3rd person singular examples. Personal and impersonal meanings of third person singular forms

It is carried out according to the person and number of the latter, which creates the opportunity to change the form of the predicate expressed by the verb and obtain so-called “personal” forms by this part of speech. Moreover, if in the Russian language numerous personal verb forms are different for each person and number, then in comparison with it the English personal verb forms are often the same, for example:

I get up early every day.	I I get up early every day.
You get up early on Mondays.	You you get up early on Mondays.
He gets up late daily.	He gets up late every day.
She gets up early every day.	She gets up early every day.
My cat (it) gets up at 4 o’clock in the morning.	My cat (it) gets up at 4 o'clock in the morning.
We get up late at weekends.	We let's get up late on the weekend.
They get up early every day.	They get up early every day.

As can be seen from the above examples, in the first case the verbal predicate agrees with the subject I (I) and takes shape get up (first person singular), in the second example due to agreement with the subject she (she) the verb gets an ending – s – gets up (third person singular), and the difference between the third example and the first is also in the person and number of the predicate (they is the third person plural), which, however, does not in any way affect the form of the predicate.

Consequently, we come to the conclusion that the difference in person and number does not always lead to a change in its form.

English verb face

• the first one, which corresponds to the pronouns I (I), we (we):

I go skiing every winter. –I go skiing every winter.

We go swimming on Tuesdays.– We go swimming on Tuesdays.

• the second – you (you, you, you):

You always help your friend. –You always help your friend.

In the autumn you like walking in the forest together. –In autumn, you love to walk through the forest together.

• the third - he (he), she (she), it (it), they (they).

He likes writing letters to his penfriends. –He loves to write letters to his pen pals.

She helps us with our homework. – She helps us with our homework.

English verb number

I(first person singular)travel a lot during my holidays. –I travel a lot during my holidays.

We(first person plural)travel to Asia every two years. –We travel to Asia every two years.

Person and number of the subject as a guide for verb conjugation

Thus, those positions at which verbs are conjugated (as far as the grammatical system of the English language, which is rather poor in endings, allows) can be presented in the following table:

Of course, these are conditional guidelines, and in real sentences, not only pronouns can appear as subjects (see the topic for more details Subject in English), but by replacing it with the corresponding personal pronoun, you can always determine the person and number of the subject, and therefore the necessary personal form of the verb. For example:

	singular	plural
first person	I play the guitar in my free time. / I play guitar in my free time.	My parents and I (= we) play cards in the evenings. /My parents and I (= we) play cards in the evenings.
second person	You play golf every Saturday. /You play golf every Saturday.
third party	Tom(= he) plays ball with his little brother. /Tom (=he) is playing ball with his little brother. My sister (= she) plays volleyball for the school team. /My sister (= she) plays volleyball for the school team. My computer (= it) plays chess better than I do. / My computer (= it) plays chess better than me.	My friends (= they) play frisbee in the park after classes. /My friends play Frisbee in the park after school.

Differences in the category of person between Russian and English

At the same time, the correspondence of certain nouns that perform the functions of the subject with personal pronouns differs in Russian and in English languages, especially when it comes to the third person singular. Thus, in the Russian language, the category of gender is in no way tied to the biological sex of the subject (he is a table, a backpack; she is a jacket, a tent; it is a window, a ghost). In English:

• pronoun he You can designate only a male representative (man, boy, male animal, if it is necessary to emphasize his gender);
• she– accordingly, only a female representative (woman, girl, female animal, if it is important to emphasize her gender);
• and all objects, phenomena and animals whose gender is not so important for the statement, if necessary, replace them with a personal pronoun, are denoted using the word it.

Rare cases of verb expression of the categories of person and number

It was already mentioned above that verb forms in English sentence reflect the category of person and number not so often. Such manifestations can be discussed in the following situations:

Third person singular present simple tensePresent Simple- an ending is added to the stem of the verb - s or -es . This does not happen in cases with modal verbs, which are characterized by the presence of the same form of the present simple tense for all persons. End —s or -es is not formative also in cases with verbstobe And , the last of which in the third person singular is characterized by the formhas.	She goes to the candy shop every day after work and buys a big bar of bitter chocolate. He can tellyou the truth but he wouldn’t do it. She has a dream of a big house near a lake.	She goes to the candy store every day after work and buys a large bar of dark chocolate. He can tell you the truth, but he won't do it. She has a dream about big house by the lake.

§ 13. Grammatical differences between the 1st and 2nd person forms from the 3rd person form

In the Russian verb the following relationships and oppositions emerge within: category of person:

1. Personal and impersonal forms. The 3rd person form acts as a non-personal form, especially in the singular. Its personal significance is only potential. It is conditioned by the obligatory presence or implication of the subject. It is entirely syntactical. From this point of view, impersonal verbs should be regarded as impersonal forms, taken beyond the category of person (and category of gender), and therefore number.
2. In personal forms, in turn, The 2nd person form is used as a generalized-personal form. Context determines whether, for example, the 2nd person singular form refers to any person ( if you die, they will bury you), or to the speaker himself, i.e. to the 1st person ( you'll go, it happened; “From morning to night I’m always on my feet, I don’t know any peace, and at night you lie under the blanket and are afraid that they will drag you to the sick person.”(Chekhov, "Uncle Vanya"), or to a specific interlocutor, i.e. to an individual you. Apparently, the closest figurative meaning of the 2nd person form, first of all, naturally associated with the idea of ​​a specific individual interlocutor, is its application to the speaking person himself as a potential representative of any interlocutor. With this use of the 2nd person form, the interlocutor is placed in the position of the speaker himself. He becomes an emotional participant in his actions. For example: “And life, as you look around with cold attention, is such an empty and stupid joke.”(Lermontov). Wed: “I am a defenseless, weak woman, tortured to death... I sue the tenants, and take care of my husband, and run around the house, and here I am still fasting, and my son-in-law is without a job...”(A. Chekhov, “Defenceless Creature”). The generalized personal meaning of the 2nd person form is a further logical development of its figurative uses. Wed. in a letter from P.V. Annenkov to I.S. Turgenev (dated November 16, 1857): “Sad nonsense is happening to me in my old age: I stopped talking, and began to think, about anything serious: you’ll confirm it there, here you will object, you will make a joke here, but your own thought, whatever it may be, rots somewhere in the brain basement and I don’t want to get her out for anyone.”.

These relationships and contrasts of face shapes were very subtly and deeply described by Buslaev, who compared the use of face shapes with the use of personal pronouns. Buslaev associated the grammatical differences between the 1st and 2nd person forms from the 3rd person forms with differences in the categories of person and object: “The 1st and 2nd person, meaning the relationship between the speaker and the listener, belong to animate objects themselves, and predominantly persons." And the 3rd person “can mean both persons and inanimate objects.”

For example, the difference between the forms of the 1st and 2nd persons and the form of the 3rd person of the past tense is entirely determined by the difference in the meanings of personal pronouns, which here serve as prefixes: the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons are opposed to the subject-personal pronouns 3 -th person. It is characteristic that in other Slavic languages ​​(for example, in Czech, Polish, Slovak) only the 3rd person past tense (perfect) is formed without an auxiliary verb.

Buslaev also noted the potential personal uncertainty of the forms of the 2nd person: “With us, the pronoun you can be used instead of someone in general. This designation of an indefinite person gives the 2nd person general concept the freshness of a direct relationship with the person listening." For example, in Krylov: “So lowly souls, be noble, be strong, they do not dare raise a glance at you.”; from Zhukovsky: “Then suddenly a whole wall, cracked, leans over and threatens to crush you.”(VII, 188). Buslaev also pointed out that plural form The 2nd person you with the verb has the same connotation of an indefinite personal meaning.

An illustration can serve as an excerpt from “Forest and Steppe” by I. S. Turgenev: "...then you order a racing droshky and go into the forest to hunt hazel grouse. It’s fun to make your way along the narrow path between two walls of tall rye. The ears of corn quietly hit you in the face, the cornflowers cling to the wheels, the quails scream all around, the horse runs at a lazy trot. That’s it.” forest. Shadow and silence. Stately aspens babble high above you... You are driving along a green path dotted with shadows..." Wed. from Pushkin in “Travel to Arzrum”: “Here [in the Daryal Gorge] it’s so narrow,” writes one traveler, “that you not only see, but seem to feel the tightness. A piece of sky, like a ribbon, turns blue above your head.”.

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov in his “Syntax” noted that the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense, directly “meaning the combination of a subject with a predicate, a substance with attributes” (since an indication of a person, the producer of the action is already included in their morphological structure), are forms that always dominate in speech. Meanwhile, “in a literary language, the 3rd person of a single conjugated verb is used only in the dependent form, as combined with the subject as a predicate” ( “The heat is blazing. Like a plowman, the battle is resting. Here and there Cossacks are prancing. The regiments are forming in order. The battle music is silent.”- Pushkin). “The form of the 3rd person plural in some compounds has the meaning of a dominant word, meaning a combination of an indefinite person in the plural with a verbal attribute, in others - a dependent word, namely in combination with a subject...”

The grammatical antithesis of the forms of the 1st and 2nd persons and the forms of the 3rd person is also confirmed by the fact that in the passive meaning the reflexive “forms on -xia are used only in the 3rd person singular and plural", and to express the 1st and 2nd person predominantly participial constructions are used.

So, analysis grammatical forms and the functions of the 1st and 2nd persons must be separated from the study of the 3rd person form: a number of peculiar grammatical features are associated with the 3rd person of the verb.

Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do?”. Let's write down the verbs that belong to the perfect form:

• offend;
• meet.

1. The verb “to offend” belongs to the second conjugation. This is one of eleven exception verbs.

We need to put the verb "to offend" in the third person plural form. But the verb “to offend” does not have a present tense form, since it refers to the perfect tense. Therefore, we will put the verb “to offend” in the future tense.

They (what will they do?) offend.

2. The verb “meet” belongs to the second conjugation.

We need to put the verb "meet" in the third person plural form. But the verb “meet” does not have a present tense form, since it refers to the perfect tense. Therefore, we will put the verb "to meet" in the future tense.

They (what will they do?) meet.

Let's look at imperfective verbs

Imperfective verbs answer the question “What should I do?” Let's write down the verbs that belong to the imperfect form:

• offend;
• meet;
• sow;
• breathe;
• depend;
• to lay;
• listen;
• hear;
• fight;
• prick.

1. The verb “to offend” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) offend.

2. The verb “to meet” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) meet.

3. The verb “sow” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) sowing.

4. The verb “to breathe” belongs to the second conjugation. This is one of the eleven exception verbs

They (what are they doing?) breathing.

5. The verb "depend" refers to the second conjugation. This is one of eleven exception verbs.

They (what are they doing?) depend.

6. The verb “lay” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) creeping.

7. The verb “listen” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (do what?) listen.

8. The verb “hear” belongs to the second conjugation. This is one of eleven exception verbs.

They (what are they doing?) hear.

9. The verb “fight” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) are fighting.

10. The verb “prick” belongs to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) pricking.

Personal pronouns- these are words that indicate an object without naming it. Personal pronouns answer questions Who? What? For example:

the table is standing - it (the table) is standing

the coin fell - it (the coin) fell

In the example He And she are personal pronouns, please note that personal pronouns can replace nouns.

Personal pronouns include:

I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they

Personal pronouns have 3 persons and vary in number (singular and plural).

1st person personal pronouns

Pronouns refer to the first person I And We. Pronoun I- singular number, and We- plural.

Personal pronouns of the 1st person singular indicate a person who speaks about himself:

I say I'm smart, I'll go

The plural indicates several people, there is an indication of oneself and someone else:

we say, we are smart, we will go

2nd person personal pronouns

Pronouns refer to the second person You And You. Pronoun You- singular number, and You- plural.

Personal pronouns of the 2nd person singular indicate the person being addressed, that is, the interlocutor:

you want, you are kind, you will go

The plural indicates several people to whom the address is being made, including the interlocutor:

you want, you are smart, you will go

Pronoun You often used instead of a pronoun You to express politeness towards one interlocutor. Therefore sometimes You is the singular form. For example:

Pyotr Semyonovich, are you leaving already?

3rd person personal pronouns

Third person pronouns include he, she, it And They. Pronouns he, she, it- singular number, and They- plural.

Pronouns of the 3rd person singular change according to gender:

He- masculine

she - feminine

it- neuter

In the plural, the gender pronoun does not change; a single form is used for all genders They.

Personal pronouns of the 3rd person singular indicate this or that not participating in the discussion (indication of who or what they are talking about):

he said, she is kind, it is bright

The plural indicates more than one person or thing in question:

they make noise, they are fast, they will go

Declension of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns change by case (inflect):

Declension table for personal pronouns

	Cases
	Them.	Genus.	Dat.	Vin.	Creates.	Suggestion
1st person singular	I	Me	To me	Me	Me	About me
1st person plural	We	Us	Us	Us	Us	About Us
2nd person singular	You	You	You	You	You	About you
2nd person plural	You	You	To you	You	You	About you
3rd person singular m.r.	He	His	To him	His	Them	About him
3rd person singular w.r.	She	Her	To her	Her	To her (to her)	About her
3rd person singular s.r.	It	His	To him	His	Them	About him
3rd person plural	They	Their	Them	Their	by them	About them

Using an encountered non-normative variant theirs instead of their is unacceptable and is a grave mistake.

Spelling with prepositions

Prepositions with pronouns are written separately:

to me, to you, to us

After prepositions at the beginning of 3rd person pronouns in indirect cases ( his, him, them, her, her, her, theirs, them) a letter is added n:

with him, to her, at n his, for n her, behind them

>>Russian language 5th grade >>Russian language: Verbs of the present and future tense of the 3rd person. Pronunciation of 3rd person plural verbs. Pronunciation -tsya, -tsya in verbs

VERBS OF THE PRESENT AND FUTURE TENSE OF THE 3RD PERSON. PRONUNCIATION OF 3RD PERSON PLURAL VERBS. PRONUNCIATION -TSYA, -TSYA IN VERBS

Theory A

At the endings of 3rd person verbs answering questions what is he doing?, what will he do?, what are he doing?, what will he do?, soft sign after T not spelled: Nightingale/nightingales delightfully sings/sings (sings/sings). Stork/storks feeds/will feed (will feed/will feed) voracious chicks.

Compare!

In Russian In Ukrainian
singular

flies to fly
runs to run
learning to get the hang of it

plural

fly fly
run to run
learn to get involved

Practice A

1. Answer the questions using the hint. Make sure to firmly pronounce final consonants.

What birds fly to warmer climes?

Where do wild ducks nest?

Who are called the record holders of long flights?

What birds sing beautifully?

What do sparrows eat?

2. Translate the verbs into Russian.

Oleg looks after the wounded swan. In spring, wild geese leave for the afternoon. The stench of the majestic hills continues. Children guard the crane key. Gorobtsi bathe in kaluzha. The daddy was amazed at the cat.

3. Insert verb endings instead of gaps.

Where the summer goes.. the eagles, the magpies are not allowed there.. .

Every sandpiper praises its swamp...

Theory B

Compare spelling - tsya And - tsya in different verb forms.

Conclusion: the indefinite form of verbs is written with a soft sign after T; 3rd person form - without soft sign.

Both forms are pronounced the same: learn (study[cc]a) - learn (study[cc]a).

Practice B

4. Read the sentence options. Make sure to firmly pronounce final consonants.

5. Rework the above sentences by replacing the 3rd person form with an indefinite form.

Sample. The birds are flying away. - The birds are starting to fly away.

Explain the peculiarities of spelling verbs.

N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language 5th grade

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