have a certain influence on the formation of individual pathological character traits.